不同形态氮肥对棉花15N 回收率和产量的影响

采用盆栽试验,保证土壤水分含量不低于田间持水量的60%,在等量施氮条件下,研究尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钙3 种氮肥在播前、蕾期、初花期施用对棉花15N 回收率和产量的影响,旨在为棉花氮肥合理施用提供理论依据。结果表明,在3 个施肥时期单施尿素、硫酸铵籽棉产量显著优于单施硝酸钙,分别高15.3%、14.0%。不同种类氮肥组合硫酸铵+ 尿素+ 硝酸钙、硫酸铵+ 硝酸钙+ 硝酸钙籽棉产量最高,分别比单施尿素高10.5%、9.0%。基肥15N 回收率28.8% ～ 32.2%,硫酸铵> 尿素> 硝酸钙,蕾期追肥15N 回收率57.2% ～ 73.2%,硝酸钙> 尿素> 硫酸铵,初花期追肥15N 回收率71.8% ～ 82.7%,硝酸钙> 硫酸铵> 尿素。本试验条件下,硫酸铵基施,蕾期施用尿素或硝酸钙,初花期施用硝酸钙,增加了单株成铃数,获得了较高的籽棉产量和氮肥回收率。     

不同施肥措施对棉田土壤微生物量及其活性的影响

通过测定不同施肥措施下棉田土壤微生物量及微生物活性的动态变化,探讨了不同施肥措施对棉田土壤的培肥效应,结果表明,有机肥合理配施N、P、K化肥,可以促进土壤微生物量显著增长,土壤呼吸强度、纤维素分解强度等微生物活性指标明显提高,增强了土壤养分容量及供应强度,有利于培肥土壤。     

不同施肥措施对棉田土壤磷细菌及磷转化强度的影响

研究了不同施肥措施对棉田土壤磷细菌的数量、分布、动态变化及磷转化强度的影响。结果表明，在有机肥合理配施N、P、K肥能有效的促进磷细菌的生长发育，磷细菌数量及活性增加，从而增强磷的有效性，改善土壤的供磷性能，有利于棉花生长。     

利用15N示踪研究不同肥力土壤棉花氮肥减施的产量与环境效应

【目的】华北平原棉区中等肥力棉田经济最佳施氮量为300 kg/hm2左右,这一结果仅从产量效应得出,未充分考虑棉花对氮肥的回收利用和土壤中氮肥的残留。探讨低肥力土壤施氮量及施氮比例对棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以及低、中、高肥力土壤条件下等量施氮效应,旨在为棉花减氮增效提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验选择了高 (S1)、中 (S2)、低 (S3) 三个肥力水平的地块,其全氮含量分别为0.83、0.74、0.60 g/kg。低肥力地块设置低氮 (N1 113 kg/hm2)、中氮 (N2 225 kg/hm2)、高氮 (N3 338 kg/hm2) 3个氮肥用量;中肥力和高肥力地块设低氮量处理,氮肥两次追施在苗期与初花期进行,氮肥比例为1∶2;此外,设置低肥力土壤低氮量,氮肥追施在苗期与初花期进行,氮肥分配比例为1∶1。在吐絮70%时采集棉株和土壤样品,用15N技术分析了棉株氮素吸收来源、籽棉产量、棉株氮肥回收率和土壤氮肥残留率。【结果】低氮处理,土壤肥力对棉花籽棉产量无显著影响,随土壤肥力提升,棉株吸收氮素来源于肥料的比例下降,相对增加了对土壤氮素的吸收。棉花植株15N回收率随施氮量增加显著下降,随土壤肥力提高呈下降趋势,低肥力土壤与中肥力土壤间棉花植株15N回收率差异不显著,但显著高于高肥力土壤。高肥力土壤15N残留率高于低肥力土壤和中肥力土壤。15N损失率随施氮量和土壤肥力提高显著增加。低土壤肥力低氮量条件下氮肥分配比例1∶2处理籽棉产量高于1∶1处理。低肥力土壤条件下,中氮处理籽棉15N积累量相对高于高氮和低氮处理,籽棉产量较优。【结论】在较低土壤肥力条件下,施氮225 kg/hm2籽棉产量和氮回收率均优于施氮338 kg/hm2,氮肥损失率较低,减氮增效是可行的。高肥力土壤条件下减少氮肥投入可减少肥料的浪费。     

棉田不同覆盖方式对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

土壤微生物和酶是土壤生物化学特性的重要组成部分 ,在营养物质转化、有机质分解、污染物降解及修复等方面起着重要的作用 ,是评价土壤质量的重要指标之一 ,成为近年来土壤学界研究的热点[1～ 5] 。覆盖栽培能改变土壤的温度、湿度等环境物理因素[6～ 10 ] ,必然导致土壤化学性     

土壤水分状况和质地对稻田N2O 排放的影响

１９９４年中国科学院封丘生态试验站通过小区试验研究了土壤质地和水分状况对稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放的影响。结果表明稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放主要受土壤水分状况的影响,淹水状态下,Ｎ２Ｏ排放很少,水分落于期间Ｎ２Ｏ排放量占水稻生长期Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量的８７．５０％～９８．６５％。土壤质地显影响稻田平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量,砂质土壤排放的Ｎ２Ｏ显或极显高于壤质和粘质土壤,水稻生长期砂质、壤质及粘质土壤的平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量分别为１３７．６３、８７．５４和６３．６μｇＮ２Ｏ－Ｎ／ｍ＾２．ｈ。     

黄土高原几种质地土壤的水分扩散率

本文采用水平土柱入渗法,测定了四种不同质地、不同孔隙度土壤的水分扩散率。结果表明,粘粒含量较多和孔隙度较小的土壤,单位时间内入渗水量较少,渗到既定距离需要的时间较长。各种质地土壤的扩散率D都随含水量增加而增加。当饱和度相同时,质地愈粘重,扩散率愈小。扩散率和孔隙度呈正相关。本文建立了土壤扩散率D和饱和度c的幂函数方程。将其运用到非饱和水分运动方程中,以有限差分数值计算法,所得土壤含水量的计算值和实测值比较接近,说明这些经验公式有一定的可靠性。     

SOIL TEXTURE PATTERNS IN THE ALLUVIUM OF THE LOWER INDUS PLAINS

Soil texture was mapped in the immature alluvial soils of the Lower Indus plain. A disadvantage of soil texture as a mapping criterion in such soils is the great complexity of their textural patterns. The geomorphological background of the Lower Indus plains is examined, and a classification of texture and textural profiles is defined. The mapping unit proposed, the‘textural association', comprises a certain range of textural profiles within a given landform, related to each other by the modes of deposition which established that landform. It seems likely that the textural association could, in more detailed surveys, form the basis of a soil series classification.     

土壤质地田间测定直读式比重计法

土壤机械组成的测定,以往一定要在室内进行,才能获得比较正确的结果。要把测定土壤机械分析的仪器随身携带,在野外进行测定是很不方便的,因此在野外工作的同志,如需要即时瞭解土壤质地性质时,大部分同志采用手摸的方法(根据土壤物理粘粒特性来确定)。这种方法主观性比较强,各人用手摸的感觉不一致,往往同一质地的土壤,会有两种不同的称呼,与仪器进行分析相比,其结果可差错二、三级。     

THE INFLUENCE OF TEXTURE ON THE MOISTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL

A quantitative assessment was made of the effect of the proportion of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter in twenty-six soils on the moisture contents at the upper and lower limits of available-water of the soils. Regression equations were obtained which enabled the moisture contents to be estimated on a weight or volume basis from mechanical analysis data using either International or American size grades. The accuracy of estimating the upper limit of available-water from the various equations ranged from ±9 to 22 per cent: for the lower limit from ±8 to 16 per cent of the measured values. Mean values of the moisture contents at the upper and lower limits of available-water for each textural class were calculated from the average particle-size composition for each class and from the regressions obtained.     

MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE IN THE FIELD BY NEUTRON MODERATION

Design, calibration, working precautions and field use of a soil-moisture meter are described. The probe carries a source ²⁴¹Am-Be and a detector ¹⁰BF₃ in an Al case, 3.4 cm diam and 17 cm long. Source and detector are as close to each other as possible, so giving a desired linear relationship between thermal neutron count and the volumetric water content around the probe. The portable sealer incorporates some new features of circuit design that lead to ease of operation and small size: it weighs 5 kg. Factors involved in calibration or the interpretation of a calibration curve are: resolving time of the sealer, the volume of soil explored by the neutrons, the effect of a moisture gradient, and the possible effect of elements other than hydrogen. Field trials were in two groups. In 1962 and 1963 frequent measurements were made in bare clay soil and under a nearby barley crop: from the profiles, the extraction of water from the bare soil was limited to the top 30 cm, but the barley roots took water out at least as deeply as the maximum depth of measurement then possible, 90 cm. In 1964 similar measurements under first-year Timothy and Meadow Fescue, irrigated and non-irrigated, showed that the total water abstracted by each was nearly the same, but the Timothy took most of its water from the top 40 cm of the profile, whereas the Fescue took more water from the lower depths. Combining the estimated deficits with known rainfall gives values of periodic evaporation in good agreement with aerodynamic estimates based on temperature, humidity, and wind profiles above the crop, and in fair agreement with potential evaporation-rates calculated from routine weather records.