加拿大开展兽医体系效能评估的做法及启示

在“同一健康”倡议下,世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）构建了兽医体系效能（PVS）评估标准框架,通过在全球范围内大力推广PVS评估工作,持续加强各成员兽医机构能力建设,实现全球动物卫生、动物福利及公共卫生状况的整体改善。加拿大是WOAH成员中为数不多的,较早申请完成PVS专家评估并公开发表评估报告的发达国家之一,以卓越的表现充分展示了其世界领先水平的兽医服务能力。加拿大开展PVS评估的经验做法包括：运用WOAH PVS评估标准理念开展内部评估,通过查找、分析与既定目标或国际标准的差距,实现重点职能领域核心能力的定向提升;通过主动申请WOAH专家评估,紧密结合全球发展战略和自身需求,确定优先改进和发展事项。这些做法启示我国：应聚焦核心能力建设,构建科学适用的内部效能评估体系;加强交流协作,建立国家层面的跨部门效能评估协调机制;推动联合共治,在重要口岸城市开展联合效能评估试点工作。本文为我国引进、推广PVS评估系统方法,以效能评估为抓手,分步、有序促进国门生物安全核心能力建设,提升体制机制效能提供了借鉴。     

OIE兽医体系效能评估工具在我国适应性分析

<正>随着经济全球化进程的加快,国家兽医体系在兽医公共卫生、食源性疾病和动物及动物产品区域国际贸易中起到的作用越来越重要。为了帮助各成员国评估兽医体系能力、查找差距、制定发展策略,OIE制定兽医体系效能(PVS)系列评估工具,并在全球大力推广PVS评估工作。OIEPVS工具是以OIE国际标准为依据,评估兽医体系当前运行水平,找出差距,从而促使公共     

世卫组织亚太区良好兽医管理研讨会在上海召开

2009年11月16日，世界动物卫生组织（OIE）良好兽医管理（Good Governance of Veterinary Services）研讨会在上海召开。OIE理事会主席卡洛斯·克里亚·莫苏迪、总干事伯纳德·瓦拉特出席会议，OIE亚太区代表处邀请90多位代表，共同研究促进兽医和兽医公共卫生事业发展的策略，讨论OIE良好兽医管理的标准、规则，交流OIE开展兽医体系能力评估的成功经验。     

全国兽医体系效能评估培训班在青岛举办

受农业部兽医局委托,5月28日—29日,中国动物卫生与流行病学中心在青岛举办兽医体系效能（PVS）评估培训班。来自全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）兽医机构的120多人参加了培训。中国动物卫生与流行病学中心党组书记张弘介绍了我国目前PVS评估工作的进展及成效,并对下一步工作提出了要求。他指出要进一步构建PVS评估长效机制,建立健全PVS评估法律制度,积极推广开展PVS评估工作,研究探索PVS评估结果应用机制,利用PVS评估方法进行自我诊断、查找差距、改进工作,争取兽医基础设施投入和工作经费支持。     

山东出现首家农民专业合作社联合社

11月20日,世界动物卫生组织（OIE）亚洲、远东和大洋洲地区委员会第26届会议在上海闭幕。OIE总干事伯纳德瓦拉特在会后接受本报记者采访时表示,中国政府高度重视兽医工作。近年来不断完善兽医法律体系,加强基础设施投入,强化兽医队伍,不断提高重大动物疫病防控和动物源性食品安全管理能力和水平     

解读2013年动物疫情监测与防治项目指南亮点

农业部办公厅日前印发《2013年动物疫情监测与防治（兽医）项目指南》（农办财[2012]127）（以下简称《指南》）,努力加大动物疫情监测、防疫管理的水平。该项目主要包括动物疫情监测工作、动物疫情防治管理工作、动物疫病防控技术支撑工作、动物标识及动物产品追溯体系建设、无疫区建设与管理、兽医法律体制建设及宣传、兽医实验室建设管理、兽医队伍建设与管理、兽医服务体系能力建设、重大动物疫病疫苗质量监管监测、兽医科技管理、国际动物疫情监测及OIE出版物翻译卅版发行12项内容。     

安顺市兽医体系的运行管理及效能评估

文章介绍了安顺市兽医体系的运行管理及效能情况，分析评估影响兽医体系效能提升的主要因素，提出加强兽医机构改革、加大设施设备投入、完善财政保障机制、提升资源与业务管理效能、强化风险分析和风险管控能力、提高应急反应处置能力、强化动物产品质量安全管理、强化联防联控机制的建议。     

关于提升我国兽医体系效能的几点建议

世界动物卫生组织（OIE）是兽医领域的权威国际组织,是全球兽医体系能力建设的倡导者和引导者。本文拟在研究OIE《陆生动物卫生法典》中有关兽医体系建设标准的基础上,从操作层面对加快提升我国兽医体系管理水平提出具体的意见建议。     

成都市建立“两个体系”的探索与实践

成都市按照《全国兽医事业发展“十二五”规划（2011—2015年）》的要求,坚持“立足当前、着眼长远”的思路,在全市推行以完善两个体系、探索两种机制、建立一个平台和提升一种水平为主要内容的动物卫生监督工作“2211”工程。其中,两个体系的建立,借鉴了生产企业在管理中建立生产流程和品控流程的做法以及“危害分析与关键控制点”（HACCP）管理理念,将企业“精细化”管理模式应用到动物检疫和动物卫生监督工作中,初步实现了动物检疫和动物卫生监督工作的流程运行和过程监管。     

基层畜牧兽医工作常见的问题

正基层畜牧兽医工作的目的就是保障动物安全健康和畜牧业可持续发展,我国虽然是养殖大国,但畜牧业整体水平和发达国家还是有一定差距的,因此,要赶上世界先进水平,首先要做好基层畜牧兽医工作。要先将基层畜牧兽医的工作处理好,能够应对和解决随时出现问题进而促进畜牧业整体水平的提升。     

Veterinary medicine and public health or better: veterinary public health

The development of veterinary medicine and its impact on public health are outlined in this overview. In relation to this, we speak of Veterinary Public Health. In 1865, the liberal J.R. Thorbecke initiated the institution of the later independent 'State Supervisory Public Health Inspectorate' was set up in 1920, as a consequence of the Meat Inspection Act of 1919, and became part of the State Supervisory Service. In 1925 the 'Veterinary Public Health Inspectorate', which was part of the Ministry of Public Health, and the 'Veterinary Service', which was part of the Ministry of Agriculture, formed together a so-called 'Personal Union'. This Union came to an end in 1984. During the nearly 60 years of its existence, and especially after the Second World War, the Union has contributed enormously to public health by controlling zoonoses and decreasing chemical contaminants in foodstuffs. In these achievements it has worked in collaboration with veterinary surgeons, meat inspection services, and research institutes such as the National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), the Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.     

在“同一个健康”框架下,加强兽医与人医合作,有效监测和应对人畜共患病和新发传染病

新发传染病主要是人畜共患病,是世界经济和公共健康的沉重负担。这就要求加强检测、鉴别和监视传染病的能力方面投入。高致病禽流感H5N1、新甲型流感("猪流感")H1N1、非典型性肺炎、西尼罗河病毒、地方流行性狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病以及发展中国家暴发的其它人畜共患病及近期猪抗甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,是人类、动物及其环境相互作用的典型范例。面临中国动物和人类常见的新发传染病坚持"同一个健康"战略,这就要求业已存在的兽医和人医及公共卫生机构的通力合作。人的疾病控制系统与动物疾病控制系统虽然都已经建立,但人畜共患病的暴发表明兽医机构和人医机构密切合作的重要性。在保证环境健康的同时,通过动物疾病和人类疾病监测系统的密切合作,中国就一定能够控制人畜共患病。以这种方式进行疾病预防、监测与应对,各层面及各动物生产部门间有效的兽医推广是加强和保持健康生态环境中人和动物健康的有效办法。中国还需大量努力才能达到从制度上保证预防和消灭疾病。透明而准确的人与动物疾病监督通常会产生经济且可持续的预防疾病方法。加拿大在兽医、公共健康、食品安全和人畜共患病预防方面所发挥的作用就是与中国农业部合作,促进必要的、可持续的兽医监督网络的建设。     

Linking veterinary and human public-health education: collaborations at the University Of Tennessee

The increasing demand for veterinarians in public health has created an environment for innovative educational approaches, providing opportunities for veterinary students to gain additional education in public health. At the University of Tennessee, this environment has enabled a collaboration between the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences to establish a veterinary concentration in an existing Master of Public Health degree program. The veterinary public-health concentration was approved in 2004. In addition, other courses and initiatives have been developed at the College of Veterinary Medicine, creating stronger collaborations with academic units and public-health professionals.     

Investigation of public health issues by regional field disease investigation units

The conventional means of delivering animal health services to agricultural animal producers (private veterinary practitioners and state animal disease diagnostic laboratories) leave a gap where important regional disease problems are inefficiently addressed. This gap was successfully targeted by Dr. Clive Gay in the development of the Field Disease Investigation Unit (FDIU) for the northwestern region of the United States. The FDIU has also successfully targeted several zoonotic public health concerns and its success demonstrates the existence of a similar gap in the investigation and control of important public health issues including disseminated Salmonella clones and emergence of antimicrobial resistance.     

Privatization of Veterinary Services in Developing Countries: A Review

Increasing fiscal constraints on the government, a lackadaisical performance by public sector animal health and breeding services and pressure from donor partners have prompted the governments of various developing countries to rethink the role of the public sector in the provision of veterinary services. Various countries have started to implement, or have already implemented, privatization of some veterinary services. The results are mixed. It is established that private provision alone is not optimal, and a blend of private and public sector veterinary services is required to utilize the virtues of both.The privatization process has also begun in India. Certain state governments in India are pursuing a cost recovery approach and are encouraging private practitioners to cope with the financial constraints and to deliver broad and effective animal health and breeding services. This paper considers the global aspects of the privatization of veterinary services as well as the scenario in India, so as to gain an insight into the very complex and debatable issue of privatization of veterinary services.     

Veterinarians and public practice at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine: building on a tradition of expertise and partnership

The Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine (VMRCVM), a regional veterinary college for Maryland and Virginia, has a long and unique tradition of encouraging careers in public and corporate veterinary medicine. The VMRCVM is home to the Center for Public and Corporate Veterinary Medicine (CPCVM), and each year approximately 10% of the veterinary students choose the public/corporate veterinary medicine track. The faculty of the CPCVM, and their many partners from the veterinary public practice community, teach in the veterinary curriculum and provide opportunities for students locally, nationally, and internationally during summers and the final clinical year. Graduates of the program work for government organizations, including the US Department of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as in research, in industry, and for non-governmental organizations. Recent activities include securing opportunities for students, providing career counseling for graduate veterinarians interested in making a career transition, delivering continuing education, and offering a preparatory course for veterinarians sitting the board examination for the American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine. As the VMRCVM moves forward in recognition of the changing needs of the veterinary profession, it draws on its tradition of partnership and capitalizes on the excellence of its existing program. Future plans for the CPCVM include possible expansion in the fields of public health, public policy, international veterinary medicine, organizational leadership, and the One Health initiative. Quality assurance and evaluation of the program is ongoing, with recognition that novel evaluation approaches will be useful and informative.     

Veterinary public health in a problem-based learning curriculum at the Western University of Health Sciences

As detailed in the Association of Schools of Public Health / Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges 2007 Joint Symposium on Veterinary Public Health, veterinary public health (VPH) can no longer be viewed as a unique sub-specialty of veterinary medicine. Rather, its practice pervades nearly every aspect of the veterinary profession, regardless of whether the practitioner is engaged in small-animal, large-animal, research, corporate, or military practice. In congruence with the practice of VPH, the teaching of VPH should also pervade nearly every aspect of veterinary education. Accordingly, at Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (WU-CVM), public health is not simply taught as an individual course but, rather, is interwoven into almost every aspect of the curriculum, continually emphasizing the relevance of this discipline to the practice of veterinary medicine. This article outlines the teaching philosophy of WU-CVM, provides an overview of the curriculum, and describes the integral nature of public health throughout all four years of the educational program.     

The role of veterinary epidemiology and veterinary services in complying with the World Trade Organization SPS agreement

The agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS agreement) was one of the major products of the GATT's Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations, signed in Marrakesh on 15 April 1994. This agreement and others are part of the treaty that established the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO superseded the GATT as the umbrella organization for international trade (WTO, 1998a). The SPS agreement's main intent is to provide guidelines and provisions to member countries to facilitate trade while taking measures to protect human, animal or plant life or health. The agreement dictates that all sanitary measures must be scientifically based and not more restrictive than required to avoid the risk identified. The agreement recommends the use of international standards from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Codex Alimentarius (CAC) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) as the basis for import requirements. If a country chooses to apply more restrictive measures than those in the international standards, it has to justify its position through a risk analysis, thus avoiding the use of sanitary and phytosanitary measures as unjustified barriers to trade. More than ever, veterinary services worldwide are faced with having to fulfill a crucial role in protecting their country's animal health status, provide sound surveillance information on the occurrence of diseases within their territories, and conduct scientifically valid risk analyses to establish justified import requirements. During the past two decades, most countries have experienced resource reduction in their veterinary services. The effect of these policies has been severe, in many cases leading to an inability of veterinary services to conduct their disease prevention and control duties. There is a clear inconsistency between the demands placed on veterinary services and the current level of funding and support they are receiving, particularly in the developing world. This paper analyzes the implications in complying with the SPS agreement and explores the role of veterinary epidemiology in developing viable alternatives that can enhance the veterinary services' ability to perform under the current economic reality. The key provisions of the SPS agreement are regionalization, risk analysis, harmonization, equivalence and transparency. The paper focuses on the contribution of epidemiology in each of these areas in the effective implementation of the SPS agreement.     

Ethnobotanical knowledge of pastoral community for treating livestock diseases in Somali regional state,eastern Ethiopia

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Modern livestock health care is still at its lowest stage in Ethiopia and most modern veterinary services like drugs and veterinary professionals are not...     

The needs for public health education: reflections from the 27th world veterinary congress

The needs for public health education are addressed based on papers presented at the 27th World veterinary Congress held in Tunis, Tunisia, on September 25-29, 2002. The article first summarizes the public health problems presented from developing countries, followed by the problems from developed countries. A summary of the solutions proposed or practiced by each group of speakers is presented. On the basis of the problems and solutions presented, the author suggests how education can address the problems and their solutions. The dichotomy between developed and developing countries is not new, but educational advances in veterinary public health (VPH) are required to provide the citizens of all countries with safe food and less risk of zoonotic diseases. This is true whether a country is too poor to have adequate veterinary services for good food safety and preventing major zoonoses, or is a wealthy country plagued by the emerging pathogens associated with modern intensive agriculture systems.