基于计算机视觉的排种粒距实时检测系统

采用数字图像处理理论和C++编程语言实现种子粒距的实时检测。介绍了图像采集系统硬件构成,分析估算出图像采集和后续处理的耗时,给出了图像拼接和图像比例的计算公式,阐述了预处理式动态阈值法选取最佳阈值以及利用种子分布样本进行种子识别与粒距测量的方法。试验结果,系统的测量误差小于±1mm。     

基于计算机视觉的大米外观品质检测

开发了一套基于计算机视觉技术的稻谷品质检测系统，采用灰度变换、自动阈值分割、区域标记等方法从采集的稻米群体图像中提取单体米粒图像，对单体米粒的裂纹、垩白特征进行了统计和检测方法研究。提取了米粒的面积、周长等10个特征参数作为整精米检测特征，并进行了主成分分析，确定了判别整精米的优化阈值。检测试验结果表明：裂纹米粒识别的准确率为96．41％；垩白米粒识别的准确率为94．79％；整精米识别的准确率为96.20%。     

基于颜色距离算法的绿皮马铃薯检测方法研究

提出一种基于欧氏距离和相对距离对马铃薯绿皮进行检测的检测方法。该方法以颜色特征分析为基础,利用RGB空间特征,结合阈值选取,实现对马铃薯绿皮缺陷检测。首先建立马铃薯图像采集系统,采集绿皮马铃薯图像进行彩色图像预处理;通过利用阈值判别方法对马铃薯绿皮进行检测,实现对绿皮区域的准确分割。试验结果表明,该方法能够正确识别绿皮区域,准确率达93%,方法简单、识别率高、稳定性强。     

基于多阈值图像分割算法的秸秆覆盖率检测

针对目前秸秆覆盖率人工检测费时费力、准确率低、信息难以存储的问题,提出了一种基于图像分割的秸秆覆盖率检测方法。考虑到传统图像分割方法精度不高,且多阈值分割时计算量过大,将灰狼算法中的搜索机制与差分进化算法相融合,提出一种基于图像多阈值的自动分割方法（DE-GWO）,用于田间秸秆覆盖率检测。首先,对现场采集的秸秆覆盖图像进行预处理,采用自适应Tsallis熵作为目标函数,评估图像分割效率;其次,根据图像的复杂程度选取分割阈值的数量,利用DE-GWO算法对其进行多阈值图像分割;然后,分别按照灰度级别计算分割后图像比例;最后,根据拍摄高度、fov视角等参数,将图像中秸秆覆盖率与实际地理面积进行转换。实验结果表明,本文算法田间秸秆覆盖率与实际测量误差在8%以内,且相比于改进粒子群算法（PSO）和灰狼算法（GWO）,DE-GWO算法精确度更高,平均耗时为人工测量的1/1500。开发了一套依据DE-GWO算法的秸秆覆盖率检测软件系统,为后续监控系统的实时检测提供了算法基础和软件支持。     

基于机器视觉的石榴品质自动分级方法

采用人工检测的石榴外观品质等级分级方法存在准确率和效率低的问题,提出一种基于机器视觉的石榴品质分级方法。首先,采用机器视觉系统采集石榴样本图像,进行去噪处理与获取掩模图像;其次,提取去噪图像的红、绿、蓝分量,用蓝色分量减去红、绿色分量得到色差图像,并对色差图像进行阈值分割;然后,对分割图像采用数学形态学处理获得连通的疑似缺陷区域的边界,提取纹理特征并根据缺陷与非缺陷区域纹理特征的不同来标记缺陷区域;最后,将缺陷面积与总面积之比和缺陷数目作为划分等级的依据,对石榴品质等级进行划分。试验结果表明：本方法总体分级准确率达到92.9%,能够高效、准确地识别石榴表面缺陷并进行品质分级,为实现自动分级的产业化提供思路。     

基于机器视觉技术的棉籽破损检测

种子质量对增产丰收具有十分重要的意义。提出一种基于机器视觉提取单粒棉籽,自动识别破损棉籽的方法。试验用最大类间法自动选择阈值结合膨胀处理和区域属性度量函数提取单粒棉籽图像;基于改进阈值的小波去噪对图像进行增强;通过对多幅单粒棉籽图像的研究找到对破损区域进行阈值分割的最佳阈值,对整个棉籽进行阈值分割的最佳阈值;进而对分割后的图像进行相乘和数学形态学处理等方法得到破损区域特征;最后利用获取连通区域的方法实现破损棉籽的识别并将此方法用Matlab App Designer设计成软件。试验表明,此系统对破损棉籽的平均准确率达到89%。优于软阈值函数、硬阈值函数和软硬阈值折衷函数的平均准确率83.5%、85%和87.5%。     

基于视觉显著度的射线图像微小缺陷提取方法

为实现射线图像复杂大背景下微小目标检测,研究强噪声、大灰度梯度下微小缺陷的分割方法。提出面向射线图像的视觉显著度模型,模拟人眼视觉注意机制,采用线扫描及自适应中央-周边差策略,以视觉显著度为尺度,通过特征图计算与融合、显著图获取等算法,从射线图像复杂背景中分割出注意区域;进一步通过显著度竞争标记排序各注意区域,并根据显著度阈值识别可疑缺陷区域,由此减少图像数据处理量,排除射线图像其他部分的干扰。提出以显著图上可疑区域的注意焦点为种子点,基于各点显著度的区域生长分割方法,实现了可疑区域图像中微小缺陷目标的准确提取。在复杂大背景X射线图像的实验中,准确提取出含有未知缺陷目标的区域,对微小目标的分割取得了较好效果,准确率达到96.1%,比传统方法高8%以上,证明了所提方法的有效性和适应性。     

基于深度学习的自然环境下刺梨果实识别

采用0.57R-0.18G-0.2B色差分量法对刺梨图像进行处理,通过Ostu自适应阈值分割、形态学滤波和二值图像白色色素面积阈值等方法对图像进行一次分割。根据刺梨果实图像的颜色和纹理特征,再采用YCbCr颜色空间模型中各分量的阈值对图像进行二次分割。通过标记分水岭分割算法对粘连果实连通区域进行分割,利用Hough圆变换对独立、遮挡和重叠情况下的果实外圆进行拟合和修复,最终获取果实质心坐标及其半径。试验结果表明:刺梨果实识别正确率均高于92%,说明本算法能够对刺梨果实进行有效地识别。     

小桐子种子图像的背景分割与参数检测

为解决凭借人工经验方式对小桐子种子品质进行筛选效率较低、主观性强、错误率高且实时性差等问题,采用数字图像处理技术对小桐子种子图像进行分析,针对其特征对图像进行了R,G,B彩色分量的算术运算融合,采用形态学开运算进行消噪处理,并根据OTSU方法进行自适应的阈值选取将图像处理成二值图像,利用LOG算子实现了图像的边缘提取,且通过计算得到了小桐子种子的部分形态特征参数值.结果表明,与人工分割的方法相对比,90幅具有不同摆放方式的小桐子种子图像的平均分割误差不超过0.63%,最大分割误差为1.07%,均方误差σ不超过0.006 4,能较为准确地实现小桐子种子图像的背景分割和参数检测.     

田间背景下小麦叶尖生长点提取

采用机器视觉可以实时监测作物长势,然而由于受到复杂背景和变化光照的影响,田间小麦图像叶尖生长点提取难度较大,因此本文提出一种基于深度信息进行区域生长来分割图像并提取小麦叶尖生长点的图像处理方法。首先,根据作物颜色特征去除背景,采用Canny算子检测小麦边缘,然后通过双目视觉技术,获取视差图;然后根据深度信息赋予不同的灰度值,并通过灰度阈值分割仅保留前排小麦深度图,以前排小麦深度图为种子点进行区域生长,得到前排小麦图像;最后检测小麦深度图叶尖,并将其作为初始位置,查找彩色图像前排小麦真实叶尖。结果表明该方法提取准确率为75%,能有效克服复杂背景和纹理的影响,满足应用需求,为植株生长监测提供技术支撑。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。