兔出血症病毒CD株衣壳蛋白(VP60)基因的克隆、核酸及氨基酸序列比较分析

以兔出血症病毒 CD株人工感染家兔 ,发病死亡后 ,取肝脏匀浆 ,用 Trizol试剂从匀浆上清中提取病毒 RNA。根据 Gen Bank已发表序列保守区设计并合成引物 ,采用 RT- PCR方法扩增了 RHDV衣壳蛋白 VP6 0基因。将所扩增片段克隆到 p MD18- T载体上 ,并进行了序列测定 ,测序结果表明 ,CD株 VP6 0基因全长 174 0 bp。该序列与已发表的其他分布于世界各地的 14株 RHDV序列进行了比较和基因进化树分析。无毒株与各强毒株之间的同源性为 85 .3%～86 .5 % ,强毒株间的同源性较高 ,为 92 .1%～ 10 0 %。根据进化树可把强毒株分为 2大群 ,一群为 CD株、Iowa2 0 0 0株、0 0 - 139株、99- 0 5株 ,其余的为另一群。进一步细分 ,还可以分为 4个亚群和 7个组。但毒株之间的地域性差异并不明显。同时根据 15株 RHDV VP6 0基因的核苷酸序列推导了其所编码的氨基酸序列 ,并进行氨基酸序列的比较和亲水性、柔性区、抗原性和表面结构的比较分析。结果显示 ,各毒株氨基酸之间的的同源性在 90 .5 %～ 10 0 %之间 ,其中无毒株与各强毒株之间的同源性为 90 .5 %～ 91.9% ,强毒株间的同源性在 95 %～ 10 0 %之间 ;氨基酸变异分析未发现突变造成的 VP6 0蛋白高级结构的根本性变化     

中国株兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白VP60基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及其免疫原性鉴定

应用RT—PCR技术扩增编码兔出血症病毒(rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)WX84株衣壳蛋白VP60基因，将PCR产物按相应的阅读框架克隆到表达性载体pGEX-6P-1中谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因的下游。将重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21株，在1．0mmol／L 1PTG和37C的条件下诱导，VP60—GST基因融合蛋白获了高效表达。经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和western-blotting试验证实所表达的融合蛋白产物相对分子质量与预期的87000相符。将表达产物经电泳切胶回收目的条带后免疫小鼠，所得抗血清应用间接ELISA检测，与RHDV病毒粒子呈阳性反应。试验结果表明，大肠杆菌中表达的RHDVVP60融合蛋白在抗原性上与天然衣壳蛋白具有一定的相似性。     

TaqMan MGB探针实时检测兔病毒性出血症病毒

应用荧光定量PCR技术,根据兔病毒性出血症病毒的保守基因VP60设计了1对引物和1段Taqman MGB探针,建立了用于检测兔病毒性出血症病毒的实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法。试验中能够检出的RHDV VP60基因质粒拷贝数达103数量级,能够检测到RHDV病毒核酸最低量可以达到5 pg,未检出其他病原的RNA。试验结果表明,建立的TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性均达到试验设计要求,能快速检测临床样品中的兔病毒性出血症病毒,适合于兔各脏器及肌肉组织中兔病毒性出血症病毒的快速诊断和检测。     

兔出血症病毒和巴氏杆菌双重PCR检测方法的建立及应用

参照GenBank公布的兔出血症病毒(RHDV)VP60、巴氏杆菌kmt基因序列,设计两对引物,分别用于扩增RHDV的VP60和巴氏杆菌kmt基因的目的片段。通过正交试验,对反应各组分浓度与组合、反应退火温度及反应参数进行优化,最后建立了RHDV、巴氏杆菌双重PCR检测方法并进行临床应用。结果显示:本试验建立的双重PCR检测方法能够特异性地检测RHDV及巴氏杆菌,最低核酸检出限分别达到70 pg和62pg。检测兔源大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌,结果均为阴性。用本方法对临床送检的104份病料进行检测,结果检出RHDV与巴氏杆菌混合感染1份,巴氏杆菌单独感染10份,双重PCR检测结果与临床病原分离结果完全一致。表明本试验建立的兔出血症病毒和巴氏杆菌双重PCR检测方法具有良好的临床应用价值。     

Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus by RT-PCR and Microplate Hydridization Assay Using Inactivated Viral Antigens

A single step RT-PCR was tested for detection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and immunoenzymatic determination of amplified products in a microplate hybridization assay. Inactivated reference strains (ELISA antigen) of all seven serotypes were used to optimize the test. Oligonucleotide primers were selected from two different genomic regions coding for RNA polymerase and VP1 protein, respectively. The RT-PCR used to amplify the polymerase gene specific RNA detected FMDV strains A, C, O, Asial and SAT1, and the identity of the fragments obtained was confirmed with a specific internal biotin-labelled capture probe. For the amplification of the VP1 genome region, two sets of oligonucleotide primers were used. One primer pair was successfully applied for the detection of serotypes A, C, O and Asial and a second one for serotypes SAT1, SAT2, SAT3. The specific probe enabled the detection of all the amplified products in a PCR ELISA test. By comparison with antigen ELISA, the PCR ELISA method allowed the detection of smaller amounts of FMDV in the inactivated material examined. The application of molecular diagnostic methods to inactivated antigens offers a good alternative procedure for developing and optimizing a sensitive method for detection of FMDV in laboratories that are not allowed to work with viable FMDV.     

兔瘟病毒VP60蛋白原核表达及其应用

为获得活性良好的兔出血症病毒基因工程抗原,本研究对兔出血症病毒ZB分离株的VP60基因进行了原核表达与初步应用。参照ZB株分离病毒VP60基因序列,设计合成一对特异性引物,PCR扩增长876bp的VP60基因片段。将目的片段定向克隆至pET30a表达载体中,经鉴定正确后,重组质粒转化BL21表达菌,经IPTG诱导后获得了以包涵体形式表达的重组蛋白,重组蛋白纯化后,Western blot检测表明具有良好的抗原性与特异性,以该蛋白作为诊断抗原,初步建立了检测兔瘟病毒抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法。本研究为RHDV分子流行病学调查提供了参考,为VP60蛋白结构与功能研究、RHDV抗体检测试剂盒及新型疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

Single dose adenovirus vectored vaccine induces a potent and long-lasting immune response against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus after parenteral or mucosal administration

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is the etiological agent of a lethal and contagious disease of rabbits that remains as a serious problem worldwide. As this virus does not replicate in cell culture systems, the capsid protein gene has been expressed in heterologous hosts or inserted in replication-competent viruses in order to obtain non-conventional RHDV vaccines. However, due to technological or safety issues, current RHDV vaccines are still prepared from organs of infected rabbits. In this work, two human type 5 derived replication-defective adenoviruses encoding the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus VP60 capsid protein were constructed. The recombinant protein was expressed as a multimer in mouse and rabbit cell lines at levels that ranged from approximately 120 to 160 mg/L of culture. Mice intravenously or subcutaneously inoculated with a single 10(8) gene transfer units (GTU) dose of the AdVP60 vector (designed for VP60 intracellular expression) seroconverted at days 7 and 14 post-immunization, respectively. This vector generated a stronger response than that obtained with a second vector (AdVP60sec) designed for VP60 secretion. Rabbits were then immunized by parenteral or mucosal routes with a single 10(9)GTU dose of the AdVP60 and the antibody response was evaluated using a competition ELISA specific for RHDV or RHDVa. Protective hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers were also promptly detected and IgG antibodies corresponding with inhibition percentages over 85% persisted up to one year in all rabbits, independently of the immunization route employed. These levels were similar to those elicited with inactivated RHDV or with VP60 obtained from yeast or insect cells. IgA specific antibodies were only found in saliva of rabbits immunized by intranasal instillation. The feasibility of VP60 production and vaccination of rabbits with replication-defective adenoviral vectors was demonstrated.     

兔出血症病毒JL株分离鉴定及VP60基因主要抗原表位分析

采用血凝试验、电镜观察、RT－PCR方法分离鉴定了1株JL株兔出血症病毒（RHDV）,扩增衣壳蛋白VP60基因,将扩增片段克隆到pMDl8－T载体上,经酶切鉴定后测序。结果显示,VP60基因全长1740bp,编码580个氨基酸;JL株与其他RHDV分离株比较,核苷酸同源性为93．7％－99．2％,氨基酸同源性在97．3％－99．5％,在VP606个区中,A、B、D、F是稳定区,氨基酸变异多发生在衣壳蛋白C、E区,表明毒株具有高度保守性;将JL株与国内外标准株蛋白氨基酸变畀及其亲水性、柔性区、抗原区和表面结构进行比较分析,预测RHDV VP60细胞表位。     

兔出血病病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

为快速检测兔出血病病毒,参照RHDV-TP株VP60基因序列(GenBank Ac-ession AF453761),在其5′端设计一对引物,扩增片段为386 bp,建立了检测兔出血病病毒的RT-PCR检测方法。经过对反应参数的优化,确定了反应的最佳条件。该方法在含多种已知病原的病料中,可特异性检出RHDV,检测病料的最高稀释度为10-5倍,且有很好的稳定性。临床样品检测结果显示,该方法的敏感性要高于血凝抑制试验,从而建立了RHDV特异、敏感的RT-PCR检测技术,可应用于RHDV临床诊断及流行病学调查。     

兔出血症病毒TP株VP60基因DNA免疫小鼠的实验研究

为评价兔出血症病毒(RHDV)VP60基因在小鼠体内诱导产生体液免疫和细胞免疫情况,本研究构建了RHDV VP60基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA-VP60,并将其免疫小鼠。利用ELISA方法检测特异性抗体和小鼠外周血细胞因子水平,MTT法和流式细胞术(FACS)检测小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞增殖情况和T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化。抗体检测结果显示,重组质粒免疫组抗体水平在免疫后5周～6周达到峰值,而且与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05);细胞因子检测结果显示,重组质粒免疫组血清中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4因子水平随免疫时间延长而升高,并且能够维持较高水平,与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05);T淋巴细胞检测结果显示,重组质粒免疫组T淋巴细胞明显增殖,CD4+T淋巴细胞数量免疫后明显增高,与对照组比较差异显著(p<0.05);所有检测指标显示重组质粒免疫组和灭活苗免疫组比较均无显著差异(p>0.05)。以上结果表明pcDNA-VP60重组质粒可以诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫,为研制预防兔病毒性出血症的候选DNA疫苗提供了实验依据。     

Egg yolk IgY against RHDV capsid protein VP60 promotes rabbit defense against RHDV infection

VP60 capsid protein is the major structural and immunogenicity protein of RHDV (Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, RHDV), and has been implicated as a main protein antigen in RHDV diagnosis and vaccine design. In this report, egg yolk antibody (IgY) against N-terminal of VP60 was evaluated and developed as a new strategy for RHDV therapy. Briefly, N-terminal of VP60 (～250aa) fragment was cloned and inserted into pET28a expression vector, and then the resultant plasmid, pET28a/VP60-N, was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) for recombinant VP60-N protein (rVP60-N) expression. Next, the rVP60-N was purified by Ni⁺-affinity purification chromatography and identified by Western blotting with RHDV antiserum. After immunizing the chickens with rVP60-N, the anti-rVP60-N IgY was isolated, and the activity and specificity of the IgY antibody were analyzed by ELISA and Western blotting. In our results, the rVP60-N could be expressed in E. coli as soluble fraction, and the isolated anti-rVP60-N IgY demonstrated a high specificity and titer (1:22,000) against rVP60-N antigen. For further evaluation of the IgY efficacy in vivo, rabbits were grouped randomly and challenged with RHDV, and the results showed that anti-rVP60-N IgY could significantly protect rabbits from virus infection and promote the host survival after a sustained treatment with anti-rVP60-N IgY for 5 days. Taken together, our study demonstrates evidence that production of IgY against VP60 could be as a novel strategy for the RHDV therapy.     

兔病毒性出血症病毒巢式RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种快速的兔病毒性出血症病毒(rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)病原检测方法,本研究根据GenBank上登录的RHDV VP60基因序列,设计合成内外2对引物,优化PCR反应条件,建立了检测RHDV的巢式RT-PCR方法。该方法对兔轮状病毒、仙台病毒、健康兔肝脏组织的扩增结果均为阴性;该方法第1次扩增的敏感性是10 ng,第2次扩增的敏感性是0.1 ng,第2次比第1次扩增的敏感性高100倍。建立的巢式RT-PCR方法具有特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好等优点,可以准确快速检测出极低含量的RHDV,将为兔病毒性出血症的病原检测及分子流行病学调查等提供一种快速、简单、高效、特异、灵敏的检测方法。     

Serological evidence for a non-protective RHDV-like virus

The data were recorded during a Rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreak that occurred in France in 2001 in a wild population of rabbits that we have been monitoring since 2000. These data suggested the existence of non-protective antibodies due to a putative RHDV-like virus. Twenty-one blood and 22 liver samples were taken from the 26 corpses of recently dead rabbits that were found. RHDV was found in all liver samples. A first screening for RHD antibodies, carried out using an ELISA based on the detection of VP60-RHDV antigen, showed that 20 of the rabbits were seropositive. Moreover, we determined antibody titres for 13 of these 20 seropositive samples. All were > or = 1/400. Such titres normally indicate antibody levels sufficient to confer protection to all known RHDV or RHDV-like strains. For 16 samples, we determined whether these rabbits had died of a chronic or an acute form of the disease, by employing monoclonal antibody (Mabs)--based differential ELISA. All had died of an acute form of RHD. Because the antibodies detected by this VP60-ELISA test are known to appear 5-6 days after infection and since acute RHD generally kills the rabbits 2-3 days after infection, we assumed that the detected antibodies must have been present before the exposure to the virus that killed these rabbits. A second detection of antibodies was made with Mabs that are specific for RHDV. The results were negative, showing that the antibodies detected with the VP60 ELISA test were not specific for RHDV. We sequenced a portion of the VP60 gene of viruses isolated in 17 rabbits. All RHDV isolates were very similar to the RHDV strains commonly isolated in France during this period, suggesting that this viral strain was not a putative variant that is not neutralised by antibodies. Therefore we conclude that the detected antibodies were probably due to a RHDV-like virus that induces the production of detectable but non-protective antibodies.     

基于兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白优势抗原区的间接ELISA方法建立

为建立一种检测兔出血症病毒（Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV）抗体的间接ELISA方法,首先扩增了VP60的优势抗原区A（31～250 aa）和B（470～579 aa）两个片段,然后应用融合PCR方法将A、B片段连接起来,克隆至pET-30a（＋）,转染BL21感受态细胞,进行原核表达。用Western blot方法对表达产物（AB）的免疫原性进行鉴定,再以纯化的AB为诊断抗原,通过对抗原-抗体反应条件的多重优化,建立检测RHDV抗体的间接ELISA方法。试验结果表明,本研究成功表达了RHDV VP60的优势抗原区（AB）,重组蛋白的分子量约为36 kDa,该蛋白能与RHDV抗体发生特异性反应。以纯化的AB为包被抗原,成功建立了检测RHDV抗体的间接ELISA方法。经过对部分田间样品的检测和应用,证明该方法具有特异性强、重复性好、敏感性高等优点。本研究为将来开展RHDV的流行病学调查和疫苗研究等提供了良好的技术手段。     

兔出血症病毒镇江株的分离鉴定及VP60蛋白活性表达

试验旨在分离兔出血症病毒（rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV）镇江株,分析其遗传进化变异,并表达具有良好活性的重组VP60蛋白。通过排除细菌感染、血凝（HA）和血凝抑制（HI）检测、动物攻毒试验与病毒传代、LD₅₀测定等方法,自江苏省镇江市某兔场发病死亡动物肝脏组织样品中分离病原并鉴定;RT-PCR方法获得VP60基因,通过分析VP60基因核苷酸及氨基酸序列研究其遗传进化;将VP60基因与pCold-Sumo载体连接,构建低温诱导、融合Sumo标签原核表达载体,15℃、IPTG诱导表达重组VP60蛋白并对表达产物进行反应原性鉴定。结果显示,分离鉴定获得RHDV ZJ2015毒株,该毒株能凝集人"O"型红血球,HA效价为11log2,其血凝性能被RHDV （AV33）抗血清抑制,该毒株的LD₅₀为10^-6.38/mL,具有较强的毒力;RT-PCR扩增得到大小约为1 740 bp的特异性条带,系统进化树分析显示,该毒株属于RHDV1抗原遗传变异株（RHDVa）,与RHDV1和RHDV2 VP60基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为89.4%~97.6%和81.1%~81.5%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.8%~98.3%和87.4%~87.6%。构建的低温原核融合表达质粒pCold-VP60在大肠杆菌Rosetta （DE3）中成功表达,通过SDS-PAGE及Western blotting分析,在分子质量74 ku处有特异性表达蛋白条带,且与抗血清发生特异性抗原抗体结合反应,说明重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性。本研究为开展兔病毒性出血症流行病学研究、开发新型重组疫苗与诊断试剂提供参考依据。     

兔出血症病毒VP60蛋白真核表达及其免疫原性研究

将兔出血症病毒(Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)衣壳蛋白VP60基因,克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,构建pcDNA-VP60,并将其转染Vero细胞.间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescence assay,IFA)检测pcDNA-VP60在细胞中的表达情况,同时将pcDNA-VP60免疫实验兔,观察血清中特异性抗体变化情况.试验结果表明,本文构建的pcDNA-VP60不仅能在Vero细胞中表达VP60蛋白,而且能够诱导机体产生免疫应答.     

1例兔出血症病毒2型感染疫情的诊断

旨在了解河南疑似兔出血症病毒2型(RHDV2)的感染情况,并对RHDV2的致病性进行初步分析。本研究采集病死兔的肝组织,利用微量血凝试验、RT-PCR扩增及测序、VP60基因系统进化树分析和动物回归试验进行病原鉴定。微量血凝试验结果显示,组织样本悬液能够凝集人“O”型血红细胞;RT-PCR扩增、测序及序列分析结果显示,检测到RHDV2特异性条带,片段大小为829 bp;系统进化树分析结果发现,分离的病毒与我国四川发现的首例RHDV2毒株SC2020/04的VP60基因相似性高达98.2%;临床病例的剖检显示病死兔胸腺、气管、肺、肝、脾、肾等实质性器官出血较为严重;动物回归试验发现攻毒组家兔死亡率为100%,平均死亡时间为65.8 h,RT-PCR扩增均检测到RHDV2特异性条带。本研究首次在河南兔场检测到RHDV2,为RHDV2的防控提供了科学参考。     

Genomic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentiviruses detected by PCR.

In order to detect a large spectrum of small ruminant lentiviruses, primers for PCR were chosen in conserved parts of the LTR and GAG genes of Icelandic Visna virus 1514 and of the POL gene of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. This set of primers was tested in six different caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)- and Maedi-Visna virus isolates of Dutch, American and Swiss origin. The LTR primers allowed the detection of the corresponding fragments of all isolates. The GAG primers allowed amplification of the corresponding fragments of all but the Swiss Maedi-Visna virus strain OLV. Using the POL primers, one Maedi-Visna- and two caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus strains were detected after one round of amplification. Sequencing of the GAG and POL amplification products and comparison to Icelandic Visna virus and CAEV strain CO revealed total heterogeneity of 38% for the GAG- and 28% for the POL fragment. The virus strains studied fall into two groups which are more closely related to one another than to Icelandic Visna virus.     

兔出血症病毒缺失突变体的构建及鉴定

为研究兔病毒性出血症病毒（Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV）衣壳蛋白与病毒侵染性的关系,在RHDV侵染性克隆的基础上,构建了缺失衣壳蛋白（VP60）部分编码基因（5 325-6931 nt）的全长cDNA分子克隆。然后,在体外转录合成RNA,转染RK-13细胞,观察RHDV缺失5 325-6 931 nt区域以后,病毒的侵染性以及病毒复制能力的变化情况。结果表明,5 325-6 931 nt区域缺失以后,病毒的侵染性没有明显改变,但是病毒的复制能力有所下降。可见,该区域含有与病毒复制有关的调控序列或元件。     

Identification of Polish RHDVa subtype strains based on the analysis of a highly variable part of VP60 gene

In order to determine the genetic variability of Polish RHD virus strains and to confirm the presence of genetic variant (RHDVa) subtype the partial nucleotide sequences of capsid protein gene, including two highly variable regions C and E, were examined. Phylogenetic analyses of 15 viral strains obtained over 18 years revealed the presence of three genetic groups. The oldest RHDV strains exhibit very close amino acid sequence similarity (98-99%) to the German FRG89 reference strain and most of European strains of the same period, as well as Chinese isolate from 1984. The HA-negative strains and isolates with variable reactivity in the HA test belong to the second subgroup and exhibit an intermediate level of variability (about 3%) in the analysed VP60 gene fragment. The most genetically variable strains (6-7%) clustered to RHDVa subtype. The analysis of nucleotides and amino acid sequences demonstrated three pairs of well conserved RHDV strains, isolated over 3, 6 and 10-year period.