清原地区引种欧洲赤松造林试验初报

为了丰富辽东山区的造林树种，在辽宁省清原地区进行了欧洲赤松的引种栽培试验，结果表明，13年生欧洲赤松的树高、胸径分别为9.9m，6.3cm，均高于樟子松，红松，与长白落叶松之间的差异不显，说明欧洲赤松在清原地区已经引种成功，可以扩大栽培。     

Dissolved Al reduces Mg uptake in Norway spruce forest: Results from a long-term field manipulation experiment in Norway

Dissolved aluminium (Al) in soils, mobilized by acid deposition, is considered a threat to forest health through hampering root growth and nutrient uptake. Since the end of the 1980s dissolved Al in forest soil water plays a key role in the assessment of critical loads of acid deposition. So far, most evidence for toxicity of dissolved Al in forest soil water is based on nutrient solution studies and pot experiments. Here, we present results from one of the few in situ ecosystem-scale forest manipulation experiments to study the effect of Al on mature forest trees. A plotwise addition of dilute AlCl₃ was conducted during seven years in an even-aged spruce forest (Picea abies) in an area in Norway with low acid deposition. Soil solution concentrations of Al were increased to potentially toxic levels (up to 500 μmol L⁻¹) and base cation (Ca + Mg + K) to inorganic Al ratios in the soil solution in the root zone were mostly below 1 in the Al-addition treatments. In the control treatment (only water addition) Al concentrations did not exceed 15 μmol L⁻¹ and base cation to inorganic Al ratios were above 1. The toxic effects of Al on fine root growth and plant growth found in hydroponic studies and pot trials are not confirmed by this field manipulation. However, magnesium (Mg) contents in needles decreased significantly and persistently in plots with elevated Al concentrations, whereas the needle Ca content did not respond. The depletion of the Mg content in needles is suggested to be due to antagonistic effects of high Al concentrations at the root surface, consistent with observed reductions in Mg to Al ratio of inner bark. This study clearly supports a role for Al in critical load functions for forests as dissolved Al causes a decrease in uptake of Mg. However, other signs of reduced forest vitality were not observed. Soil base cation status may need to be included in risk evaluations of forest health under acid deposition.     

基肥对依兰香造林成活率及幼林期生长影响

依兰香(Cananga odorata)也称为依兰依兰,是一种热带珍贵木本香料树种,枝繁叶茂、花形雅致、香气独特浓郁,具有重要的生态景观及药用价值。它原产东南亚的印度尼西亚和菲律宾等地,现热带地区具有广泛分布。采用单因素随机区组设计,对比了不同基肥对依兰香造林成活率及树高胸径生长的影响。结果表明:施用基肥可以适当提高依兰香造林成活率,其中以处理2(每株施1600g乐岛有机肥)效果最好,造林成活率达94.81%,显著高于对照。施用不同的基肥,对依兰香的生长均有不同程度的促进。各处理间对依兰香树高、胸径影响大小的顺序均为处理2(1600g乐岛有机肥)处理1(800g乐岛有机肥)处理4(250g钙镁磷肥)处理3(125g钙镁磷肥)处理5(空白对照)。     

Multiple covariance: its utility in analysing forest fertilizer experiments

Forest fertilizer trials are often impaired by high experimental variability. Multiple covariance analysis provides a means of removing not only the confounding effect of differences in initial growing stock between experimental plots but also the influence of other variables such as initial foliar and soil nutrient levels, and inter-tree competition. Unblocked fertility gradients can sometimes be partially controlled by using plot position or dummy variables as covariates. Considerable gains in precision and additional information from available data can be achieved by use of multiple covariance methodology. Three examples are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the technique and the specific benefits its application confers.     

雪峰山低山区造林模式及树种配置优化试验

退耕还林实践结合试验表明:生态型杉木 南酸枣、杉木 枫香、杉木 桤木、柳杉 南酸枣、柳杉 枫香、水杉 香樟、水杉 木荷、马尾松 枫香混交,生态经济结合型杜仲、厚朴、板栗,经济型枇杷、梨是雪峰山低山区退耕还林造林的首选模式;其次是生态型杉木 山苍子、柳杉 喜树、马尾松 刺楸混交、桤木、楠竹纯林,经济型柑桔、桃造林。这些造林模式均适宜于该区域。对在类似立地条件下退耕还林造林,这些造林技术模式具有推广应用借鉴参考意义。     

金银花与矿区绿化

利用金银花抗逆性强的特点，在生态环境脆弱地段的水土保持、防风固沙中发挥重要作用。特别是对由于开采矿藏而造成植被破坏以及矿区沉陷地、不可利用地的植被恢复，其应用价值尤为重要。     

淤泥质海岸绿化造林技术

浙东南淤泥质海岸线长达 6 38km ,海涂面积 9.3万hm2 ,故搞好淤泥质海岸绿化对实现沿海地区经济和社会可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究针对淤泥质海岸特点 ,提出 8项适宜采取的造林技术措施     

湖南省世行贷款“国家造林项目”造林成效调查分析

湖南省１９９１的开展纪行贷款“国家造林项目”造林，到１９９４年完成造林１０８６７１ｈｍ＾２。从１９９３－１９９６年先后对满三年的幼林进行了成效调查、分析、评价。，其面积核实率９９．８％，造林平均保存率９５．７％，幼林高生长达标率９４．１％，造林成效显著。     

影响我国人工造林质量的因素及技术措施

随着重大林业工程的实施和国家对造林的投入迅速增加,造林质量倍受关注。文章分析和总结了我国造林质量中存在的问题,提出相应的对策措施。     

湖南省杨树引种栽培概况

湖南省洞庭湖区雨热同季的气候条件特别适宜于杨树生长。 2 6a来湖南杨树造林面积已达 10万hm2 ,在湖区栽培的优良杨树品系 ,年均高生长 2 5～ 3m ,胸径 3cm。Ⅰ—6 3、Ⅰ —6 9、Ⅰ—72、中汉杨、中林杨等品系生长表现好 ,8a生的杨树高 17m、胸径 2 4cm ,一般速生期为 4～ 6a ,因此作为纸浆材 ,其主伐期可暂定为 6～ 8a。研究表明湖区营造杨树丰产林的最适地下水位为 0 9～ 2 4m ,在洪水淹没期年淹水 30～ 6 5d的湖滩地上可营造中小径级杨树林 ,淹没期 30d以内的可营造丰产林。阔叶树中只有杨树能制机械木浆 ,湖南在大力发展林纸一体化经营中 ,洞庭湖区的杨树林是林纸产业的原材料基地。     

湖南省林地测土配方信息系统应用—以江华县林地土壤及造林树种为例

以江华瑶族自治县林地测土配方信息系统土壤及造林树种为研究对象,对江华瑶族自治县境内不同土壤类型分布规律及林地测土配方信息系统推荐的适生树种进行了分析。结果表明：江华县林地土壤类型有16种土属,具有多样性;土壤水平与垂直分布规律明显,与适生的主要造林树种密切相关。在造林树种选择中运用林地测土配方信息系统,可有效改造林分质量,提高林地综合效益。同时提出运用林地测土配方信息系统选择造林树种的建议。     

秭归县造林绿化现状分析及对策建议

开展造林绿化是改善生态环境,促进区域生态文明建设的重要方式。秭归县是我国重点生态功能保护区和三峡库区重要生态安全屏障区,在造林绿化和生态建设方面取得成效显著。本文分析了湖北省秭归县造林绿化现状及实施成效,客观阐述了秭归县在造林绿化中存在的问题,并提出了对策建议,旨在为该区域国土绿化和生态建设提供重要参考。     

火炬树育苗造林技术

火炬树是漆树科漆树属落叶乔木,树高6—10m,花色火红鲜艳,花后果穗至成熟不褪色,果穗呈圆锥形,夏季点缀在浓绿色的叶片中,高高挺立树顶,像一柱柱火炬直指蓝天,十分壮观,是宁夏贺兰山洪积扇绿色通道和山区退耕还林的优良树种。火炬树喜光、耐湿,耐盐碱,抗旱,抗瘠薄,根系发达,萌蘖能力强,1年生火炬树,在土壤湿润条件下,平均可萌生6株,最多达19株,有独树成林特性,非常适宜成片造林。同时,由于火炬花和果穗红色鲜艳,叶片春夏浓绿,深秋变红,在景观绿化上,常作为彩叶树种栽植。     

日本落叶松混交造林试验

通过对日本落叶松10 a的营造纯林、与枫香混交造林、与鹅掌楸混交造林的对照试验研究表明:日本落叶松与枫香、鹅掌楸等阔叶树混交造林,既能改善林地生长环境,促进林木生长,提高落叶松林分的产量和质量,又能减少病虫和风雪危害,增强落叶松林的抗灾能力。日本落叶松适宜和喜光、深根性的中山速生阔叶树种(常绿阔叶树或常绿落叶阔叶树)混交造林。     

浅谈城市绿化树木死亡原因

通过分析，提出了缺乏科学的决策、绿化设计、施工及管理是造成城市绿化树木死亡的主要原因，并提出了相应的对策。     

绿化建设与可持续发展

介绍了绿化被破坏造成的恶果，绿化的作用，绿化与可持续发展的关系，保证可持续发展应采取的措施及对策。     

生态型造林与传统造林的杉木林邻体干扰效应比较

为了比较杉木生态型造林和传统造林邻体对杉木基株干扰效应的差异,阐明生态型造林的优越性,避免造林地滋生大量五节芒,在不影响杉木生长的前提下解决传统造林中出现的炼山和抚育造成的水土流失、地力衰退、生物多样性减少和人工成本高等问题,为今后造林工作提供技术支撑。本研究选用生态型造林与传统造林两种类型造林8年生生长数据,采用邻体干扰指数模型的方法,研究两种造林类型邻体对杉木的干扰效应。结果表明:生态型造林地中有灌木植物22种、草本植物4种;传统造林地中五节芒占草本植物总数量的91.8%,仅有灌木植物7种、其它草本植物1种,前者林地灌木层和草本层的丰富度指数和香农维纳指数均大于后者。测得两者初始个体高第1、2年平均生长速度分别为86.8 cm/a、31.9 cm/a和94.2 cm/a、51.9 cm/a,灌木植物第1、2年的平均生长速度分别为48.7 cm/a和53.3 cm/a,草本植物的平均生长速度为55.7 cm/a;两者8年生杉木平均高和平均胸径分别为6.4 m、5.8 m和7.9 cm、8.7 cm。生态型造林地中灌木层干扰效应强于传统造林,主要干扰物种有4种,平均干扰指数为2.40;后者林地中草本层干扰效应强于前者,主要干扰物种有1种,平均干扰指数为0.42。生态型造林初始个体高较大,第1、2年平均生长速度大于灌、草植物,无缓苗期,造林后快速生长,对造林初期生长速度促进作用明显;传统造林初始个体高较小,有缓苗期,第1、2年平均生长速度小于灌、草植物,林地必需进行抚育。分别拟合两者总干扰指数与杉木基株大小、基株生长速度唐守正树高曲线,知其均呈显著负相关关系,前者抵抗邻体干扰能力强于后者,个体大小受邻体的影响较小,邻体对基株生长的整体干扰作用要小于后者。生态型造林不抚育促使杉木个体高生长较快,传统造林由于频繁抚育杉木个体胸径生长较快。生态型造林炼山为五节芒提供了良好的生长环境,前者无炼山抚育,生物多样性丰富,抑制五节芒生长。     

Planning and management of the afforestation process in Northern Israel

Afforestation in Israel has matured over a 90 year period into aformalized process of planning, management and control that involves allsections of the Keren Kayemeth Leisrael's (KKL) Forest Department. Over aone to two year period sites in the Northern Region are selected, planned,reviewed, prepared, planted, tended, surveyed and monitored to insure asuccessful start to a full rotation period. Over a ten-year period underdiscussion (1990–1999) old monocultures which declined due to destructiveagents or natural aging were replaced with multispecies, multifunctionalstands.Departmental integration and cooperation in the decision making andimplementation process to meet this end helps guarantee a successfulafforestation investment. In addition, new types of specialty plantings werealso incorporated on a small scale to give added-value to the social andrecreational side of Israel's forests.     

飞播造林中GPSMAS导航与应用

由云南省林业调查规划院营林分院研制的GPSMAS(GPS图视导航系统)，通过多年不断反复的测试、试验，已达到系统设计要求，满足面向用户面向目标的应用特性。系统通过了国家民航部门的技术鉴定和专家学者的评审。从2000年起GPSMAS正式投入云南省的飞机播种、牧草飞播导航中，均取得了良好的效果。