Detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of avian influenza viruses allows distinction between vaccinated and infected chickens

To differentiate avian influenza virus (AIV)-infected chickens vs. chickens immunized with inactivated avian influenza virus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a recombinant nonstructural protein (NS1) as the diagnostic antigen, which was cloned from an AIV H9N2 subtype strain isolated during the avian influenza outbreak of 2003-04 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antibodies to the AIV NS1 protein was only detected in the sera of chickens experimentally infected with AIV but not in the sera of chickens immunized with inactivated vaccine. This ELISA is useful for serological diagnosis to distinguish chickens infected with influenza viruses from those immunized with inactivated vaccine.     

Detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of influenza A virus allows distinction between vaccinated and infected horses.

Antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of A/equine/Miami/1/63 (H3N8) influenza virus were detected exclusively in the sera of mice experimentally infected with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and horses infected with A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 (H3N8) or A/equine/La Plata/1/93 (H3N8), but not in those of the animals immunized with the inactivated viruses, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant NS1 as antigen. The results indicate that the present method is useful for serological diagnosis to distinguish horses infected with equine H3 influenza viruses from those immunized with the inactivated vaccine.     

猪细小病毒SC1株非结构蛋白NS1基因的原核表达及PPA-NS1-ELISA的初步建立

含有猪细小病毒SC1株非结构蛋白NS1基因的重组质粒pPNS1通过EcoR Hind双酶切后,回收NS1基因,将其亚克隆进原核表达载体pET30a( )中,构建了重组表达质粒pET-NS1,转入表达宿主菌BL21中,通过IPTG的诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,重组NS1蛋白高效表达,以包涵体形式存在,占细菌总蛋白的26.7%。并确定了NS1蛋白的最佳诱导条件:IPTG终浓度为0.6mmol/L,诱导时间为3h。Westernblotting检测表明,表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。重组蛋白经纯化后作为抗原,包被酶标板,以辣根过氧化物酶标记葡萄球菌A蛋白作为二抗,建立了辣根过氧化物酶标记葡萄球菌A蛋白的酶联免疫吸附试验(PPA-NS1-ELISA)。结果表明,抗原最佳包被质量浓度为31.3mg/L,血清最佳稀释度为1∶40。阳性标准初步定为:待检血清D490>0.32,且待检血清D490/阴性血清D490>2.0。     

间接Dot-PPA-ELISA检测猪细小病毒血清抗体

猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)是引起妊娠母猪繁殖障碍的主要病原之一。PPV还可引起仔猪的皮炎和腹泻。我国各省市猪场猪细小病毒血清阳性率也很高。目前对该病的诊断准确率高的方法有间接荧光抗体技术、银加强胶体金技术、聚合酶链式反应法等,这些方法技术条件要求高,难在基层推广应用。血清中和试验、血凝和血凝抑制试验等操作较为简便,但准确率不高。     

Detection of antibodies against porcine parvovirus in swine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of antibody against porcine parvovirus in swine sera. The antigen used for the assay was partially-purified virus treated with fluorocarbon and shown to contain 7 proteins by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of these proteins 83-, 64- and 60-K proteins reacted in Western immunoblotting with swine serum after infection with porcine parvovirus. Antibody responses were demonstrated by ELISA in pigs subcutaneously-infected with porcine parvovirus as by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and Western immunoblotting reaction with the 83-, 64- and 60-K viral proteins. The results of ELISA on random swine-serum samples were well-correlated with those of the HI test. These findings indicate the usefulness of the ELISA as a serological tool for porcine parvovirus infection.     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及抗原捕捉ELISA方法的建立

为制备猪细小病毒VP2蛋白单克隆抗体(McAb),建立检测猪细小病毒的抗原捕捉ELISA方法 (AC-ELISA),本研究以原核表达的重组VP2蛋白作为免疫原,免疫6周龄BALB/c雌鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行融合,经间接ELISA方法筛选,成功获得了2株能稳定分泌抗猪细小病毒VP2蛋白的McAb,命名为3C4、5F8。以多克隆抗体作为捕获抗体、单克隆抗体5F8作为检测抗体,通过双抗夹心ELISA各个反应条件的优化,建立检测猪细小病毒抗原捕捉ELISA方法。该方法与日本乙脑病毒(JEV)、猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)均不发生交叉反应;与RT-PCR相比较,符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为93.6%、90.9%、94.4%。本研究建立的猪细小病毒AC-ELISA有良好的重复性、敏感性和特异性,可应用于猪细小病毒感染的早期诊断。     

猪细小病毒YK株NS1基因的克隆与序列分析

提取猪细小病毒（PPV）YK株基因组DNA，利用PCR技术扩增得到了NS1基因全序列，将其克隆到pMD 18-T质粒载体并进行了序列测定和分析。结果表明，NS1基因全长1989bp，编码662个氨基酸。氨基酸序列中含有在PPV复制过程中起重要作用的保守基序GKRN，并有3个潜在的糖基化位点NISN、NFSN和NLTR。PPV YK株的NSl基因与其他PPV毒株NADL-2（4973）株、NADL-2（5075）株、NADL-2（5034）株和Kresse株相比，核苷酸同源性分别为98．3％、99．9％、99．9％和99．7％，氨基酸同源性分别为99．7％、99．7％、99．7％和97．7％。结果说明，NS1基因具有高度保守性。     

Novel purification method for recombinant 3AB1 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from vaccinated animals. The test was based on a highly pure and concentrated preparation of recombinant 3AB1 protein obtained by expression in a prokaryotic system, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electro elution. Experimental- and field-serum samples from naive, vaccinated, and infected cattle were tested for anti3AB1 antibody using the ELISA. A cutoff level was set at 35% of the maximum absorbance obtained with a positive control serum (FMDV-infected animal, 21 days postinfection [dpi]). This assay could detect antibodies from sera of animals experimentally infected by contact (n = 118) with a sensitivity of 97.5%. The specificity was 100%, based on negative test results obtained on 109 sera from naive animals. Remarkably, all sera from animals vaccinated either once (n = 102) or twice (n = 30) were negative. In addition, this 3AB1-ELISA could detect seroconversion at 7 dpi in animals inoculated intradermolingually. This assay constitutes an important tool for the rapid detection of FMDV outbreaks in a vaccinated population. In addition, it presents a reliable, economical, and simple method for testing large numbers of serum samples.     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against the bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein E and use for the differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals

A panel of seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein E (gE) was obtained. For that purpose, mice were either tolerized to BHV-1 gE-negative virus and then immunized with wild type BHV-1 or immunized with plasmid DNA expressing the gE and gI glycoproteins. The MAbs were characterized by their reactivity with the gE protein or the gE/gI complex and by competition experiments. Results showed that the MAbs were directed against three antigenic domains, two located on the gE glycoprotein and one on the gE/gI complex. Blocking experiments were performed with sera from experimentally vaccinated and infected cattle. A competition was observed between gE-positive bovine sera and six of the seven MAbs. The bovine sera thus recognized two of the three antigenic sites. Field sera were then tested in blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using one horseradish peroxidase-conjugated MAb. A specificity of 98.2% and a sensitivity of 98.2% compared to the commercially available test were observed.     

猪细小病毒(PPV)SC1株非结构蛋白NS1基因的克隆和序列分析

本文根据GenBank中PPV NADL-2株病毒基因组序列用Oligo6.0设计了一对引物,以抽提的PPV-SC1 RF-DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增出长约2.2kb的片段,将其插入克隆载体质粒pMD 18-T的EcoRV酶切位点处,构建了重组质粒pPNS1并测序.密码子偏向性分析结果表明PPV-SC1 NS1基因在同一氨基酸的不同密码子的选择上存在一定的偏向性,主要是以A结尾的密码子;用Bioedit和swiss TMPRED软件预测PPV-SC1 NS1的跨膜区,并没有得到有显著意义的跨膜区的存在;根据基于motif数据库的结构域预测,PPV-SC1 NS1的第393～415位氨基酸残基存在潜在的ATP/GTP结合位点,该蛋白还存在16个蛋白激酶磷酸化位点,21个酪蛋白激酶2磷酸化位点,3个cAMP-/cGMP依赖蛋白激酶磷酸化位点,PPV-SC1 NS1蛋白与POX-D5(痘病毒D5蛋白)具有一致的保守结构域,推测NS1可能与POX-D5有类似的功能.     

Detection and genotyping of porcine circovirus in naturally infected pigs by oligo-microarray

A rapid and reliable method for the identification of porcine circovirus (PCV) genotypes based on oligonucleotide microarray hybridization has been developed. The genotype-specific oligonucleotides (22-30 mer) immobilized on the surface of glass slides were selected to bind to the multiple target sites within the replication gene that are conserved among individual PCV genotypes. Cy5-labeled DNA targets were amplified in a PCR with primers common to both genotypes. The identification of PCV genotype was based on hybridization with several individual genotype-specific oligonucleotides. This approach combines the high sensitivity of PCR with the selectivity of DNA-DNA hybridization. The utility and feasibility of oligonucleotide microarray hybridization was evaluated by testing standard and 87 clinical isolates. Analysis of the specimens showed that this microarray-based method is capable of unambiguous identification of both genotypes and fivefold more sensitive than gel electrophoresis. Our results indicated that the oligonucleotide array is useful for the identification and discrimination of PCV from clinical isolates and specimens in a clinical laboratory.     

猪圆环病毒检测与分型寡核苷酸芯片的建立及应用

本研究应用寡聚核苷酸基因杂交技术建立了一种快速可靠的检测猪圆环病毒(PCV)基因型的方法.在PCV保守序列复制酶基因内设计了2对特异性引物,在此物之间设计了2种基因型特异的核苷酸探针(22～30 mer).通过PCR扩增Cy5标记的DNA片段与固定在玻片表面的探针杂交进行PCV基因分型.该技术结合了PCR方法的高度敏感性和DNA-DNA杂交技术的选择特异性.利用该方法对58倒临床样品进行了检测鉴定.结果显示,该技术能准确鉴别PCV病毒基因型.且其灵敏度是凝胶电泳的5倍.试验结果表明寡核苷酸基因芯片技术可有效地应用于PCV临床诊断和分子流行病学调查.     

抗乙型脑炎病毒非结构蛋白NS1单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

本研究利用原核表达的乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)SA14-14-2株非结构蛋白NS1作为免疫原.免疫8周龄BALB/c小鼠,采用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术进行融合,共获得4株特异性针对JEV NS1的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为1H6、2C3、3A7、4C8,经测定1H6单抗亚类属于IgG2b,其他3株为IgG1,轻链均为K链.4株杂交瘤细胞诱生小鼠腹水效价分别达1:20 480、1:2 560、1:20 480、1:10 240,western blot证实所得杂交瘤细胞分泌的抗体均可与JEVNS1蛋白发生特异性反应,间接免疫荧光试验表明1H6、3A7、4C8 3株单抗能够识别天然的JEV NS1蛋白.本研究为进一步探究JEV NS1蛋白结构及其功能奠定了基础.     

禽流感病毒NS1蛋白与鸡LY6E蛋白间的相互作用

利用细菌双杂交系统,研究了禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)非结构蛋白(Nonstructurol1protein,NS1)和鸡淋巴细胞抗原复合体(LY6E)蛋白之间的相互作用。用RT-PCR方法克隆了AIV NS1基因和鸡LY6E基因的全长开放阅读框,将其克隆于细菌双杂交系统中的2个质粒中,成功构建了重组诱饵质粒pBT/NS1和重组目标质粒pTRG/LY6E。SDS-PAGE电泳表明,IPTG诱导后它们均得到正确表达。将重组质粒pBT/NS1和pTRG/LY6E共转化报告菌株,获得的阳性共转化子在含有3-AT和链霉素的组氨酸缺失的M9+筛选培养基上生长,表明AIV NS1蛋白和鸡LY6E蛋白之间存在相互作用,为AIV致病机制的研究提供了新的资料。     

Semen from boars infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contains antibodies against structural as well as nonstructural viral proteins

The seminal excretion of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was examined in a group of five boars experimentally infected by the nasopharyngeal route. By using phage-displayed peptide epitopes from the PRRSV replicase and envelope glycoproteins as ELISA antigen, we were able to separately and specifically assay antibody responses against structural and nonstructural viral proteins. Antibodies against structural as well as nonstructural viral proteins were consistently found in the semen of all boars, beginning from 1-4 weeks postinfection. This is the first report documenting the presence of anti-PRRSV antibodies in boar semen. Seminal antiviral IgA was also detected, and we observed a correlation between seminal IgA responses against nonstructural viral proteins, and the duration of PRRSV RNA excretion in semen. The implications of these findings for the diagnostics and pathogenesis of venereal PRRSV infection are discussed.     

Detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus using infected monolayers and monoclonal antibodies

Three monoclonal antibodies, specific for porcine IgG, IgM and IgA, were used to develop isotype-specific immunoperoxidase monolayer assays for the detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus. A mixture of anti-IgM and anti-IgG monoclonal antibodies was used in an assay designed for screening sera. This test was compared with a commercially available ELISA by using experimental sera and field sera obtained after an outbreak of African swine fever on two farms in the Netherlands in 1986. Although the ELISA was less sensitive than the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay on sera taken early after infection, the tests were equally useful for screening purposes. The isotype-specific assays gave epizootiological information about the stage of infection on the two farms.