唇?成鱼脾和肾的解剖学与组织学特征

采用解剖、石蜡切片及HE染色技术研究了唇?脾脏、头肾及中肾的解剖学与组织学特征。结果显示,唇?脾脏单个,暗红色,呈扁平椭圆形,脾实质被起自被膜的结缔组织隔膜分隔成许多小叶,小叶内红髓与白髓界限不明显,含红细胞、淋巴细胞及黑色素巨噬细胞等,血管丰富。肾脏可明显的分为头肾和中肾。头肾位于体腔前端的心腹隔膜上方,分左右两叶,对称分布。头肾实质部分无肾单位,主要由淋巴组织构成,分红细胞聚集区和白细胞聚集区,内含丰富的红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞及一定数量的黑色素巨噬细胞,在细胞组成上与脾脏有类似特征。中肾位于鱼体的胸腹段,紧贴体腔背部脊椎两侧,实质部分主要由肾单位、集合管及淋巴组织等构成;淋巴组织在细胞组成上与头肾有相似之处,含红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞及黑色素巨噬细胞。研究结果表明,唇?脾脏、头肾是机体重要的免疫和造血器官,中肾除了泌尿功能外,在免疫及造血中也发挥重要作用。     

Blood out of a stone

Almost 50 years ago, astronomers provided evidence for powerful radio emissions localized in two giant "lobes" on opposite sides of elliptical galaxies. These lobes are now known to be powered by jets emanating from black holes at the centers of the galaxies. In his Perspective, Blandford discusses how the black hole may generate the jets. He highlights the report by Koide et al., who have simulated one mechanism for supplying the jets with energy via a magnetic connection to the gas just outside the black hole's event horizon.     

中华绒螯蟹脑和胸腹神经团的组织学观察

利用组织切片技术研究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)脑和胸腹神经团的形态学和组织学结构。结果表明中华绒螯蟹的脑位于2个眼柄基部之间,由前脑、中脑、后脑和各部分发出的神经束组成;在脑的切片中可以观察到多种髓质和不同类型的细胞体群。中华绒螯蟹胸腹神经团呈圆盘状,靠近腹甲中央,向外发出多条神经束;在其切片中也可观察到多种类型的细胞体群。详细地描述了中华绒螯蟹的脑和胸腹神经团的组织学结构,为进一步研究中华绒螯蟹的神经分泌细胞奠定了基础,同时也为研究其它甲壳类生物的脑和胸腹神经团的组织结构提供参考。     

Simulated wind pollination and airflow around ovules of some early seed plants

Scale models of various early seed plant ovules and cupules were analyzed both for their characteristic air disturbance patterns and for the frequency of impact with airborne models of pollen (pseudopollen). The fossils on which the models were based had been arranged in an evolutionary sequence purporting to show the origin of the integument by the acropetal fusion and reduction in length of a subtending truss of lobes. Wind tunnel analyses of scale models showing the various stages in the consolidation of these preintegumentary lobes indicated that turbulent flow increases and becomes localized around the nucellar apex (salpinx) with the syngenesis and length reduction of those lobes. Similarly, the frequency of windborne pseudopollen impact increased. Thus, the transition from the megasporangium to the fully integumented ovule appears to favor increased wind-mediated pollination.     

大凉疣螈形态学观察及消化、呼吸系统解剖

利用大凉疣螈的浸渍标本观察其外部形态,测定其身体全长、躯干、头部、吻端、鼻孔、眼睛、口裂及尾部的长度和宽度,并对大凉疣螈的消化系统和呼吸系统进行解剖观察。结果表明,大凉疣螈的犁骨齿排列方式呈"V"字形,消化道可以分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和直肠,消化腺有肝脏和胰腺,肝被软膜分隔为不能实际分开的纵向狭长的左右两叶,两叶大小无明显差异。喉部没有软骨,气管直接连接两肺,无支气管。本文对大凉疣螈做了形态学描述及组织结构观察,为更深入了解疣螈及其保护提供了基础资料。     

Shape of Asteroid 4769 Castalia (1989 PB) from Inversion of Radar Images

The inversion of previously reported, delay-Doppler images of Castalia yields a 167-parameter, three-dimensional shape model that is bifurcated into two distinct, irregular, kilometer-sized lobes. The crevice that separates the lobes has an average depth of between 100 and 150 meters and is oriented roughly perpendicular to the asteroid's longest dimension. The constrained least-squares reconstruction method introduced here can be used to determine the shape, spin vector, and radar-scattering properties of any asteroid or comet for which delay-Doppler images provide sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, orientational coverage, and spatial resolution.     

单纯与联合灌注法构建猪支气管动脉立体标本

【目的】改进和优化ABS血管铸型技术。创建猪支气管动脉立体标本的铸型方法,并构建猪支气管动脉立体标本。为探明猪支气管动脉在肺内的分支与分布状态提供实验方法。【方法】用改进和优化ABS铸型技术,采用支气管动脉单纯铸型和支气管动脉与支气管树或肺动脉联合铸型的方法构建猪支气管动脉的立体标本。【结果】（1）创建了猪支气管动脉立体标本的铸型方法。①猪肺支气管动脉单纯标本制作的方法要点：先分别在胸主动脉近心端和远心端插管并结扎胸主动脉。同时,为了防止在灌入铸型剂时经食管和气管周围的血管网发生渗漏,分别在胸主动脉插管处相应的位置结扎食管前端和后端,并在气管开口处插入盲端套管并结扎。然后调整肺的位置,使其背上腹下地置于解剖盘中。经胸主动脉间接向支气管动脉中注入铸型剂。灌注时强压梯度灌入60 mL 10%和100-160 mL 15%的ABS铸型剂,当橡胶管中间部位膨大后停止灌注。在连续灌注结束后5 h内随时观察橡胶管膨大部位的大小,当压力减小时,立即灌入20%的ABS铸型剂,保证主动脉内的正压力。将灌注好的标本置于冷水中静态硬化3-4 d,再用盐酸密闭腐蚀10 d左右。然后用流水漂浮和加压冲洗,再通过摘除凝块、打枝疏密和断枝再植修整后就可以获得完整的铸型标本。②猪肺支气管动脉与支气管树联合铸型标本制作的方法要点：首先,同时插管并结扎胸主动脉、食管和气管。然后经胸主动脉间接灌注铸型剂。间隔1-2 h后再对气管树进行灌注。最后同步硬化、腐蚀、冲洗和修复支气管动脉与支气管树联合标本。③猪肺支气管动脉与肺动脉联合铸型标本制作的方法要点：支气管动脉与支气管树联合铸型的方法和支气管动脉与肺动脉联合铸型的方法相似,不同之处在于在将铸型剂注入支气管动脉的同时,前者是将铸型剂注入支气管树内,后者则是将铸型剂注入肺动脉内。在联合铸型时,根据肺的大小确定注入铸型剂的量,而经支气管动脉单纯铸型时,则根据压力大小确定灌注量。（2）构建了猪支气管动脉立体标本、猪支气管动脉与猪支气管树的联合立体标本和猪支气管动脉与肺动脉的联合标本。【结论】采用该方法获得的支气管动脉立体标本血管层次清楚、管道充盈光滑、对比度清晰,能够完整显示猪支气管动脉的起源、分支、走向、分布以及与支气管树和肺动脉的毗邻关系。该工作为猪及其它动物支气管动脉的研究奠定了基础。     

Quantitative trait loci for the number of vertebrae on Sus scrofa chromosomes 1 and 7 independently influence the numbers of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in pigs

Although quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for number of thoracic-lumbar vertebrae have been identified on Sus scrofa chromosomes(SSCs) 1 and 7, the influence of these QTLs on the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is not clear. The aim of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with total number of thoracic-lumbar vertebrae and for each trait(number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae) separately. A total of 581 individuals from an F2 Large White×Minzhu population were genotyped using an SNP60 K chip. Performing a genome-wide association study(GWAS) for total number of thoracic-lumbar vertebrae, 38 significant SNPs were identified in two QTL regions located on SSC1 and SSC7. Performing a GWAS for number of thoracic vertebrae only, 72 significant SNPs were located on SSC7. While performing a GWAS for number of lumbar vertebrae only, 17 significant SNPs were identified on SSC1. Gene mining suggested that the gene encoding orphan nuclear receptor, germ cell nuclear factor(NR6A1) on SSC1 was a strong candidate affecting the number of lumbar vertebrae in pigs. Additionally, genes encoding vertnin(VRTN), prospero homeobox 2(PROX2), Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog(FOS), and transforming growth factor beta 3(TGFB3) may be important candidates affecting the number of thoracic vertebrae in pigs. QTLs on SSC1 and SSC7 independently influenced the numbers of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. These results shed light on the complex genetic background of vertebrae development in pigs.     

Protein-synthesizing activity of the anucleate polar lobe of the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta

Polar lobes of eggs of the mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta, detached at the "trefoil" stage of the first cleavage, are capable of incorporating labeled amino acid into protein. The rate of incorporation per unit volume is about half that of the whole egg. The ability to incorporate at a similar rate persists for at least 24 hours after isolation. The sum of the incorporation of isolated lobes and lobeless fragments approximates that of the whole egg. The results extend to this material (the anucleate polar lobe) evidence for long-lived messenger RNA. They suggest also that the demonstrated morphogenetic influence of the lobe, which is exerted primarily during cleavage, may be correlated with its ability to synthesize protein.     

多倍体在植物进化中的意义

几乎所有的开花作物都为多倍体植物,其基因组至少经历1次以上的全基因组加倍事件.随着测序技术的不断革新,人们对作物的基因组以及基因组的演化历史有了全新认识.分析了全基因组加倍在物种进化中的意义:多倍化改变基因组结构,丰富物种的遗传多样性,改变重复基因表达模式,增强物种的适应性,并展望多倍化在作物遗传育种中的应用.     

Transplantation of the cockroach circadian pacemaker

Surgical removal of the optic lobes of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae followed by transplantation of the optic lobes from another individual led to a restoration of the circadian activity rhythm in 4 to 8 weeks. The free-running period of the restored rhythm was determined by the period of the donor rhythm before surgery. The results suggest that the transplanted optic lobe contains a circadian clock that regenerates those neural connections with the host brain that are necessary to drive the circadian rhythm of activity.     

Radar Image of Asteroid 1989 PB

Radar observations of the near-Earth asteroid 1989 PB, made shortly after its optical discovery, yield a sequence of delay-Doppler images that reveal it to consist of two distinct lobes that appear to be in contact. It seems likely that the two lobes once were separate and that they collided to produce the current "contact-binary" configuration.     

Nocturnal aerial predation of fireflies by light-seeking fireflies

Female Photuris fireflies guided by their prey's luminescence attack flying fireflies at night. They sometimes use this hunting tactic together with prey attraction by mating-signal mimicry. Such predation could have been a major factor in the evolution of signaling behavior of American fireflies. Nocturnal aerial predation by an insect and attack guidance on energy emitted by airborne prey have not previously been reported.     

裂叶桦和欧洲白桦叶片形态特征及相关基因表达特性比较

为了探寻欧洲白桦变种裂叶桦的叶缘分裂机制。以2种桦树为研究对象,在叶片形态特征和解剖特征观测的基础上,进行了顶芽及叶片叶尖、裂片及凹缺等不同组织部位相关基因表达定量分析、内源激素IAA含量测定以及IAA活体标记的GUS染色分析。结果表明,裂叶桦叶片两侧叶缘自叶基到叶尖分裂出由大到小3~4个裂片,叶背面的叶脉呈明显的管状隆起,叶宽、平均二级脉间距、主脉横切面积等分别较欧洲白桦大了21.12%、12.64%、21.46%。BpmiR164s及靶基因的组织表达特性分析结果证明,BpmiR164-2及靶基因BpCUC2与裂片的形成关系密切,是裂叶性状产生的主要调控基因。生长素输出载体BpPINs基因的组织表达特性分析结果证明,6个基因中只有BpPIN2和BpPIN5在裂叶桦的叶尖、裂片及顶芽等组织器官中呈现上调表达。内源激素IAA的活体标记发现,在顶芽、幼叶中IAA的含量较高,而在叶片中,叶尖、叶齿及裂片处是激素的高表达部位,利用液相色谱—质谱联用仪(LC-MS)对2种桦树的上述不同组织部位的生长素测定也证明了激素的上述分布特点。综合上述,裂叶桦裂片产生是激素在叶脉、叶缘的极性运输及相关基因调控的结果。      

一种新的氨基酸序列进化距离及其应用

在选择的思想下,建立了蛋白质氨基酸序列的进化动力学方程,提出了一个新的蛋白质氨基酸序列的进化距离———选择进化距离,该距离统一了前人提出的各种氨基酸序列的进化距离;将该动力学方程转换为线性模型后,利用最小二乘法可实现模型中参数b的估计;最后,通过17个物种的细胞色素b的氨基酸序列说明了该选择进化距离的计算方法,并根据自展法比较了不同进化距离得到的物种进化树。结果表明,利用选择进化距离构建的进化树与其他几种进化距离得到的进化树的拓扑结构一致。选择进化距离为估计蛋白质氨基酸序列的进化距离提供了新方法。     

中国野生大豆研究二十年

全国野生大豆考察已有２０ 年了。２０ 年来,我国大豆科技工作者从农艺学、生态学、品质化学、生理生化、植保、遗传育种、孢粉学、种群生态学、结构植物学和分子生物学等学科对其进行了全面系统的研究,概述了近１０ 年来该方面的主要研究进展     

中国水牛(Bubalus bubalis)鼻唇镜的研究——Ⅰ.鼻唇腺的微细结构

本文是中国水牛(Bubalus bubalis)鼻唇镜系统研究的第一部分。通过对九例水牛鼻唇腺的组织学观察,证实其是高度特化的复管泡状腺,腺体由腺末房和导管两部分组成。由于结缔组织的深入,把腺体分隔成腺叶和腺小叶,叶间和小叶间结缔组织内分布有成纤维细胞、浆细胞和小淋巴细胞等。腺末房由锥形腺细胞围成,外包肌上皮细胞。腺泡腔小。腺细胞的胞质中可见多而粗大的分泌颗粒或小而少的分泌颗粒。腺细胞间有细胞间分泌小管。腺细胞是局部分泌型。导管由闰管,分泌管、小叶内和小叶间导管、叶内和叶间导管、排泄管等组成。从分泌管细胞基部存在纵纹的形态学特征,启示它有分泌水分和离子的作用。排泄管贯穿腺体全长中轴,最后直接开口于鼻唇镜表面。实验结果可以认为,中国水牛的鼻唇腺是属于唾液腺,而不该归属于皮肤腺。畜体正常时,鼻唇腺分泌物湿润鼻唇镜表面,可以作为畜体生理状况的局部指征;不断用舌舐舔鼻唇镜表面,从而不断燕入腺体分泌物是有助于消化作用的。从腺体结缔组织中存在浆细胞、小淋巴细胞的特点看,它亦具有免疫功能。     

白花桔梗与紫花桔梗传粉生物学特性比较研究

本试验对白花桔梗和紫花桔梗传粉生物学特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,白花桔梗与紫花桔梗只有花冠宽具有显著性差异,花冠长、子房宽、裂片长、裂片宽、裂深、雄蕊长和雌蕊长均无显著性差异;白花桔梗、紫花桔梗的平均单株花粉数分别为5.86×105个和5.05×105个,花粉/胚珠比值分别为2 282.3和2 195.1,两者均属于兼性异交;白花桔梗与紫花桔梗开花当天花粉活力均达到最大值,开花后第2天柱头可受性均达到最高,两者在花粉活力和柱头可受性上无明显差异;白花桔梗和紫花桔梗在风媒的作用下,传播花粉的距离分别为1.5m和0.8m;昆虫传粉最远距离分别为9.8m和6.5m。本试验通过研究白花桔梗和紫花桔梗传粉生物学差异比较,为今后桔梗育种工作提供理论依据。     

VRTN基因在2个长白种猪核心群的分子标记辅助选择研究

VRTN基因是影响猪胸椎数的主效基因,其优势等位基因（Q）比劣势等位基因（q）具有多1对肋骨的效应。本文旨在探索VRTN基因在2个长白种猪群中的分子标记辅助选择方法,以期提高配套肉猪的肋骨数。采用PCR方法检测影响胸椎数（肋骨对数）的VRTN基因在温氏集团420头商品肉猪以及2个专门化长白种猪（913头W51系长白,240头W52系长白）群体中的分布情况。通过商品肉猪的效应分析,验证了在终端商品肉猪中QQ型较qq型猪只多近1对肋骨,说明分子标记辅助选择进行基因改良是可行的。试验结果显示：VRTN基因在2个长白群体中的等位基因频率相差不大,有利等位基因频率分别为0.844和0.905。通过基因型与选育性状表型的相关分析,发现W51系长白猪中,优势基因型猪只体长优势明显,对其他选育性状无影响。W52系中,优势等位基因与达100 kg/115 kg日龄估计育种值呈显著负相关,与其他性状无显著相关性。VRTN优势等位基因型的效应与选育目标一致,2个品系均可开展分子标记辅助选择。结合现场实践育种,W51通过种群更新优化,经过半年就实现了优势等位基因频率100%的完全纯化。W52在扩群的同时,经过2年达到基本纯化。     

4种山茶属植物花粉形态的扫描电子显微观察

为了给山茶属植物的研究提供孢粉学资料,验证花粉形态在植物识别与鉴定应用中的可行性,应用扫描电子显微镜对山茶科山茶属4种植物的花粉表面微形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明,4种山茶属植物花粉在形状、大小、P/E值和外壁纹饰等方面均存在明显的种间差异,其花粉外壁纹饰分属不同的类型:金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)网状,凹脉金花茶(Camellia impressinervis)近脑纹状(近蠕虫状纹饰),蒙自连蕊茶(Camellia forrestii)皱波状,贵州连蕊茶(Camellia costi)皱网状,其中,贵州连蕊茶的网脊上密布疣点(疣状突起),可能是一个进化特征;4种植物的P/E值和P值呈明显的正相关(r2=0.827 2),具有较大的P/E值和P值的两种连蕊茶组植物处于较高的进化地位,山茶属不同种植物花粉外壁纹饰和P/E值反映了物种间的差异,也反映出近缘物种间一定的进化和亲缘关系,可为组间分类及进化关系研究提供孢粉学依据。