11个茶用菊花材料营养成分分析

以湖北省11个重要茶用菊花材料为研究对象，分析测试后比较其可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、还原糖、可溶性总糖以及维生素C等主要营养成分的含量差异；探讨不同处理方式对‘神农香菊’营养成分含量的影响。采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法、滴定法等方法对11个茶用菊花的主要营养成分进行含量测定，采用SPSS软件进行相关性分析。结果表明：11个茶用菊花主要营养成分中，蛋白质5.307～10.983 mg·g^-1,其中‘黄金菊’最高；游离氨基酸5.724～24.238 mg·g^-1,其中‘神农香菊1’最高；还原糖49.659～142.406 mg·g^-1,其中‘福白菊1’最高；可溶性总糖36.240～159.756 mg·g^-1,其中‘黄金菊’最高；维生素C 2.087～4.001 mg·g^-1,其中‘福白菊2’最高。所选的湖北11个重要茶用菊花的游离氨基酸、可溶性总糖以及维生素C含量较高，推荐菊花茶作为功能菊花饮品。     

绿竹笋营养成分的测定与分析

为给人们认识绿竹笋的营养价值提供参考依据,根据有关食品检测标准,对绿竹笋的蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、微量元素等34个营养成分指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明:绿竹笋的平均蛋白质含量为2.23%,粗纤维含量为0.77%;绿竹笋主要含有16种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量约为1.76%,其中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸的含量最多;各样本的总糖含量在1.10%～2.40%之间,其含量差异较大;绿竹笋主要含有磷、铁、钙,其含量均值分别为435、8.6、86.3 mg/kg,各地绿竹笋中磷与钙含量的差异较大;绿竹笋主要含有维生素C,其维生素C含量为73.0 mg/kg。     

粤东地区柿品种资源调查与分析

粤东地区柿品种丰富,本文通过实地考查,选择8个粤东代表性柿品种为材料,通过考察叶、芽、花、果、种子的30个生物学性状,以及果中可溶性糖、维生素C、黄酮、单宁含量等理化性状,对粤东柿资源的多样性进行评估。结果显示,所选八个品种的生物性状、理化性状有明显差异。其中,八个柿品种在叶型、花型和果型上均有较大的差异,呈现出丰富的多样性;果实成熟期跨度为9~11月;大红柿的单宁和黄酮含量相比较为较低水平,可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量最高,而野山柿两个品种与之相反。本研究结果证实了粤东地区存在丰富的柿果资源,还需要对其进行深入的调研、评估和保存。     

霜冻前后野生余甘子果实功能成分的变化

【目的】探明余甘子果实经过霜冻后风味更佳的原因。【方法】以永仁县野生余甘子林同一居群7株代表性植株为研究对象,在霜冻前后,采用随机抽样的方法,测定余甘子果实形态和功能成分指标,分析各指标的相关性,并比较了霜冻前后各指标的变化。【结果】同一居群不同余甘子样株果实的蛋白质含量、氨基酸含量、总酸含量、总糖含量、SOD活性、维生素C含量、总酚含量、硒含量均有差异,其中霜冻前变异系数最大为硒含量(31.65),其次为氨基酸含量(27.52)。果实蛋白质含量与维生素C含量呈极显著负相关,与总糖含量、总酚含量呈极显著相关;果实维生素C含量与总酚含量呈极显著负相关。霜冻后,余甘子果实形态差异显著,营养物质蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖、总酚含量均增加。其中,氨基酸含量极显著增加,由26.82μmol/g增大到36.97μmol/g,总糖含量显著增加,由47.82 mg/g增加到52.97 mg/g,蛋白质含量增大,总酚含量均值变化最小,但蛋白质含量和总酚含量差异均未达显著水平,果实SOD活性、总酸含量、硒含量极显著降低,维生素C含量显著降低。【结论】霜冻有改变余甘子果实营养物质形成和积累的作用。生产中,霜冻前有利于采集维生素C、硒含量较高的余甘子果实;霜冻后余甘子果实蛋白质、氨基酸、总糖含量较高,有利于采集到的营养价值高且口感较好的果实。     

几种野生芹菜营养成分分析

以东北地区常见野生芹菜为研究对象,对其水分、灰分、粗纤维、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖(总糖、还原糖)、维生素(C、胡萝卜素)、氨基酸种类及含量(总氨基酸含量、8种必需氨基酸含量)、总黄酮含量(提取时间、乙醇浓度对其影响)、硝酸盐含量等营养成分进行分析的结果表明:①四种野生芹菜与家芹相比而言,灰分、粗纤维、粗蛋白、维生素C等含量均明显高于家芹;②四种野生芹菜矿质元素含量明显高于家芹中矿质元素含量;③拐芹、大叶芹、棱子芹中氨基酸含量和家芹中氨基酸含量无明显差异,碎叶山芹中各种氨基酸含量明显高于其他几种芹菜。     

贵州野核桃种仁营养成分测定及分析

为探究贵州野核桃种仁营养价值,以贵州野核桃典型分布区10个不同居群的野核桃坚果为材料,测定其种仁营养成分中的蛋白质、可溶性糖、脂肪、9种脂肪酸、维生素E、总黄酮、6种矿物质元素以及19种氨基酸等39项指标;同时利用单因素方差分析,比较不同居群贵州野核桃种仁营养成分差异。结果显示：(1)10个居群中,蛋白质含量最高的是KKS-1居群,可溶性糖含量最高的是FDS-1居群,维生素E含量最高的是KKS-1居群,总黄酮含量最高的是FDS-1居群,宽阔水野核桃居群中的粗脂肪含量明显高于佛顶山、雷公山居群。(2)10个居群的锰(Mn)元素含量无显著性差异,为0.09～0.15 ug/g;钾(K)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、镁(Mg)、钙(Ca)含量均呈现显著性差异。(3)10个居群共测出9种脂肪酸和19种氨基酸,含量表现各异。(4)主成分分析中,KKS-3、KKS-1、KKS-2居群居群得分较高,均属于贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区。结果表明：贵州野核桃种仁中含有丰富的蛋白质、可溶性糖、脂肪、脂肪酸、维生素E、总黄酮、矿物质元素;不同居群贵州野核桃种仁营养成分含量表现各异;贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区野核桃...     

10个黑老虎品系间果肉果汁中营养成分及含量的变异分析

【目的】研究湖南省通道县黑老虎常见栽培品系果肉果汁中主要营养成分及含量的变异情况,增进对黑老虎各品系特性的了解,为黑老虎水果型优良种质的筛选及推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】以10个黑老虎品系为研究对象,按照相关国家标准和行业标准,分别测定其果肉果汁中灰分、可溶性固形物、蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、总酸、维生素C和17种氨基酸等营养物质的含量,并采用单因素方差分析法比较分析其基本营养成分和氨基酸的组成及含量差异,采用相关分析法分析主要营养成分间的相关性,应用主成分分析法对10个黑老虎品系果肉果汁的营养品质进行综合评价。【结果】10个品系间果肉果汁中灰分、蛋白质、总糖、还原糖、总酸、维生素C、可溶性固形物和17种氨基酸的含量差异均极显著(P <0.01)。蛋白质含量,TD41的显著最高,其次为TD44的,两者均超过10 mg·g^-1;TD43、TD41的总糖和还原糖含量均在35 mg·g^-1以上,均显著高于其他品系的;总酸和维生素C含量分别以TD51和TD43的为最高;TD43、TD50和TD58的可溶性固形物含量均接近80 mg·g^-...     

闽楠裸根移栽关键技术研究

以闽楠(Phoebe bournei)幼苗为研究对象,将其幼苗作三种不同处理后裸根移栽到试验苗圃,其中处理一为幼苗根部浸泡在由水、土、ABT生根粉、保水剂及粘合剂配成的泥浆水中30 min;处理二为幼苗根部浸泡在由水、土、保水剂和粘合剂配成的泥浆水中30 min;处理三对照组为幼苗根部浸泡在由水、土配成的泥浆水中30 min。定植养护三个月后统计成活率、测量植株株高、胸径,并取其新生叶片,检测水分、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量指标。结果表明:闽楠幼苗根部经在由水、土、ABT生根粉、保水剂及粘合剂配成的泥浆水中浸泡30 min后,移栽成活率最高,同时这种移栽苗相比其他两种处理,苗木相对长势快,叶片中光合色素含量高,可溶性糖含量高,蛋白质含量高,是较适合生产上规模化应用的方法。     

乌饭树果实中氨基酸种类及含量的地理差异分析

性状和遗传资源的地理多样性是野生种质资源利用的基础。为给乌饭树遗传资源的选优和开发利用奠定理论基础,分别于江苏宜兴、湖南浏阳、江西萍乡和赣州峰山4个地区采集成熟的乌饭树果实,对其果实中氨基酸的成分和含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:4个地区所产乌饭树果实中含有17种氨基酸,所含氨基酸的种类齐全;氨基酸总含量为16.66～32.34 mg/g,极差值为15.68 mg/g,不同地区的果实样本中氨基酸含量的大小顺序为:湖南浏阳>江西萍乡>江苏宜兴>赣州峰山。在4个地区的果实样本中,人体必需氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量的比值以及人体必需氨基酸含量与人体非必需氨基酸含量的比值均未达到1973年FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白质的标准,但均与之接近;其鲜味谷氨酸含量均最高,鲜味氨基酸∶甜味氨基酸∶苦味氨基酸的含量比接近1∶1∶1,表明果实风味独特;药用氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量的平均比值为0.617,说明其药用氨基酸含量较丰富;呈味类氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量的平均比值为0.95,说明其呈味类氨基酸的含量亦十分丰富;药用氨基酸与呈味氨基酸的含量均存在明显的地理差异性,其在湖南浏阳和江西萍乡地区的含量相近,且均远高于其在江苏宜兴和赣州峰山地区的含量,17种氨基酸中每种氨基酸含量的地理差异情况均与之相同。乌饭树果实中人体必需氨基酸、呈味类氨基酸的含量和氨基酸总量均远远高于苹果、蓝莓和巴旦杏果实,其果实中所含氨基酸的种类比同属植物蓝莓的多。不同产地的乌饭树果实中氨基酸的含量均丰富,并且其氨基酸总量、药用氨基酸、呈味类氨基酸、人体必需氨基酸等不同种类氨基酸含量的高低顺序均为江西萍乡≈湖南浏阳>江苏宜兴>赣州峰山,表明江西萍乡和湖南浏阳均为乌饭树果用遗传资源优选的重点区域。     

核桃花粉营养成分分析与评价

分析测定了核桃花粉营养成分,结果表明蛋白质含量26.59%、氨基酸含量23.70%,高于其他花粉;还原性糖、蔗糖含量较低;脂肪含量稍高,为5.45%;必需氨基酸含量为9.61%,E/T比值为40.55%,蛋氨酸和胱氨酸为其限制性氨基酸.必需氨基酸的组成与比值与理想蛋白质中人体必需氨基酸的模式接近,氨基酸分75.14.测定的维生素中Vc含量每100 g最高达114.46 mg.与其他花粉比较,核桃花粉每100 g中有高钾(920 mg)、低钠(2.8mg)的特点,且镁(190 mg)、磷(650 nag)、钙(150 nag)含量较高;微量元素中锌(5.7 mg)、硒(0.017 mg)含量较高.     

Seasonal fluctuations of low‐molecular‐weight sugars,starch and nitrogen in sapwood of Pinus sylvestris L.

The content of water‐soluble substances and starch in the living tree stem at the time of felling influences wood durability during further utilization. The aim of the study was to describe the annual and seasonal fluctuations in the contents of stored carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds. The contents of soluble sugars, starch, and nitrogen were measured in the outer sapwood (0–15 mm from cambium) of 65‐yr‐old Scots pine {Pinus sylvestris L.) trees during an annual cycle. To study the influence of growth conditions, samples were taken from different stands in Sweden, in one stand from a control and a fertilized block. The effect of the age of the trees on the content of stored substances was also considered by comparing young (10–15 yrs old) and older trees (40–65 yrs old). Determination of the carbohydrates was carried out using enzymatic analysis. The outer pine sapwood contained a higher content of low‐molecular weight sugars during autumn and winter than during spring and summer. Starch content rose at the beginning of the growth period and decreased in autumn. The content of soluble sugars increased towards the cambium on all sampling occasions. Fructose and glucose were dominant sugars in all the stands studied. Seasonal changes of sucrose were different from those of glucose and fructose, in that the sucrose content was already decreasing in February. The variations in the nitrogen content of the sapwood were far smaller than those of the soluble sugars. No significant differences were found between the stands with regard to glucose, fructose and the sum of all three sugars. The fertilized block showed low content of sucrose and nitrogen. It is concluded that seasonal fluctuations are more important with regard to the sugar content than the effect of growth conditions. Data indicate a lower content of soluble sugars and nitrogen in the outermost sapwood of young trees as compared with older trees.     

地震滑坡区覆盖生态毯对土壤湿度和养分的影响

为了研究生态毯覆盖对土壤湿度和养分的影响,首次将生态毯应用于地震滑坡区砾石泥沙堆积区和泥沙堆积区。结果表明:铺设生态毯的土壤含水量均高于裸地的;各层的土壤水分含量随干旱日数的增加呈下降的趋势,生态毯的下降趋势较为平稳;保水效果为椰纤维生态毯秸秆+椰纤维生态毯秸秆生态毯裸地。覆盖生态毯可以提高土壤有机质含量和p H值;土壤速效N、P、K和全N、全P、全K的含量也有一定程度的提高。铺设生态毯能有效固定地震滑坡区的砾石泥沙,改善土壤的水热条件,进而增加根系、微生物的活动和植被有机体的积累,促进枯落物的分解,逐步提高土壤中的养分含量。     

辽西北樟子松非结构性碳水化合物分配格局分析

为探寻樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)非结构性碳水化合物(NST)的分配规律,选取辽西北纯林和混交林中的樟子松为研究对象,对其生长季叶、枝、根系中的可溶性糖、淀粉和TNC含量(可溶性糖和淀粉之和)进行比较.结果 表明:纯林中的樟子松较混交林的樟子松具有更高的可溶性糖和TNC含量,混...     

Whole-plant adjustments in coconut (Cocos nucifera) in response to sink-source imbalance

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a perennial tropical monocotyledon that produces fruit continuously. The physiological function of the large amounts of sucrose stored in coconut stems is unknown. To test the hypothesis that reserve storage and mobilization enable the crop to adjust to variable sink-source relationships at the scale of the whole plant, we investigated the dynamics of dry matter production, yield and yield components, and concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in a coconut plantation on Vanuatu Island in the South Pacific. Two treatments were implemented continuously over 29 months (April 2002 to August 2004): 50% leaf pruning (to reduce the source) and 100% fruit and inflorescence pruning (to reduce the sink). The pruning treatments had little effect on carbohydrate reserves because they affected only petioles, not the main reserve pool in the stem. Both pruning treatments greatly reduced dry matter production of the reproductive compartment, but vegetative growth and development were negligibly affected by treatment and season. Leaf pruning increased radiation-use efficiency (RUE) initially, and fruit pruning greatly reduced RUE throughout the experiment. Changes in RUE were negatively correlated with leaflet soluble sugar concentration, indicating feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. We conclude that vegetative development and growth of coconut show little phenotypic plasticity, assimilate demand for growth being largely independent of a fluctuating assimilate supply. The resulting sink-source imbalances were partly compensated for by transitory reserves and, more importantly, by variable RUE in the short term, and by adjustment of fruit load in the long term. Possible physiological mechanisms are discussed, as well as modeling concepts that may be applied to coconut and similar tree crops.     

Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in coconut agroforestry systems

Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in agroforestry systems. In many parts of the humid tropics, coconut trees are frequently intercropped with food crops, or tree crops such as cocoa. The performance of such systems depends on planting patterns, but also on growing conditions for crops below the coconut canopy throughout the development of the coconut trees. We used a modelling approach providing indicators for assessing above-ground competition for light and below-ground competition for space, in order to optimize intercropping in coconut smallholdings. Light transmission and the number of coconut roots in the interrow were assessed in coconut smallholdings from 6 to 60 years old. The modelling of light transmission through coconut stands was based on three-dimensional virtual coconut trees and a numerical light model that computed the shade cast by coconut trees on underlying crops. Root colonization in the interrow was assessed with virtual 3D coconut root systems. Our results showed that intercropping with shade-tolerant species was not limited by light transmission from the 35th year after coconut tree planting. However, at that stage of coconut tree development, the density of primary roots in the interrow limited intercrop development, especially for root and tuber crops. Alteration of the planting pattern over time increased light transmission but did not significantly affect root density. This modelling approach, which involved little parameterization that was easily done, appeared to be an efficient tool for recommending coconut tree planting patterns and densities, as well as indicating intercrop potential depending on their location in the most sunlit areas with minimum root competition.

藏期内温度对怀远石榴果实中糖和维生素C含量的影响

以安徽怀远产玉石籽、玛瑙籽、青皮、粉皮、红玉石籽（皖榴3号）5个石榴品种为试验材料,研究了室温（20.0±0.5℃）和低温（5.0±0.5℃）两种贮藏温度下,不同贮藏时间石榴果实中糖分及维生素C含量的变化。结果表明：（1）常温贮藏下石榴的总糖和还原糖含量均大于低温贮藏。（2）在常温条件下,玉石籽的总糖和还原糖均为最大,其值分别为0.14%和0.13%;在低温条件下,粉皮品种的总糖和还原糖均为最大,其值分别为0.13%和0.12%。（3）一定贮藏期后,粉皮和青皮品种的维生素C的含量较其他品种的高,适宜低温长期贮藏。     

Soil physical conditions and root growth in coconut plantations interplanted with nitrogen fixing trees in Sri Lanka

The study was carried out to investigate the possibility of improving degraded soil conditions of Andigama series by intercropping coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) with Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia auriculiformis and Gliricidia sepium. Bulk density was significantly low in NFT interplanted plots followed by improved aeration in AB and B horizons of the soil profile. Total and readily available water fraction was higher in AB and B horizons of calliandra, acacia and gliricidia interplanted plots over control plots due to the increase of organic matter content and root growth. Root growth and proliferation of calliandra in A horizon were predominantly higher than that of leucaena, acacia and gliricidia species. In contrast, gliricidia roots penetrated into B horizon more densely than roots of other species. Better root growth of coconut in A horizon was observed in acacia and calliandra plots than other plots. The total coconut root biomass in AB and B horizons was higher in gliricidia and acacia plots than other species, which accounted for 91% and 0.3% in AB horizon and 21% and 23% in B horizon for gliricidia and acacia, respectively compared to the control. Total root biomass of coconut in calliandra plots was reduced by 5%, and 45% in AB and B horizons respectively. Results indicated that soil physical conditions of Andigama series (gravelly soil) could be significantly improved by interplanting acacia and gliricidia, as indicated by enhanced coconut root growth and proliferation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Einsparung von Herbiziden bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung des Zuckergehaltes bei Zuckerrüben

The present trial was destined to find out whether it is possible to reduce the herbicides-amount of application by 50% i.e. on the one hand with normel water and on the other hand on a basis of Carborain-CO₂-water. The effects resulting from this in comparison with the full-application amount control, should be estimated. After the one year trial in summary one can say that in general the level of yield between half and full application amount did not vary substantially. Though the yield of each of the plots sprayed with CO₂-water were higher than the comparable normal water plots. Far extremer was the comparison of the sugar content. The sugar content of the reduced normal water plot was even below the one of the control. In comparison to that with the Carborain-water a higher sugar content by 5% relative was ashieved.     

Seasonal patterns of carbohydrate reserves in red spruce seedlings

We studied seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate storage in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings by measuring starch and sugar concentrations of old needles (>/= one year old), new needles (< one year old), stems, and roots in two stands in the Green Mountains of Vermont. Although the two stands differed in many site characteristics including percent slope, aspect, soil type, drainage, and 564 m in elevation, concentrations and seasonal patterns of carbohydrates were similar for the two stands. For all tissues, starch concentrations peaked in late spring, declined through summer, and reached a minimum in winter. Sugar concentrations were greater than starch concentrations in all months except May and June. Sugar concentrations peaked in winter, and old needles showed a significant increase in sugar concentration between February and March. This increase in sugar concentration occurred without any reduction in localized starch concentrations or reductions in sugar or starch concentrations in new needles, stems or roots. Because March measurements were made toward the end of a prolonged thaw, a time when increases in photosynthesis have been documented for red spruce, it is likely that the March increase in sugar concentrations resulted from photosynthesis during the thaw. Compared with stems and roots, needles generally contained the highest concentration of carbohydrates and exhibited the greatest seasonal change in carbohydrate concentration. Needles were also the largest reservoir of carbohydrates throughout the year, especially during winter. Because of the critical roles of needles in photosynthesis and storage of carbohydrates, we conclude that any factors that disrupt the accumulation or availability of carbohydrates in red spruce needles will greatly alter plant carbon relations.     

Cacao-coconut intercropping in Ghana: agronomic and economic perspectives

In Ghana, shade for cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is becoming a critical issue because of extensive deforestation. Unlike in some other cacao-growing countries, cacao is not grown under the shade of coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Ghana. An experiment to compare the merits of four cacao-coconut intercropping systems with the traditional cultivation of cacao under Gliricidia sepium shade was undertaken at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana. Cacao seedling girth was not affected when intercropped with coconut but was significantly (P = 0.01) reduced when intercropped with G. sepium. High density cacao facilitated better early canopy formation. Yield of cacao spaced at 2.5 m triangular (1739 plants ha^–1) with coconut at 9.8 m triangular (105 plants ha^–1) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than from the other treatments during 1993/94 to 1995/96. There were no major disease problems associated with intercropping cacao with coconuts. Widely spaced coconuts intercropped with cacao spaced at 3 m × 3 m showed better flowering and gave higher coconut yields, but cacao spaced at 2.5 m triangular under coconuts spaced at 9.8 m triangular was more profitable than the other treatments. Moisture stress was the greatest in cacao system with G. sepium shade and this could be responsible for the low yield of cacao in that treatment. It is suggested that properly arranged high density cacao under widely spaced coconuts can be a profitable intercrop system for adoption by cacao farmers in Ghana.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.