全人工繁殖西伯利亚鲟的早期胚胎发育

西伯利亚鲟是重要的经济鱼类和进化发育研究材料。对全人工繁殖西伯利亚鲟的早期胚胎发育进行了观察和研究,成熟西伯利亚鲟卵呈球形、黑色、不透明、平均卵径为2.9mm;在水温15.5～18.0℃下,受精卵历时133h开始孵出,所需总积温为2173～2369℃·h;根据对西伯利亚鲟胚胎发育外部形态及典型特征的观察与分析,将其胚胎发育过程划分为合子、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和出膜7个阶段,共34个发育时期,并对胚胎发育各期的主要形态特征进行描述。     

施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii ♀×西伯利亚鲟A.baeri ♂杂交子代胚胎发育的观察

对施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii♀×西伯利亚鲟A.baeri♂进行人工繁殖,观察杂交子代的胚胎发育过程。结果表明,在水温15~22℃时,杂交鲟胚胎发育历时141~151 h,所需总积温为2 608.5~2 793.5℃·h。施氏鲟成熟卵为多黄卵,卵裂呈特殊的辐射裂,受精后胚盘隆起不明显。根据对施氏鲟♀×西伯利亚鲟♂杂交子代胚胎发育外部形态及典型特征的观察,将胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、大小卵黄栓塞期、神经胚期、眼囊形成期、心脏形成博动期和孵出期9个时期。     

西伯利亚鲟工厂化苗种培育

鲟鱼是一种很古老的辅鳍鱼类,它不仅具有个体大、生长快、适应性强、病害少等特点,还具有很高的经济价值,尤其是鲟鱼卵制成的“鱼籽酱”被人们美誉为“黑色黄金”。本文着重介绍西伯利亚鲟苗种培育的技术要点。     

西伯利亚鲟的人工繁殖

取7龄西伯利亚鲟(AcipenserbaeriBrandt),第1次产卵前4个月,放入2组不同温度的水池中越冬,Ⅰ组水温13～14℃;Ⅱ组7～8℃。每组4尾雌鱼,6尾雄鱼。催产前水温升至15～16℃,人工催产结果,Ⅰ组1尾雌鱼排卵和2尾雄鱼排精,Ⅱ组3尾雌鱼排卵,5尾雄鱼排精;雌鱼排卵全部采用输卵管切割手术取卵,获得成熟卵3.26kg,共计21.5×104粒;用“半干法”授精,获受精卵19.11×104粒,受精率86.7%～95.6%;孵出鱼苗12.5×104尾,孵化率40%～68.9%。结果说明,在人工培育条件下,西伯利亚鲟能够成熟并成功地进行人工繁殖;产前培育温度变化对西伯利亚鲟性腺发育和人工繁殖效果有明显影响;与养殖施氏鲟的人工繁殖比较,催产效应时间基本相同;雄鱼发育较差。     

温度、氨氮和亚硝氮对西伯利亚鲟胚胎孵化的联合影响效应

鲟鱼作为具有重要生态和经济价值的水生生物，在气候变暖和人类活动的影响下其自然繁育面临巨大威胁。为了探究环境因子对鲟鱼早期胚胎发育的影响，本研究采用3因子3水平的Box-Behnken设计和响应曲面分析法，开展了温度（14-22 ℃）、氨氮（0.05-0.15 mg/L）和亚硝氮（0.05-0.25 mg/L）对西伯利亚鲟鱼(Acipenser baerii)早期胚胎发育的联合影响效应研究，旨在建立温度、氨氮和亚硝氮对西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎孵化率的定量关系，并通过多元回归得出温度，氨氮和亚硝氮的最佳组合。结果表明，随着温度的升高，西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎的孵化率呈现先升高后降低的趋势，随着氨氮和亚硝氮浓度的降低，西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎孵化率逐渐升高。水温与氨氮的联合效应对鲟鱼胚胎孵化率的影响呈显著水平（p < 0.05），而水温与亚硝氮的联合效应以及氨氮与亚硝氮的联合效应对鲟鱼胚胎孵化率的影响不显著（p > 0.05）。建立的西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎孵化率模型方程的相关系数为0.9832，校正相关系数为0.9616。通过模型优化得出西伯利亚鲟鱼的胚胎在温度18 ℃，氨氮浓度低于0.08 mg/L和亚硝氮浓度低于0.13 mg/L条件下西伯利亚鲟鱼胚胎的孵化率最高，达到90%以上。     

不同密度下西伯利亚鲟受精卵孵化率及仔鱼开口成活率的比较

2010年3-5月,在北京市水产科学研究所十渡鲟鱼基地进行了西伯利亚鲟鱼的规模化全人工繁育生产,期间我们对不同密度下受精卵的孵化率及仔鱼开口成活率进行了试验对比。试验表明:受精卵孵化适宜密度在40 000～50 000粒/箱,箱体规格50cm×50cm×25cm;仔鱼开口放养适宜密度为8 000～10 000尾/缸,玻璃缸为直径2m,水位35cm。     

西伯利亚鲟脂肪肝模型的建立

选择规格相近[体重(8.41±0.82)g,体长(10.12±0.44)cm]的西伯利亚鲟鱼225尾,分为3组,每组3个平行,分别用8%(对照组)、12%(中脂组)、16%(高脂组)油脂含量的饲料投喂。养殖42 d后,测定体长、体重,尾静脉取血,解剖。通过生长指标、生理生化指标及肝脏组织切片观察等评价建模是否成功。结果表明,高脂组生长最快,终末体长、体重显著高于对照组和中脂组(P0.05),肝指数显著高于对照组和中脂组(P0.05),存活率与另两组差异不显著(P0.05);高脂组血清AST、ALT及TC、TG显著高于对照组(P0.05),肝脏TG显著高于中脂组和对照组;对照组肝脏呈暗红色,中脂组肝脏呈浅红色,高脂组呈暗白色,病理切片观察表明,高脂组部分肝细胞坏死,细胞破裂,脂肪颗粒融成一个大的脂肪滴,细胞呈现透明空泡化,细胞核破裂或溶解。通过肝指数、血清生化指标、肝脏TG、肝脏外观颜色及病理组织切片分析,高脂饲料组成功地建立了鲟鱼脂肪肝模型。     

水泥池静水养殖西伯利亚鲟试验

西伯利亚鲟系底层鱼类,具有半洄游型、河居型及河湖型三种生态种群。自然界中主要摄食底栖动物,也有一定比例的鱼类。驯化后食人工全价配合饲料。对于环境条件有广泛的适应性。生长速度较史氏鲟、俄罗斯鲟慢。肉质较其它鲟鱼高。适宜流水、网箱、大水面和池塘养殖。存活水温0-33℃,较快生长水温16-28℃,     

豆饼部分替换鱼粉对西伯利亚幼鲟生长的影响

豆饼以0、15％、35％、55％比例替换饵料中的鱼粉，添加55％豆饼组同时另加0．5％的蛋氨酸（Met)，配制成5种近似等能等氮试验饵料。饲养平均体重约40g的西伯利亚幼鲟50d。试验结果表明，15％的豆饼添加水平不影响幼鲟生长，其它添加组幼鲟增重率明显低于对照组，饲料系数明显高于对照组。补充蛋氨酸对提高豆饼饵料营养价值有一定的作用。     

杂交鲟稚鱼对几种药物敏感性的试验

对杂交鲟 (Husohuso♀×Acipenserruthenus♂ )进行几种药物 (高锰酸钾、硫酸酮、甲醛 )的敏感性试验 ,结果表明 :杂交鲟对三种药物的敏感性由强到弱依次为 :硫酸酮、高锰酸钾、甲醛 ;安全浓度分别为 :硫酸酮 0 0 1 2 7ppm ,高锰酸钾 0 0 71 0ppm ,甲醛1 1 9750ppm。     

饲料中不同水平磷对西伯利亚幼鲟(Acipenser baeri)血浆生化指标的影响

选择平均体重14.5±1.0g,体长16.0±0.5cm的西伯利亚鲟鱼,随机分成11组,每组3个重复,每个重复15尾.试验以磷酸二氢钙为磷源,配成磷含量分别为0.12%、0.20%、0.29%、0.39%、0.48%、0.60%、0.69%、0.80%、0.99%、1.19%和 1.38%的11组饲料,研究饲料中不同水平磷对西伯利亚幼鲟血浆生化指标的影响.结果表明:血浆总蛋白含量、白蛋白含量和球蛋白含量随饲料磷含量的增加呈逐渐上升趋势,在饲料磷含量0.69%时达最高(18.81g/L、6.99 g/L、11.63 g/L),然后随磷水平升高又逐渐下降;当饲料中磷含量大于0.29%时,磷含最对血浆中总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量_尢显著性影响(P>0.05);由血浆蛋白含量可以得出:西伯利亚鲟最适磷需要量为0.69%.     

Inheritance of microsatellite loci in polyploid Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) based on uniparental haploids

Haploid gynogenesis was induced in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) using UV‐irradiated bester (hybrid of Huso huso L. and Acipenser ruthenus L.) sperm. The inactivated heterologous sperm was used successfully to produce gynogenetic haploids of Siberian sturgeon. All haploid progeny were screened using microsatellite DNA analysis and uniparental transmission in gynogenetic haploids was confirmed. The objective of this study was to obtain haploids of Siberian sturgeon and describe the inheritance of microsatellite loci in haploid embryos of this species. This initial work, based on inheritance in haploid Siberian sturgeon, suggests that three studied microsatellite loci segregate disomically, three tetrasomically and one octasomically.     

Biochemical characterization of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri and sterlet Acipenser ruthenus milt plasma and spermatozoa

This paper provides data concerning biochemical composition of milt of two sturgeon species, Siberian sturgeon bred in aquaculture facility of Inland Fisheries Institute in North Poland and sterlet (from two different populations from Danube and Odra). Milt plasma of Siberian sturgeon and sterlet, when compared to teleost fish, is characterized by much lower osmolality (up 70 to 96 mOsm kg⁻¹) and protein concentration (0.24–0.58 g l⁻¹). In spite of the presence of an acrosome and acrosin the antiproteinase activity of seminal plasma was low (12.79–25.40 U l⁻¹). Activities of arylsulfatase and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in spermatozoa. This agrees with the presence of an acrosome in sturgeons sperm. Similarly to mammals, these enzymes are also present in milt plasma. We determined a range of enzymatic activities from the minimal (seminal plasma) to the maximal damage (supernatants obtained after freezing-thawing without cryoprotectant). Activities of arylsulfatase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, lactic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase were released from spermatozoa after freezing-thawing. For this reason they are good potential candidates as a markers of cryoinjury to sperm acrosome and midpiece. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

运动功能相关的中华鲟和西伯利亚鲟幼鱼侧视形态比较研究

通过选取11个侧视形态特征度量进行主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA),同时设置26个标记点进行相对扭曲分析(relative warp analysis,RWA),比较了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)和西伯利亚鲟(A.baerii)幼鱼在侧视形态上的差异以及相对扭曲分析和传统多元分析在鲟鱼形态研究中的优劣。结合前期对它们的有氧游泳能力比较结果(西伯利亚鲟比中华鲟强25%),分析了鲟鱼形态的水动力功能。主成分分析比较表明,中华鲟头长、头高、背鳍前基点之后的躯干高度、尾柄长、背鳍前缘长度均显著大于西伯利亚鲟(P<0.05),而尾鳍上叶显著短于西伯利亚鲟(P<0.05)。相对扭曲分析计算样本的几何信息并可视化统计结果,表明中华鲟的吻厚、吻长、头高、头长、躯干后半段高、背鳍前缘长显著大于西伯利亚鲟,而尾柄长和尾鳍上下叶长显著小于西伯利亚鲟(P<0.001)。上述形态特征直接影响着两种鲟鱼的游泳能力。     

Influence of yolk blackish pigmentation of Siberian sturgeon on reproductive performance and larval survival

Within a cohort of farmed Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), some females produce eggs which show a blackish pigmentation of the ooplasm. An experiment was carried out to test whether this characteristic might influence the reproductive success and larval survival as compared to females having usual non-pigmental yolk. There were no differences in either the progress of germinal vesicle migration or the 50% in vitro maturation time course before hormonal injection. The latency, relative quantity of eggs, fertilization rate and embryonic survival were similar. The pigmentation of yolk significantly depressed the second part of embryogenesis. Neither the number of hatchlings, normal or abnormal, survival after weaning and the mean weight of 14 days post-hatch larvae were different. For the first time, rates of hatching for normal (70%), abnormal (11%) and non-hatched (7%) larvae, referred to the embryo survival at final stages, are reported with normal appearance eggs. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

低氧胁迫对西伯利亚鲟幼鱼生理状态的影响

为探究低氧胁迫对西伯利亚鲟幼鱼的血液基础指标、抗氧化和能量代谢相关酶活力的影响,以体质量为(19.46±4.9)g的西伯利亚鲟幼鱼为研究对象,开展了低氧(2.3mg/L)胁迫3h和自高氧(18.5mg/L)逐渐降至低氧(2.8mg/L)又恢复到正常溶氧(7mg/L),这两种不同情况下的低氧胁迫试验。检测了血液红细胞数、血红蛋白质量浓度,以及肝脏和肌肉的抗氧化酶活力和鳃组织三磷酸腺苷酶活力。结果显示,低氧胁迫下西伯利亚鲟幼鱼血红细胞数升高,血红蛋白质量浓度、血液pH、肝脏和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力以及碱性磷酸酶活力均低于正常溶氧组,而鳃组织钠/钾—三磷酸腺苷酶活力无明显变化。试验结果显示,急性低氧胁迫能较快使西伯利亚鲟幼鱼血液红细胞数目增加,并影响肝脏、肌肉的抗氧化应激及代谢相关酶活力,但是短时间内西伯利亚鲟幼鱼可能还未实现鳃部的能量调节。     

Histochemical identification of the black-brown pigment granules found in the alimentary canal of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) during the lecitotrophic stage

The histochemical characteristics of the black-brown pigment granules accumulated during the lecitotrophic stage in the digestive tract of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri larvae, were studied in order to identify the nature of such pigments. Pigment granules appeared just after hatching in contact with the endodermal epithelium and in the periphery of the yolk-sac matrix, and increased in number with digestive system differentiation. At 3 days post hatch, the accumulation of pigment granules in the spiral valve formed a pigmented plug, which was ejected with first faeces after first feeding. Pigment granules were insoluble in all solubilising solutions tested (distilled water, H₂O₂, NH₄OH, KMnO₄, absolute methanol and different acid, basic and oxidising solutions). Pigment granules were completely bleached with the oxidising processes of Gomori and Casella (15 min) and with H₂O₂ (20%) during 48 h. Histochemical characteristics of bleached pigmented granules revealed that they were basophilic (Eosine negative), presented a moderate methachromasia (Toluidine Blue positive) and argentaffinity (Masson Fontana method positive), and contained carboxylated and sulphated (strongly and weakly ionised) glycoconjugated residues (Alcian Blue pH 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 positive). Bleached pigment granules also contained reductor groups (Ferric ferricyanide-Fe III positive), while they were negative for Bromophenol Blue, Perl's Prussian Blue, Red Oil O and Sudan Black B, indicating the absence of proteins, iron and lipidic substances respectively. According to such results, the black-brown pigment granules observed in the alimentary canal of Siberian sturgeon larvae during the lecitotrophic stage correspond to melanins.     

诺氟沙星在西伯利亚鲟体内蓄积规律及其对组织的病理损伤

为了确定诺氟沙星在鲟养殖中的科学使用方法,对不同剂量、不同给药次数情况下诺氟沙星在西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)体内蓄积规律及毒性进行了研究。分别以0、30 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg的剂量对西伯利亚鲟连续口灌诺氟沙星3~5 d,每天1次,并于停药后24 h及240 h采集实验鱼血、肝、肾及软骨组织,对4种组织中药物蓄积量进行测定,并对肝、肾和软骨组织进行切片观察。实验结果表明:随着给药剂量增加、给药次数增多,实验鱼4种组织中诺氟沙星浓度逐渐升高,浓度由高到低依次为为:肾、软骨、肝、血清,且血清中药物浓度远远低于另外3种组织。相同给药剂量、不同给药次数时血清中药物浓度无显著差异;而肝、肾和软骨中均差异显著,停药240 h后,显著性消失。切片结果表明,50 mg/kg剂量连续给药5 d后,实验鲟肝、肾组织开始结构损伤变化,100 mg/kg剂量连续给药3~5 d后,损伤情况持续加重,停药240 h后,肝组织损伤情况有逐渐恢复趋势,而肾组织未见明显恢复趋势;而100 mg/kg连续给药3~5 d后,软骨组织出现软骨膜内层细胞减少;停药240 h后有恢复趋势。研究结果表明,诺氟沙星在鲟中使用剂量应小于50 mg/kg,连续给药次数低于5次,以避免对鲟肝组织造成损伤,引起肾不可逆损伤及影响软骨细胞发育和再生,对软骨组织造成潜在影响。     

内陆水库放养西伯利亚鲟的食物组成及与底栖动物资源的关系

为了解西部内陆水库放牧式养殖西伯利亚鲟的生产潜力,以甘肃省酒泉市的红砂墩水库为例,调查了水库中底栖动物的资源以及西伯利亚鲟的食物组成和季度摄食量。结果显示:水库中底栖动物12种,其中,腹足类3种,寡毛类3种,水生昆虫3种,甲壳类2种。2龄西伯利亚鲟的食物组成包括调查所得的全部底栖生物,以甲壳类、腹足类、寡毛类和昆虫幼虫为主要食物,随着鲟鱼的生长,秋冬季后开始逐渐摄食小型底栖鱼类。研究表明2龄西伯利亚鲟食谱范围较广,适合在此类水库中养殖。另对底栖动物的鱼产潜力进行估算,该水库底栖动物每年提供给鲟鱼生长的鱼产潜力为18.55 t。