Genetic diversity in pod and seed quality traits of common bean populations from northwestern Spain

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food in the northwest of Spain where it is consumed as either green pods or dry seeds after cooking. Quality properties play a major role in cultivar acceptance by processors and consumers. To determine if sufficient variation in important culinary and nutritional traits exists within common bean, fifty-nine populations (plus five commercial cultivars) were grown in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in three different environments and evaluated for sixteen fresh pod and dry seed quality traits. Populations showed significant differences for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, pod and seed texture, volume, hardness, seed coat percentage and water absorption of seed, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, toal sugars and starch content. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for fresh pod traits such as curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios, and texture, and for dry seed traits such as length/width and width/thickness ratios, volume, hardness and water absorption. Estimates of heritabilities and constancies (genotypic/environmental variance) were higher than 0.5 and 1.0 respectively for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, seed volume and seed water absorption. There were high correlations of pod texture with seed length/width and width-thickness ratios, seed coat percentage, seed water absorption, crude fat, total sugars, starch content and crude fiber. Pod texture could be used as an important parameter for evaluating both seed culinary and nutritional quality. In addition, 17 populations showed promise as parental material in a breeding program for pod and seed culinary quality and protein content. The culinary and nutritional quality potential of the accessions such as PHA-0171, PHA-0253 and PHA-0257 which are known as Alubias de riñón could be the base material in a breeding program to obtain accessions with a good seed quality.     

Agronomical and quality traits of runner bean germplasm and implications for breeding

White runner bean landraces are greatly appreciated in the North highlands of Spain due to their excellent culinary seed quality. Runner bean cultivars are grown like pole beans. Diversity within a runner bean collection of 31 accessions from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) was examined using morphological, agronomical and seed quality traits. Landraces showed significant differences for most of the agronomical and seed quality traits studied except for seeds per pod, water absorption, seed coat tenderness and floury texture. Runner bean landraces showed sufficient variability to select inbred lines for future breeding. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for days to first flowering, days to first dry pod, seeds per pod and seed length. The majority of physical and nutritional seed quality traits studied which are important to determine the commercial value of a variety were not subject to environmental influences. Different selection pressures affecting to the runner bean genetic material could have occurred in several regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Extra-large and high yielding runner bean germplasm was identified and represents a valuable source of genetic diversity that has potential for development of improved cultivars to be chosen for commercialisation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

122份国外普通菜豆资源聚类分析和主成分分析

对122份国外普通菜豆资源的熟性、生育日数、生长习性、出土子叶色、叶形、花旗瓣色、花翼瓣色、株高、株型、主茎节数、单株分枝数、结荚习性、单株荚数、每果节荚数、荚色、荚形、荚面、荚长、荚宽、单荚粒数、粒形、种皮光泽、种皮斑纹、粒色、百粒重、单株产量、小区产量15个质量性状和12个数量性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析.结果表明...     

Variation in traits affecting nodulation of common bean under intercropping with maize and sole cropping

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an important food crop in Europe, America, Africa and Asia, is thought to fix only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen. It contributes significantly to the sustainability of traditional cropping systems because of the predominance of small-scale farmers who cultivate beans in those areas. The objectives of this work were to evaluate bush bean varieties under common agronomic cropping systems and to evaluate breeding lines under low N-fertility sole cropping and intercropping systems. The purpose of the study was to characterize the genotype and cropping system's variability in symbiotic and plant characters and to identify the most suitable genotypes to establish an effective symbiosis with indigenous strains of Rhizobium. No significant differences among the bush bean varieties evaluated under typical fertilization practices were observed for N₂-fixation and plant traits except for seed nitrogen. Significant differences among the bean lines studied under low N-fertilization conditions were detected for plant growth,plant component and N₂-fixation traits. A significant interaction of bean genotype x cropping system was found for number of nodules per plant and nodule moisture on the bush bean varieties studied, and for days to emergence, days to flowering, end of flowering, shoot length, root dry weight and shoot nitrogen on the bean lines evaluated. Nodulation parameters were correlated positively with the yield components, shoot and root parts and duration of flowering, and correlated negatively with seed crude protein, pod and seed dimensions and seed dry weight. These observations indicate that it may be possible to increase both the symbiotic N₂-fixation and seed yield through plant breeding. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Expected levels of heterozygosity in autotetraploid progeny populations

Summary A breeding program aimed at improving the seed yield in bean for processing was started. Six parents divergent in a range of agronomical characters were crossed according to diallel mating design. Cluster analysis performed on the composite cross population evidenced divergence between F1 hybrids and to maximize genetic recombination, the most different F1 hybrids were intercrossed. A Factor analysis was performed on 7 morphological and yield-determining traits of 15 hybrids F1 and parents. Three Factors, representing patterns of variables interpreted as productivity per plant, growth factor, and branching-productivity, were extracted. These results evidenced the inverse relationship between seed yield components (seeds/pod, pods/plant, and hundred seed weight): i.e. the selection for either variable is detrimental to the other. It may be possible to break this association if the plant construct assures high sink to satisfy all plant requirements: tall and large plants bearing numerous nodes, leaves and reproductive structures. Moreover, the selection practiced simultaneously on the yield components positively affected the seed yield trait. An index of selection and response to selection were estimated on the segregant populations. The realized gain in seed/yield reached after one cycle of selection (C1) was 6.5 g, about 20% over the base population (C0). The expected gain from selection based on the superior 5% plants in C2 families was 25.5% and approached the realized gain. The result of this paper gives evidence to support that the seed yield can be improved by an adequate selection intensity and selection index can be very useful when it is faced with the improvement of several traits at the same time.     

Image analysis measurements and repeatability estimates of siliqua morphological traits in Brassica campestris L

Summary The repeatabilities of six traits; peduncle, pod, beak, and total siliqua length, seed number/siliqua and seed mass/siliqua were estimated for the random-mating CrGC-1 Brassica campestris L. population. All length measurements were made using a fast digital image analysis technique. Beak, pod, and total siliqua length showed the highest repeatabilities of all six traits (0.73, 0.63, and 0.63, respectively). Both pod and total siliqua length were highly correlated with both seed number and seed mass/siliqua. These results suggest that these siliqua-related morphological traits could be used as indirect indices of selection in breeding for improved seed yields in Brassica campestris L.     

Interrelationships between cropping systems for pod and seed quality components and breeding implications in common bean

Breeding programmes in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have mainly focused on performance under monoculture conditions. Interactions among cultivars and cropping systems do occur and genotypes bred for pure cropping may not be suitable for intercropping. This study was undertaken to obtain estimates of genetic parameters of quality traits for bush bean landraces grown in two cropping systems, and the interrelationships of these traits between pure cropping and intercropping with maize (Zea mays L.). Field experiments were conducted at two locations for two years. Expression of most traits was not strongly influenced by genotype × environment interactions. Heritability estimates were similar in both cropping systems for most pod and seed quality traits. Positive correlations were observed between pure cropping and intercropping for pod characters (weight, length, width and texture) and seed characters (dry and imbided weight, length, hardness, coat proportion, water absorption and crude protein). Use of a selection index is suggested for breeding for seed size, water absorption,coat proportion and crude protein for both cropping systems. However, larger gains would be expected in pure cropping for most traits. Bean accessions PHA-0267, PHA-0285, PHA-0286 and PHA-0299 should be used for developing acceptable culinary and high protein breeding lines for either cropping system. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nutritional and culinary quality of bush bean populations intercropped with maize

Summary The intereropping of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) is a common practice in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In this experiment, 25 populations of bush bean were evaluated for nutritional and culinary traits of dry seed and immature pod in sole crop and in intercrop in two years and in two locations, in order to determine whether selection of bush bean in sole crop can result in genetic progress for intercrop.There were no differences in the population means between cropping systems. Significant differences were detected among populations for all traits tudied except starch content, crude ash, water absorption and coat proportion. Population x environment interaction was significant for pod thickness. Bean populations did not interact with cropping systems for any trait, although there were differences between cropping systems for crude protein. These results suggest that a sole crop system provides sufficient information to select bean populations efficiently for the bush bean-maize intercropping system, although the advanced generations of the breeding program should be tested for quantitative traits such as protein content in the appropriate cropping system (intercropping) to know the competitive ability with the associated species. This would permit to choose bush bean populations which complement more efficiently and would be less competitive with the maize population.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of doubled haploid population in Brassica napus through microspore culture

Summary The results showed that the F1 genotype from the cross (Brassica napus cv. Zheshuang 758 × cv. Z-4115) had good response to embryogenesis, and their embryo yield and rate of plant regeneration reached 69.8 embryo/bud and 46.9%, respectively. Characters from the doubled haploid (DH) populations in B. napus were analyzed and it was showed that the means of each agronomic trait were between their parents, but they were nearer to the paternal in 6 agronomic traits (plant height, branch position, number of pods in the main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant and number of seeds/pod). The number of genes controlling each agronomic trait was analyzed based on the DH populations. The results showed that the number of genes controlling number of pods in the main raceme was the highest (15.6), and the least number of genes was involved for stem width (only 7.9). According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, gene interaction was found to be absent for stem width, plant height, length of main raceme, number of primary and secondary branches, pod density in the main raceme and seed weight/plant. Complementary interaction was also observed in five agronomic traits (number of pods in the main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod and 1000-seed weight). A significantly positive correlation was observed between seed yield/plant and four agronomic traits (length of main raceme, length of pod, number of pods/plant and 1000-seed weight). The experiment also showed that the erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil and protein contents of DH populations were 34.23%, 87.09 μmol/g, 44.09% and 42.67%, respectively. The numbers of genes controlling each quality trait were 7.8, 9.7, 9.4 and 8.7, respectively. Partial correlations between the seed quality traits and the agronomic characters of DH populations were analyzed. In this experiment, the partial correlations among seed quality traits were also analyzed and it was found that the oil content had a negative correlation with the other three seed quality traits.     

南阳盆地适宜机械化收获绿豆品种(系)农艺性状分析

绿豆机械化生产是未来绿豆生产可持续发展的方向.在南阳盆地种植28个绿豆品种(系),分析其农艺性状与第1批荚果产量的关系,为适宜机械化的绿豆育种提供参考.结果表明,第1批荚果产量与其主要性状的关联顺序为单株荚数＞单荚粒数＞主茎节数＞株高＞生育期＞荚长＞百粒重＞主茎分枝数,其中与单株荚数呈极显著的正相关性(P＜0.01),...     

甘蓝型油菜DH群体若干数量性状的遗传分析

为了研究甘蓝型油菜DH群体包括株高、分枝高度、一次有效分枝数、主花序长度,主花序角果数,生物产量,经济产量以及千粒重等数量性状间的遗传关系。通过对DH群体及亲本若干数量性状数据的表型分析、偏相关分析、遗传力和最少基因对数估计以及基因间互作方式分析。结果表明：分枝高度、主花序长度、主花序角果数和单株生物产量偏向于父本,而一次有效分枝数偏向于母本。株高、经济产量和千粒重则表现为超亲遗传。多数性状之间存在极显著正相关,但是分枝高度与一次有效分枝数,主花序长度与一次有效分枝数,主花序角果数与一次有效分枝数间均呈极显著负相关。分枝高度遗传力最高为83.31%,千粒重遗传力最低为60.9%。控制各性状的最少基因对数分别为13.8、12、23、12.5、24.7、20.9、11.1和13.8对。对各性状遗传力以及偏度系数和峰度系数的估算表明,控制株高和分枝高度的基因间没有互作;控制一次有效分枝数基因间存在互补作用,控制主花序角果数、生物产量和千粒重基因间可能存在互补作用;控制主花序长度和经济产量的基因间可能存在重叠作用。     

花生种质资源主要数量性状的遗传多样性和相关性分析

为了有效地利用花生种质资源,给新品种选育提供有力的数据支持,以46份花生种质资源为试验材料,对主茎高、主茎节数、第一侧枝长、第一分枝数、总分枝数、有效枝长等主要数量性状进行了遗传多样性分析和相关性分析。结果表明：花生种质在植物学性状上拥有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数在11.19%~82.41%之间,多样性指数在0.3095~2.0468之间,平均数为1.6805,但两者的变化趋势相反。从相关分析结果来看,主茎高和主茎节数、侧枝长、单株生产力,第二次分枝数与总分枝数,单株结果数与单株生产力,叶片长与叶片宽,荚果长与荚果宽、种子长、百果重,荚果宽与种子长、种子宽、百果重,种子长与种子宽、百果重,种子宽与百果重,百果重与单株生产力,它们之间呈显著或极显著正相关,测得相关性极显著的一对表型性状中的一个就可以描述另一个性状。     

豌豆主要农艺和品质性状的相关性及灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析和相关分析相结合的方法,对8份豌豆品种（系）的主要农艺和品质性状进行了综合描述和客观评价。结果表明,单株产量与单荚粒数、百粒重呈正相关;产量与主要农艺性状的关联度表现为单荚粒数>单株荚数>生育日数>百粒重>株高>单株分蘖数>主茎节数>单株产量;豌豆品质性状与品质优劣的关联度表现为粗蛋白含量>粗淀粉含量>赖氨酸含量>水分含量>粗脂肪含量,这与相关分析结果一致,可以将两种方法结合起来进行品种的客观评价。     

Observations on different mildew sources used in apple breeding at Ahrensburg

Fifty-six populations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in Pontevedra (Northwestern Spain) in four different environments in order to study their genetic diversity in 18 agronomical traits. All characters showed significant differences among populations, and most of them had significant genotype-environment interactions. Broad-sense heritability for this pool of characters ranged from 0.87 (seed length) to 0.12 (seed yield). Sixteen populations which deserve special attention because of their breeding value for earliness, yield, pod and seed size have been identified.     

绿豆单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为探讨绿豆主要农艺性状对单株产量影响的主次关系，以15 个绿豆品种为试验材料，采用灰色关联度分析法，对绿豆7 个农艺性状与单株产量的关联度进行统计分析。结果表明：各性状因子与单株产量的关联度由高到低排序为单株荚数、株高、主茎节数、百粒重、单荚粒数、主茎分枝、生育期。因此，在山西高产绿豆新品种选育时，应首先注重单株荚数和株高。     

Heritability and Interrelationships of Pod Length and Seed Weight in Guar

This study was undertaken to estimate heritability of pod length and seed weight in guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., and to determine genetic relationships between the two traits. Narrow-sense heritability (h²) estimates ranged from 0.63 to 0.68 for pod length and from 0.54 to 0.57 for seed weight. An additive-dominance model was adequate to explain gene action involved in the inheritance of both traits. Estimates indicate a minimum of 5 loci or chromosome segments control pod length and 2 control seed weight. Phenotypic correlations between pod length and seed weight were highly significant and positive. Genotypic correlations between the two traits were low and positive. Moderate to high heritability values for the two traits indicate that selection for improvement in either trait should be fairly rapid. Low genotypic correlations between the traits should not pose a significant barrier in developing large seed, grain-type cultivars.     

Morphological variation in Astragalus hamosus L. and Coronilla scorpioides L. populations of Tunisia

Morphological variation between Astragalus hamosus and Coronillascorpioides populations was studied using local germoplasm collected in northern and central Tunisia. Twenty-one morphological traits were recorded and data were analysed using complementary statistical analysis. Considerable variation based on morphological and agronomical traits was found between populations and for both species. Pod and peduncle lengths as well as flowers number were the most discriminant variables between populations. Differences were also found for variables like seed number per pod, seed yield and dry matter production. Significant correlations were found between plant traits and the environmental parameters of the origin sites. This study revealed enough variation among populations to initiate a selection programme for pasture improvement in arid and semi-arid areas of Tunisia, where the two species are well adapted. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

晋北绿豆主要农艺性状变异及对产量构成的影响

研究绿豆新品种（系）主要农艺性状的变异及其在产量构成中的作用,为绿豆高产体系的建立提供科学依据。以国家食用豆产业技术体系绿豆新品种（系）联合鉴定试验（2016-2017年）的25份绿豆新品种（系）为试验材料,对其株高、主茎节数、单株荚数等8个农艺性状进行了变异、相关及通径分析。结果表明,荚粒数变异系数最小,仅7.30%（2017年）,产量变异最广泛,变异系数为35.86%（2016年）;产量除与荚长（r=0.609）、荚粒数（r=0.679）呈极显著正相关外,与其他性状相关不显著;通径分析结果表明,对产量的直接通径系数荚长>株高>荚粒数>单株荚数>百粒重>主茎分枝数>主茎节数,并且株高、单株荚数、荚粒数、荚长和百粒重对产量的直接作用为正值,主茎节数、主茎分枝数对产量的直接作用为负值;综合分析表明,在绿豆高产育种中,荚粒数受外界环境影响较小,与产量的相关性最大,且直接与间接效应均表现优良,应作为主要研究对象。荚长和百粒重的直接效应和间接效应均为正值,也应作为主要筛选对象,同时还要兼顾其他性状的相互影响与均衡发展,充分挖掘种质资源潜力。     

Traits associated with dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity under diverse soil moisture environments

Two experiments were conducted in the Rift Valley, Ethiopia (8°N and 39°E) to determine associations between eight plant traits and seed yield, and to obtain estimates of narrow sense heritability for the traits. Experiment I evaluated seven dry edible bean cultivars/lines at two locations to simulate different soil moisture stress, including, Debre Zeit(non-stress) and Dera (moderate-stress). Experiment II evaluated 25 cultivars/lines in three environments including, Melkassa early planted (non-stress), Melkassa late planted (high-stress), and Dera (moderate-stress). A randomized-complete-block design with three replicates was used in both experiments. Plant traits evaluated were seed yield, pods plant^-1, seeds pod^-1, 100 seed weight, root dry weight, hypocotyl diameter, plant biomass, plant height and days to flowering. Plant traits that were significantly associated with seed yield were included in a stepwise-regression model to determine which trait or combination of traits provided the best model to estimate seed yield in each environment. An analysis of variance was conducted to test main effects and interactions between plant traits and environments. Significant variation among lines occurred for seed yield and all plant traits in both experiments. Strong positive correlations were observed between plant biomass and seed yield in all environments. Seed yield and pods plant^-1 were also highly associated in four of the five environments. Stepwise regression models indicated that the combination of pods plant^-1 and plant biomass consistently contributed to seed yield prediction, while other traits did not. Because both plant biomass and pods plant^-1 had moderate to high narrow sense heritability estimates and low GE interactions, they should be useful as indirect selection criteria to improve and stabilize seed yield in a breeding program. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

秋播蚕豆主要农艺性状的主成分分析

为对蚕豆多品种、多性状等多指标体系进行科学的评价,对12个秋播品种的8个农艺性状进行相关分析和主成分分析。结果表明：除生育期变异系数较小外,其余均较大;各农艺性状间存在复杂的相关关系;提取的3个主成分能够解释所有性状信息的86.318%,第1主成分为产量相关因子,贡献率为56.187%,第2主成分为生育期因子,贡献率为19.156%,第3主成分为荚长与株高因子,贡献率为10.975%。综合表现较好的3个品种分别是‘织金小青皮’、‘监利小蚕豆’和‘成胡18号’,研究为蚕豆多品种综合评价及品种筛选提供一种新的方法和途径。