茶尺蠖病毒研究进展

茶尺蠖是茶树上一种重要的食叶性害虫,分布于我国各茶区,经常在局部茶园暴发成灾,对茶叶生产造成严重的损失。茶尺蠖病毒是控制茶尺蠖自然种群消长的重要因子,主要包括茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒和茶尺蠖小RNA病毒。本文综述了茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(EoNPV)生物学特性、扩繁、制剂的研发与应用、定性定量检测技术的建立、重组NPV病毒和茶尺蠖小RNA病毒分子生物学方面的研究进展情况,为更好的利用病毒防治茶尺蠖提供参考。     

茶尺蠖病毒研究进展

茶尺蠖是茶树上一种重要的食叶性害虫,分布于我国各茶区,经常在局部茶园暴发成灾,对茶叶生产造成严重的损失。茶尺蠖病毒是控制茶尺蠖自然种群消长的重要因子,主要包括茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒和茶尺蠖小RNA病毒。本文综述了茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒（EoNPV）生物学特性、扩繁、制剂的研发与应用、定性定量检测技术的建立、重组NPV病毒和茶尺蠖小RNA病毒分子生物学方面的研究进展情况,为更好的利用病毒防治茶尺蠖提供参考。     

不同性诱剂及诱捕方式对茶尺蠖诱集效果比较试验

正茶尺蠖(Ectyopis oblique hypulina wehyli)是茶园尺蠖类中发生最普遍、为害最严重的种类之一,发生时常将整片茶园啃食一光,状如火烧,对茶叶生产影响极大。发展利用性信息素大量诱杀雄蛾,破坏自然种群的正常雌雄性别比,从而降低害虫发生数量,减少农药使用,降低消费者因茶叶农药残留带来的健康风险是目前的主要防治方向之一,本试验     

茶尺蠖生物防治研究进展

茶尺蠖是我国茶园的主要害虫之一,对它的生物防治有关学者已经开展了大量的研究工作。本文从利用天敌、昆虫信息素、生物农药等方面对茶尺蠖的生物防治研究进行了综述。     

无公害、化防茶园病虫种群动态和农药残留量差异

采用生物防治控制病虫害是无公害茶叶生产的重要环节。1996年以来在安徽省十字铺茶场设置大面积的无公害茶叶生产、试验区,以生物防治的措施治理病虫害,增施有机肥和复合肥增强茶树生机和抗性,取得一定的经济和环境效益。兹报告十字销茶场无公害茶园和化防茶园病、虫种群数量和农药残留量的差异。1试验区概况无公害茶园,从1996年春季起禁止施用化学农药,对主要病虫害进行生物防治。以球孢白僵菌防治茶小卷叶蛾,以韦伯虫座孢菌剂防治黑刺粉虱,以茶尺蠖NPV制剂防治条尺蠖。该茶区重要病害茶云纹叶枯病4月份病情开始上升,5～6月份明…     

茶园主要害虫灰茶尺蠖性信息素的研究取得突破

正本刊讯中国农业科学院茶叶研究所(下文简称中茶所)与华南农业大学合作,研究揭示了茶园主要害虫灰茶尺蠖性信息素的活性组分,与此同时中茶所进一步与北京中捷四方生物科技股份有限公司联合研制开发了灰茶尺蠖性信息素诱芯产品,经6省15个县市的试验示范取得了理想的诱捕效果。长期以来,茶园主要害虫灰茶尺蠖(Ectropis grisescens)常被作为茶尺蠖(Ectropis obliqua)来认识,近年来的研究表明灰茶尺蠖是茶尺蠖的近缘种,此后中茶所陆     

在云贵茶区发现的茶树害虫病毒

从云南和贵州茶区茶树害虫的自然罹病幼虫中分离获得的22种病毒,即:油桐尺蠖 NPV、云尺蠖 NPV、茶蓑蛾 NPV、大蓑蛾 NPV、木橑尺蠖 NPV、蔚茸毒蛾 NPV、乌桕黄毒蛾 NPV、茶毛虫 NPV、褐蓑蛾 NPV、丽绿刺蛾 NPV、GV、黑褐盗毒蛾NPV、窄斑褐剌蛾 NPV、GV、CPV、尘污灯蛾 NPV、扁刺蛾 NPV、茶小卷叶蛾 GV、茶蚕 GV、分月扇舟蛾 GV、梭舟蛾 PV 和1种剌蛾 PV。其中:云尺蠖 NPV、蔚茸毒蛾 NPV、丽绿剌蛾 NPV、黑褐盗毒蛾 NPV,窄斑褐刺蛾 NPV、G     

大鸢尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖各龄幼虫食量观测

大鸢尺蠖(Ectropis excellens Butler)和灰茶尺蠖(E.grisecens Warren)1974年与1978年先后在湖南长沙高桥茶园大发生,局部茶园茶树叶片被食光。为探讨防治此二种尺蠖幼虫的关键时期,作者先后对大鸢尺蠖、灰茶尺蠖幼虫各龄取食量进行了观测。     

茶尺蠖病毒杀虫剂在江苏茶区的示范应用效果

为了更好地推广应用茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒,对江苏主要产茶区茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖的分布情况进行调查,并在主要发生区进行茶尺蠖病毒杀虫剂的示范应用.结果表明,苏州市、无锡市为茶尺蠖发生区,南京市、扬州市为灰茶尺蠖发生区,镇江市、常州市为混发区;在低龄幼虫期,每667 m2茶园使用150 mL茶尺蠖病毒杀虫剂防治灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖,...     

茶尺蠖病原真菌的分离鉴定及其特性

茶尺蠖(Ectropis oblique Prout)是华东茶区的主要害虫,近年来安徽茶园中的茶尺蠖普遍被真菌感染,经分离鉴定为圆孢虫疫霉(Erynia radieans(Brefeld)Humber et al)。它在该地区的大面积流行,有效地抑制了茶尺蠖的种群数量。本文对真菌的形态特征、精细结构、生物学特性、人工培养和引起流行病的因子进行了分析讨论。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).