Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phellodendron amurense</Emphasis> in Northeast China

Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr. The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.     

Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China

Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr.The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark,perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.     

银杏树中黄酮类化合物分布规律研究

采用醇提法对银杏树不同部位黄酮类化合物进行提取,并利用紫外分光光度法对银杏树中黄酮类化合物含量进行了测定,对其分布规律进行了分析研究.结果表明银杏树中黄酮类化合物分布分别为:枝桠材中含0.035mg/g左右,主干材中含0.018mg/g左右,根材中含0.014mg/g左右;枝桠皮中含0.41mg/g左右,主干皮中含0.26mg/g左右,根皮中含0.12mg/g左右,苗木中含0.12mg/g左右.测定结果表明,不同部位的木材的黄酮类化合物含量有差异,从根部到枝桠再到叶,黄酮类化合物含量在增大.     

文县杨个体生物量生长规律研究

采用标准木法对文县杨地上部分生物量进行了调查,分析了地上部分各器官生物量与株高、胸径的相关关系,结果表明:文县杨地上部分生物量各器官的比例为树干56.12%、干皮7.8%、叶9.5%、枝21.4%、枝皮5.2%,其大小顺序依次为树干＞枝＞叶＞干皮＞枝皮;地上部分质量、树干质量、树皮质量、叶质量、枝质量等与株高和胸径均呈...     

Aboveground nutrient components of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. grandis in semiarid Brazil under the nature and the mycorrhizal inoculation conditions

A study was conducted to evaluate the aboveground biomass, nutrient content and the percentages of mycorrhizal colonization in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus grandis plantations in the semiarid region (15° 09′ S 43° 49′ W) in the north of the State of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Results show that the total above-ground biomass (dry matter) was 33.6 Mg·ha⁻¹ for E. camaldulensis and 53.1 Mg·ha⁻¹ for E. grandis. The biomass of the stem wood, leaves, branches, and stem bark for E. camaldulensis accounted for 64.4%, 19.6%, 15.4%, and 0.6% of the total biomass, respectively (Table 2); meanwhile a similar partition of the total above-ground biomass was also found for E. grandis. The dry matter of leaves and branches of E. camaldulensis accounted for 35% of total biomass, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in leaves and branches accounted for 15.5%, 0.7%, 12.3%, 22.6%, 1.9%, and 1.4% of those in total above-ground biomass, respectively. In the trunk (bark and wood), nutrient accumulation in general was lower. Nutrient content of E. grandis presented little variation compared with that of E. camaldulensis. Wood localized in superior parts of trunk presented a higher concentration of P and bark contained significant amounts of nutrients, especially in E. grandis. This indicated that leaving vegetal waste is of importance on the site in reducing the loss of tree productivity in this semi-arid region. The two species showed mycotrophy.     

杉木人工林各植物组分含碳率研究

分别采集会同县广坪林区第2代杉木人工林的杉木树干(去皮)、树皮、枝、叶、根系样品和灌木的干、枝(叶)和根样品与草本植物的地上、地下部分样品以及林内的枝、叶、果和碎屑凋落物和枯死根,用干烧法测定其含碳率。结果表明:杉木各器官含碳率大小的顺序是:树皮>树叶>树根>树干>树枝。树皮、树叶、树干、树枝含碳率随着树木年龄的增大而增加,树根含碳率随着树木年龄增大出现波动。林冠下草本植物的平均碳含量比木本植物低,且草本植物间碳含量差异要比木本植物间大。林龄对凋落物同种组分碳含量影响不显著。不同凋落物的碳含量即使在同一龄级也存在较大差异。枯死根系的碳含量要低于地上凋落物各组分的碳含量,林木各器官活有机体内的碳含量均大于相应死有机体(凋落物)内的碳含量。     

行道树国槐不同形态重金属富集效能研究

[目的]揭示不同形态重金属在行道树国槐各器官的富集特征。[方法]采用改进BCR连续提取法对北京市蓝靛厂北路旁的土壤和国槐的叶片、树枝、树皮、树干与树根中Cr、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等7种重金属元素进行提取,并用ICP-MS测定各形态重金属浓度。[结果]结果表明:树皮中7种重金属元素浓度最高,重金属元素在树根向树干、树干向树枝和树枝向树叶的迁移均以酸溶态为主。树皮和树干为重金属元素的主要贮存器官;重金属元素在叶片中以相对活跃的酸溶态存在。国槐对不同形态重金属的富集效能大小依次为:可氧化态可还原态酸溶态残渣态;国槐对7种重金属的平面富集效能和空间富集效能分别达到372.90 mg·m~(-2)和45.48 mg·m~(-3)。[结论]国槐各器官的重金属浓度存在显著差异;重金属元素在国槐体内的运输以酸溶态为主;重金属元素以相对稳定形态贮存在树皮和树干;国槐对可氧化态重金属的有效净化效率高于其他形态。     

叶林模式杜仲生物量的动态研究

通过对叶林模式杜仲6—10月的生物量动态变化的调查分析,结果表明:杜仲枝条长度和粗度前期增长较快,而到8、9月以后,增长缓慢,在10月份达到最大值,分别为115.57 cm和1.971 cm。6—8月为杜仲枝条皮干重的缓慢增长期,8—10月为杜仲枝条皮干重的快速增长期,在10月份最高,达到15.99 g;不同月份杜仲枝条皮含水率从高到低顺序为:6月>8月>9月>7月>10月,6月份最高可达74.7%,而10月份最低为68.88%。6—7月杜仲剥皮枝条干重增长不明显,7—10月为杜仲剥皮枝条干重的快速增长期,在10月份最高,达到111.63 g。不同月份杜仲剥皮枝条含水率从高到低顺序为:6月>7月>8月>9月>10月,6月份最高可达66.95%,而10月份最低为50.16%。6—9月为杜仲叶(单枝)总干重的增长期,9—10月为稳定期,9月份最高,达到48.96 g;不同月份杜仲叶(单枝)含水率从高到低顺序为:9月>8月>6月>10月>7月,9月份最高可达72.44%,而7月份最低为69.91%。不同月份杜仲叶片数量(单枝)从多到少顺序为:8月>9月>10月>7月>6月,8月份最多可达59片,而6月份最少为39.7片。建议以杜仲叶子为原料的加工产业,应在9月采摘叶子。     

黄柏、杉木混交林林分生物量及黄檗碱含量

为了给黄柏、杉木混交林的营造和经营利用提供理论依据和实践指导,对湘西低山区的黄柏、杉木混交林的生物量和黄檗碱含量进行了研究。结果表明:黄柏、杉木的生物量与胸径、树高均呈正相关,且黄柏、杉木生物量与胸径的相关系数大于与树高的相关系数,因此在经营管理时,应适时间伐以增大其胸径,进而提高林分生物量和生产力;黄柏地上部分干皮和枝皮生物量占68%,根皮生物量占32%,且根皮中黄檗碱含量比干皮高50.7%,在经营时应考虑根皮的利用,以获取最大经济效益。     

Calorific values and ash contents of different parts of Masson pine trees in southern China

Calorific value of plants is an important parameter for evalu- ating and indexing material cycles and energy conversion in forest eco- systems. Based on mensuration data of 150 sample sets, we analyzed the calorific value （CV） and ash content （AC） of different parts of Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） trees in southern China using hypothesis testing and regression analysis. CV and AC of different tree parts were almost significantly different （P〈0.05）. In descending order, ash-free calorific value （AFCV） ranked as foliage 〉 branch 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 stem wood, and AC ranked as foliage 〉 stem bark 〉 root 〉 branch 〉 stem wood. CV and AC of stem wood from the top, middle and lower sections of trees differed significantly. CV increased from the top to the lower sections of the tnmk while AC decreased. Mean gross calorific value （GCV） and AFCV of aboveground parts were significantly higher than those of belowground parts （roots）. The mean GCV, AFCV and AC of a whole tree of Masson pine were 21.54 kJ/g, 21.74 kJ/g and 0.90%, re- spectively. CV and AC of different tree parts were, to some extent, cor- related with tree diameter, height and origin.     

Models to predict time since death of Picea abies Snags

Number of years since death was estimated by dendrochronological cross-dating of 107 standing dead trees (snags) of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a submountainous old-growth forest in south–central Norway. Snag characteristics (size, bark cover, branch order present and variables derived from tree-ring analyses) were used in stepwise linear regression procedures to identify variables that explained time since death. Number of branch orders present (where branches growing directly on the stem were branch order 1, branches growing on order 1 branches were order 2, and so on) explained two-thirds of the variation in time since death. Adding other significant variables, such as diameter, relative height of snags, percentage bark cover and average tree-ring width in the final years before death, increased model precision only moderately. The models were validated by the PRESS statistic, which showed that new observations were predicted fairly well with 65–69% of the variation explained.     

Evaluation of Populus deltoides clones under nursery,field and agrisilviculture system in subhumid tropics of Central India

Populus deltoides Bartr., a native of North America, is generally grown in India above latitude 28 °N. One hundred and six clones were evaluated for four years at Raipur situated at 21°12N latitude and 81°36E longitude. These were grown on vertisol soil. Based on growth and survival performance in the nursery for two successive years, nineteen clones were selected for field evaluation. The best five clones (G3, G48, 65/27, D121 and S7C1) were planted in an agrisilviculture system at a spacing of 4 × 4 m with soybean grown as an intercrop. After 4 years these clones had an increment of DBH by 66.5 to 77.5% and of height by 42.2 to 78.6% within one year when compared to that observed at 3 years of age. In rank order of growth the best five clones were 65/27 > G3 > D121 > G48 > S7C1. Total biomass varied between 20.9 to 35.8 Mg ha^–1 in different clones. Among the tree components, stemwood accounted for 52–61% of the total biomass, followed by branches (20–25%), bark (9–13%) and leaves (7–10%). No significant variation between net primary productivity and photosynthetic efficiency was found in different clones. Soybean productivity decreased as the trees aged, reaching 40.5 to 58.1% in 4-year-old trees.     

20年生杉木人工林干物质积累及相对生长模型研究

在闽侯县荆溪镇三块立地条件大体属好、中、差不同坡位的杉木人工林样地进行生物量调查,调查结果表明,20年生杉木人工林在不同立地条件下干物质积累量差异显著,下坡干物质积累量(生物量)为154.2 t.hm-2,其中干、枝、叶的生物量分别为128.9、13.0、12.3 t.hm-2,干材积年增长量为19.63 m3.hm-2;而上坡干物质积累量仅为62.6 t.hm-2,其中干、枝、叶的生物量分别为48.1、7.4、7.1 t.hm-2,干材积年增长量仅为5.64 m3.hm-2,干、枝、叶、林分总生物量及干材积年增长量分别是下坡的37.3%、56.9%、57.7%、40.6%、28.7%。干的生物量、干的去皮材积可分别用WS=0.034 20(D2H)0.881 4、VS=0.000 046 47(D2H)0.966 5生长模型预测,枝、叶生物量分别符合经验公式1/WB=1/(0.002 831×D2H)+1/14.9、1/WL=1/(0.002 747×D2H)+1/13.71。     

巴西半干旱地区自然条件和菌根菌接种条件下赤桉和大桉地上生物量营养成分分析(英文)

对巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州北部半干旱地区(15°09’S43°49’W)的赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)和大桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林的地上生物量、营养成分含量和菌根菌定植百分率进行了调查和分析。结果表明,赤按和大桉人工林的总地上生物量分别为33.6Mg·hm-2和153.1Mg·hm-2。赤桉树干、叶子、枝条和树皮的生物量分别占总生物量的64.4%,19.6%,15.4%,0.6%,大桉地上生物量的分配与赤按基本相同。赤桉叶子和枝条的干物质占其总生物量的35%,叶子和枝条中的N,P,K,Ca,Mg,and S的含量分别占总生物量这些营养元素的15.5%,0.7%,12.3%,22.6%,19%,1.4%。树干(包括树皮)中的营养成分累积相对比较低。与赤桉相比,大桉的营养含量变化较小。这2个树种的树干上部含有高浓度的磷,树皮也含有大量的营养物质,尤其是大桉;说明在半干旱地区,立地上脱落的植物性废物对降低树木生产力损失有重要意义。赤桉和大桉都有菌根营养。     

Variation in chemical contents of seed,and foliage inAlbizia lebbek (L.) Benth. of different provenances

Protein, oil, carbohydrate and starch contents of seed, which were collected from places with latitude 9° N to 32° N, longitude 72° E to 85° E and rainfall 40 to 400 cm, varied significantly (P<0.05) among 12 provenances. Interestingly, seed protein was positively correlated (r=0.838,P<0.05), and on the contrary, carbohydrate and starch were negatively correlated (r=–0.755,r=–0.623, respectively,P<0.05), with the latitude of the seed source. Significant variation for N, P, K, Ca and Mg in stems and leaves of one-year and three-year-old plants was also observed when these provenances were grown at Hisar (29°10 N, 75° 46 E, 215 m alt.), an arid region in north India. In general, provenances from north India at the age of three years had greater chemical and mineral contents than those from south India. Chlorophyll content was highly correlated with the latitude of the seed source, at the ages of one and three years (r=0.742,r=0.659,P<0.05, respectively), while crude protein of foliage at the age of three years was significantly correlated (r=0.673) with latitude. Dehradun, Jammu and Hisar provenances, from the north had comparatively greater concentrations of N, P and K at the age of three years as compared to those from south India. The results are useful from the points of view of genetical variation, and selection of superior provenances for arid conditions in north India.     

红豆杉枝叶中产物分布研究

研究了南方红豆杉枝叶中叶片、树皮、嫩枝和木质部的生物量比例,以及各部位中主要有效成分紫杉醇和10-DABⅢ的含量分布情况。实验结果表明:红豆杉枝叶中叶片的生物量约占30%,叶片中累积的有效产物量最高(约占总量的70%);树皮含量次之,杂质最少;红豆杉枝叶中木质部的生物量最多(占46%),累积的产物最少(约占总量的5%)。叶片是红豆杉枝叶中提取紫杉醇等产物的最有效部位。     

Genetic variation in minerals,crude protein and structural carbohydrates of foliage in provenances of young plants ofProsopis cineraria (L.) Druce in India

Prosopis cineraria is an important species for aridzone agroforestry in India. Information on the chemical composition and nutritive value of the leaves of young trees that will be useful in screening the provenances, is lacking. Chemical composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na), crude protein, and structural carbohydrates (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) of the foliage of one-year-old plants of 31 provenances ofProsopis cineraria were determined. The seeds were collected from 16°50 N to 29°55 N latitude and 69°49 E to 78°03 E longitude in India, and grown at Hisar (29°10 N latitude, 75°46 E longitude and 215 m altitude). Mineral contents (except N and P), crude protein, and structural carbohydrates varied significantly (p<0.05) between provenances, and the greatest amount of N, P, crude protein, NDF, ADF and lignin contents were found in Hisar provenance. The in vitro dry matter digestibility varied from 18.2% in Gandhinagar provenance to 34.0% in that of Barmer provenance.     

Branch growth and biomass allocation in Abies amabilis saplings in contrasting light environments

Aboveground biomass allocation, and height and branch growth were studied in saplings of the shade-tolerant conifer, Abies amabilis Dougl. ex Forbes growing in large openings and in the understory of an old-growth forest in western Oregon. The presence of annual overwintering budscale scars was used to infer extension growth histories; annual growth rings in branches and stems were used in combination with extension histories to compute partitioning of new biomass among leaves, branches and stems. Saplings growing in large gaps had conical crowns, whereas understory saplings had umbrella shaped crowns as a result of much greater rates of branch extension than stem extension. Understory saplings grew slowly in height because of low rates of biomass production and low allocation of biomass to stem extension. About 40% of new biomass was allocated to foliage in both groups, but understory saplings allocated more of the remaining growth increment to branches and less to stem than did saplings growing in large gaps. These results differ from the patterns observed in shade-tolerant saplings of tropical forests, where allocation to foliage increases with shading and branch allocation is much lower than observed here. This difference in allocation may reflect mechanical constraints imposed by snow loads on the evergreen A. amabilis crowns, particularly on flat-crowned understory saplings.     

峨热竹无性系种群地上部分生物量结构与模型研究

通过对四川省石棉县栗子坪自然保护区峨热竹分株地上部分基径、枝下高、全高及分株各构件生物量进行调查和测量,研究了其地上部分生物量分配结构和形态可塑性,构建了地上部分生物量模型。研究表明：峨热竹各分株含水率随年龄增长呈下降趋势,同一龄级分株构件含水率高低表现为叶〉枝〉秆;峨热竹分株总生物量表现出多年生〉2年生〉1年生的分配特征,而同一分株各构件间则表现出秆〉枝〉叶的生物量分配格局;基径分别与各龄级秆生物量和总生物量具有显著相关性,而全高与2年生及多年生枝叶生物量具有显著相关性;以基径和全高为自变量分别建立的线性模型可为相似区域峨热竹不同龄级分株秆和枝叶构件生物量的估测提供借鉴。     

Variability of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruits’ physical characteristics and nutrient content in the West African Sahel

The present study was carried out to evaluate variability in fruit characteristics and nutritional quality of Baobab fruits with the aim of providing the background to select trees bearing fruit with desirable characteristics for further utilisation. Vitamin C, total sugar and ash contents were assessed in 178 Baobab fruit samples from 11 sites in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Furthermore the following tree and fruit physical characteristics were recorded: tree height, bark colour, fruit size, pulp weight, seed weight, seed size and pulp colour. The content (mean?±?SD) of vitamin C was 4.78?±?1.02?g?kg^?1, sugar 514?±?72?g?kg^?1 and fruit weight 293?±?96?g. There was a significant correlation between annual precipitation of the tree population site and vitamin C content but not with sugar content. For sugar, there were significant positive correlations with latitude and longitude. Negative correlations were found between fruit size and both longitude and latitude with smaller fruits generally being found to the north/east. No relation was found between pulp or bark colour and the sugar or vitamin C content. The contents of protein, lipid, carbohydrates, ash and moisture in the seeds ranged from 156 to 159, 143 to 150, 641 to 652, 44 to 49 and 50 to 55.7?g?kg^?1 respectively. The variation for vitamin C and sugar found within populations is a first indication that valuable gains could be made by selection of superior trees.