Determination of wood moisture properties using a CT-scanner in a controlled low-temperature environment

Abstract

The aim of the present work was to examine an advanced image-processing algorithm for moisture content (mc) calculation and also to use this algorithm to analyse moisture loss data for low temperature drying. Since wood starts to shrink below the fibre saturation point during drying, the geometrical shape of the wood piece will change. The dry wood image was thoroughly transformed to the shape of the wet wood image prior to calculating the dry weight mc. The results show that the algorithm for the dry weight mc on density data from the CT-scanning during low-temperature drying in the climate chamber is a powerful tool for analysing the moisture loss inside the wood piece. This method can make it possible to get a higher quality on the product.     

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF WOOD MOISTURE CONTENT ON PERMEABILITY IN THE HYGROSCOPIC RANGE

Woodpermeabilityhascloserrelationshipwiththemanyfiledsofwoodworkingandusing,woodfluidpermeabi1-ityisrelatedtoinprocessingsuchaswooddrying;fireretartenttreatmen;pup1ingandpaper;woodpreservation.Theflowoffluidinwoodincludestwokindsoftransportprocess.Oneispenetrationfromwoodoutsidetoinside,suchas'woodpreservationandfireretartenttreatment,anotherisdiffusionfromwoodinsidetooutside'suchaswooddrying,Infact,woodpermeabilityinfulenceddirectlythequalityofwoodwaterheattreatment,Forthisreasontheresearchin…     

Varying moisture content and eigen-stresses in timber elements

Abstract

The load-bearing capacity of timber elements and systems is affected by moisture exposure. Varying moisture content in the ambient air and resulting non-uniform moisture profiles on cross-sections generate stresses perpendicular to grain because of restraint of hygroexpansion. This paper presents effects of indoor moisture diffusion in timber elements; moisture profiles within member and corresponding stresses are determined using finite element analysis and a relevant constitutive model. The stress variability is larger near the surface compared with the middle of a cross-section. No major differences are noticed between different climatic locations, but the induced stresses reach high levels above the characteristic strength in tension perpendicular to grain. It appears that indoor moisture effects differ insignificantly between the different climatic locations investigated in this study.     

Effect of steam pretreatment on wood moisture content and characteristics of vacuum drying

The effects of high temperature steam pretreatment on the change in wood moisture content (MC) and characteristics of vacuum drying were investigated in this study. Poplar and manchurian walnut woods were pretreated with high temperature steam at 100°C and 140°C, prior to vacuum drying. A comparison of the characteristics of vacuum drying between steam pretreated wood and untreated wood was carried out. The results show that during steam pretreatment, the MC of wood decreased within a few hours. The reduction of MC varied with the temperature; the higher the temperature, the faster the MC dropped. During the vacuum drying stage, the rates of drying of pretreated samples were higher than those of untreated samples when MC was below the fiber saturation point. Furthermore, the total drying time of samples treated at a steam temperature of 140°C was lower than that of untreated samples. Therefore, a vacuum procedure after steam pretreatment can effectively shorten the drying time when drying wood.     

New monitoring concept of moisture content distribution in wood during RF/vacuum drying

A new method for monitoring moisture content during radio-frequency (RF)/vacuum drying was developed by measurement of temperature and pressure in wood. Temperature and pressure inside the wood were measured simultaneously during RF/vacuum drying at the same point. The relative humidity (RH) and moisture content (MC) below the fiber saturation point (FSP) were calculated based on temperature and pressure, and the relationship between the temperature, RH, and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at the measurement point. When the moisture content was below the FSP, the calculated MC was slightly greater than the value given by oven drying. The absolute error was within 0.8% near the open cross side, and was within 1.8% at another measurement point. Thus, we concluded that it was practicable to monitor the moisture content below the FSP according to the temperature and pressure inside the wood. Part of this study was presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, September 2003     

木材含水率测定方法的比较研究

为修订国家标准“CB1931—80木材含水率测定方法”提供依据,本文对含树脂和挥发性物质较多的马尾松等5种木材,采用烘干法、真空干燥法和蒸馏法进行含水率测定的比较。结果表明,烘干法简便实用,但所测得的含水率结果比真空干燥法和蒸馏法为高,如果试样含有较多的挥发性物质,应用烘干法测定含水率误差偏大时,可采用真空干燥法。     

环剥时期及宽度对驿新圆大枣产量的影响

为充分掌握和合理应用驿新圆大枣在花蕾开花不同时期最佳的环剥宽度,以10~12a生的驿新圆大枣为试材,进行了不同环剥时期、环剥宽度试验,结果表明:驿新圆大枣花蕾50%左右开花时进行0.5cm宽度的环剥产量最高,达33.114 0t/hm~2;与花蕾开花70%左右时采用0.5cm宽度环剥,花蕾开花50%左右时采用0.4cm、0.6cm宽度环剥和花蕾开花30%左右时采用0.5cm宽度环剥的相比,产量分别提高6.9%、12.4%、15.4%和17.8%;花蕾开花50%左右采用0.5cm宽度环剥,与其他4种处理之间在产量上存在极显著差异。     

Nonisothermal moisture movement in wood

In order to analyze the effect of temperature gradient on moisture movement during highly intensive drying, such as microwave-vacuum drying, the profile of the temperature and moisture content in sealed wood whose opposite faces were subjected to temperature gradient for a short time was measured. The ratio of the moisture content (MC) gradient to the temperature gradient (dM/dT) was calculated and the factors influencing moisture movement under nonisothermal conditions were discussed. The results indicate that moisture moved in wood from the warm surface to the cold one even if opposite faces of the sealed wood assembly were exposed continuously to different but constant temperatures for a short period. The moisture content on the cold surface was higher than that on the warm surface. The moisture content gradient opposite to the temperature gradient was established, and the dM/dT was below 0.9%/°C. The temperature in the sample and the distance from the hot surface of the sample was strongly linearly correlated. With an increase in temperature, initial moisture content and experimental time, the dM/dT was significantly increased. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(2): 96–100 [译自: 北京林业大学学报, 2005, 27(2): 96–100]     

木材干燥机理和应用的研究

通过对木材干燥机理和应用的研究，提高木材的干燥速度并选择合理的干燥方法，从而实施科学的木材干燥作业。     

温度及水分状态对美国红松弯曲弹性模量的影响

应用温度控制系统,对美国红松小试样规格材进行测试,检验木材温度及水分状态对木材弯曲弹性模量的影响.结果表明:温度对木材的抗弯性能具有显著影响,随着温度的升高,木材的抗弯性能逐渐减弱;相同承载条件下,含水率越高,冻结木材的抗弯曲性能越强.对于纤维饱和材,冰点以下其弹性模量随着温度的降低而迅速增加,在冰点以上则增加缓慢;对于非纤维饱和材,其弹性模量受温度影响变化幅度在冰点两侧区别不明显.冻结木材弹性模量相对于常温(20℃)情况下(相对弹性模量)受温度和含水率变化的影响十分显著,而非冻结木材的相对弹性模量对温度变化均表现不敏感.通过建立的相对弹性模量-温度试验模型,能较好地预测不同温度及含水率下的木材弯曲弹性模量相对于常温的变化幅度.该研究为不同温度条件下尤其是低温时的木材弹性模量测量结果修正提供了试验依据.     

低循环风速下木材表层水分蒸发的试验研究

木材干燥过程中,介质循环速度是一个影响木材干燥的重要工艺参数.在木材各含水率阶段,通过试验分析研究不同介质循环速度对木材干燥速度的影响.结果表明,介质循环速度对干燥速度的影响显著,但其影响随木材含水率（MC）的降低而减弱.在低介质循环速度条件下,试件MC大于45％时,表现为木材干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）随循环风速的增加而增加,呈显著正相关关系;试件MC介于35％ ～ 45％之间时,正相关关系存在但不显著;试件MC小于35％时,干燥室内循环风速的大小不影响木材的干燥速度和木材含水率偏差（△MC）.对试件表层含水率分析,试件表层含水率大于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响显著;试件表层含水率小于25％时,试件表面循环风速对试件表层含水率的影响很小,不同循环风速下试件表层含水率基本一样.     

干燥过程中木材内部含水率检测的X射线扫描方法

以红橡和黑胡桃木材为研究对象,采用X射线扫描方法测量常规热风干燥过程中木材厚度方向含水率分布和平均含水率的可行性。结果表明:采用X射线扫描无损检测方法可以实现干燥过程中同一木材试件含水率分布和平均含水率的动态检测;与称重法含水率测量值相比,在8%～68%的较宽含水率范围内,不论是在高含水率阶段还是在低含水率阶段,采用X射线扫描法测量木材含水率时,都具有较高的测量精度,测量值偏差最大不超过3%;在热风干燥过程中,所有试件含水率的称重法测定值与X射线扫描法测定值之间相关系数的平方都在0.97以上;X射线扫描方法具有扫描速度快、设备费用较低、测量精度高的特点,为木材含水率的动态检测提供了一种很好的技术手段。     

Nondestructive testing method of wood moisture content based on a planar capacitance sensor model

For our research, a new hybrid experimental-computational method is presented. We applied a least squares fitting     

Combined effect of wood moisture content,drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance measurements in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

ABSTRACT

An IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the combined effect of wood moisture content (MC), drill bit rotational speed and feed rate on drilling resistance (DR) and feeding force (FF). Tests were made with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) conditioned in a normal climate (20°C/65% RH), at 20°C/95% RH, vacuum-pressure impregnated in water, and oven-dried. Rotational speeds and feed rates had an impact on feed rate per cutting edge for the major cutting edge of the drill bit which was used for correlation with DR and FF for various MC. Impact of MC on DR and FF depended on rotational speeds and feed rates of the drill bit. For feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.09?mm, DR was higher for water saturated (WS) specimens. Negligible differences between DR for various MC were found for feed rates per cutting edge between 0.09 and 0.15?mm. DR was higher at low MC for feed rates per cutting edge which were higher than 0.15?mm. FF extremely increased in conditioned (20°C/95% RH) and WS specimens at feed rates per cutting edge less than 0.1?mm.     

Studies on Measurement of Moisture Content by X-ray Scanning Method

In order to explore the feasibility of using X-ray to measure moisture content in the drying process and have a further study on the effect of precision of moisture content when scanning through different grain directions,X-ray scanning method and weighting method were used to measure average moisture content of Cunninghamia lanceolata during hot air drying.The results show that the moisture content values of two methods were very close to one another,the determination coefficients of both were highly correlated with a value over 0.99,and the absolute deviation was below 2%;when scanning along radial direction and longitudinal direction,the precisions of average moisture content were higher than that of the tangential direction,but the deviation can be negligible in the actual measurement;in the practical application,the effect of grain direction on precision of moisture content measurement could not be taken into account when using X-ray to measure the moisture distribution of wood.     

稻草覆盖对果园土壤温度与含水量的影响

在洮南市北部半山区的果树试验场,按果树树冠垂直投影筑树盘,对树盘进行稻草覆盖处理,研究其对土壤温度与含水量的影响。结果表明：覆草处理能够有效地提高土壤含水量,年平均含水量比清耕地高出16．0％;经覆草处理的土壤,生长前期土温上升缓慢,后期土温下降缓慢,越冬前,土温高于清耕地2．00℃,可减少低温对根系的危害。     

不同含水率条件下竹材热处理内部温度变化规律

利用T型热电偶测量不同含水率条件下竹材热处理时内部温度变化规律,与计算值进行对比,结果表明:置于热空气中的竹片,随着含水率增加,芯层、表层温度达到热空气温度所用时间逐渐增加,但表层温度变化受含水率影响较芯层小;置于热压机中的竹片,随着含水率增加,芯层温度变化规律受含水率影响不明显;置于热空气、热压机中的竹片,内部温度变化规律测试值与计算值有良好的吻合性。     

西藏三大重点文物木结构防腐防虫技术(二)

木材干燥和防腐是古建筑维护中的重要措施,对西藏三大重点文物防腐工程中,各类木构件干燥防腐工艺、干燥防腐质量要求和质量控制措施等进行了总结,为古建筑木结构的维修和保护提供参考.     

土壤含水量对杨树插穗成活率的影响

土壤有效含水量处于7．2％至田间持水量之间时，杨树插穗成活率基本稳定在90％左右；如果土壤含水量超过田间持水量时，插穗的成活率则随着水分的增加而减少；如果土壤的有效含水量低于7．2％时，则插穗的成活率随着含水量的减少而相应的降低。     

刚果12号桉W5无性系立木木材密度与含水率关系的初探

本文主要是对刚果12号桉w5无性系立木材密度与含水率的关系进行分析和探讨。分析结果表明两者相关程度达高度紧密程度,相关显著性达极显著水平,回归公式估测精度甚高,回归方程在本林区适用。