五种固沙饲用灌木营养成分生长期的动态

本文测定了花棒、羊柴、柠条、沙拐枣、梭梭等五种固沙饲用灌木营养成分在生长期的变化。营养成分含量的高低是评价灌木饲用价值的主要依据，由于变化的不一致性和动态性，要定量地科学地评价其饲用价值，必须用综合指标来分析。本文对上述饲用植物进行了综合评价。     

除草剂安全剂应用研究近况

本文介绍了除草剂安全剂的种类、保护对象及使用方法 ,简述了安全剂的作用机理 ,展望了安全剂的前景。     

EVALUATION OF HERBICIDE PERSISTENCE IN SOIL*

Summary. The persistence of ten herbicides in soil was tested in the glasshouse over a 5–month period, using an oat bioassay. Simazine and diuron were highly persistent, atrazine persistent, fluometuron, trifluralin, bromacil and noruron moderately persistent, and pyrazon, prometryne and ametryne of short persistence. Six of these herbicides were also included in a field experiment consisting of logarithmically sprayed strips on which oats were sown at ten intervals of 1 month; changes of herbicidal activity with time were evaluated by measuring the length of the strip showing herbicidal injury. Results corroborate those of the glasshouse experiments except for trifluralin which was more persistent in the field. Disappearance curves were generally sigmoidal. The more persistent compounds showed a long period of slow disappearance followed by rapid disappearance.     

DROUGHT STRESS RESPONSES OF TWO CONTRASTING BRASSICA SPECIES

<正> The studies related to place of origin, domestication and ploidy of plant species are be-coming more important due to changing global climatic conditions. Crops now adapted toa specific climatic zone might be replaced by others under changed agro-climatic condi-tions. There would be an extension of the agricultural zones into semi-arid and desert areas     

以大蜡螟与人工培养基连续传代的两种斯氏线虫生物学特性比较

本文比较了 Steinernema carpocaprae 和 Steinernema anomali 两个种(品系)的斯氏昆虫病原线虫,分别在大蜡螟和鸡什海绵人工培养基下连续传代培养的两个种群的形态、带菌率、发育、繁殖、毒力和寻找寄主能力的差异。试验表明:同一种(品系)长期在蜡螟传代的线虫种群比人工培养基传代的种群的线虫体较大,在寄主昆虫内发育怏、繁殖量大。但细菌保留率、感染率、感染指数、在沙里寻找寄主并使其致死的能力稍低。上述的差异在 S.anomali 这个种尤为明显,S.car pocapsae 则差异不大。     

为害中国北方农作物的两种大蚊的形态观察

中纹大蚊(Tipula conjuncta conjuncta Alexander)和谷类大蚊[Nephrotoma scalaris terminalis(Wiedemann)]在中国北方主要为害水稻、玉米等农作物,近年来有日益严重发生的趋势.为提高对这两种大蚊的测报防治水平,笔者对其成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态特征进行了观察研究.     

拟鞘线虫属2个新种

 福建拟鞘线虫新种(Hemicriconemoides fujianensis n.sp.)采自福建省龙海县的荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)根部和根际土壤。它与近似种芒果拟鞘线虫(H.mangiferae Siddqi,1961)和荔枝拟鞘线虫(H.litchi Edward&Misra,1963)的主要区别是雄虫无交合伞(H.mangiferae和H.litchi的雄虫有退化的交合伞);与另一近似种伯氏拟鞘线虫(H.birchfieldi Edward,Misra&Singh,1965)的主要区别是雌虫体环(R)、阴后环(Rv)和肛活环(Ran)的数目较少。茶花拟鞘线虫新种(H.camellia n.sp.)采自福建龙岩农业学校的山茶花(Camellia japonica)的根部和根际土壤,它与近似种奇氏拟鞘线虫(H.chitwoodi Esser,1960)的主要区别是雌虫有小的阴门鞘,后阴唇变化较大、中部凸起或凹陷,体环数目较少;雄虫无交合伞。     

叶螨为害苹果树的产量损失估测

1987—1989年研究苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)与山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennenses)为害对苹果产量的影响。结果表明:①叶螨为害后,叶片的各项生理指标皆有反应,其中以光合作用强度最敏感;②叶螨为害对果实质量无显著影响,但不同螨量的果实体积之间存在明显差异;③平均累积雌成螨螨日(MDi)与平均减产率(Qi)之间有正相关关系,为害当年表现出果实变小单果重减轻,次年表现出花量减少,果实数下降。1987与1989年以苹果全爪螨为主,减产率分别为3.31%—11.25%与2.89%—10.75%。1988年以山楂叶螨为主,减产率为2.36%—13.48%;④上年受害树次年继续测产,看出叶螨的持续影响更为严重。以苹果全爪螨为主的持续减产率第二年达2.0%—86.2%;第三年的影响又相对减轻。以山楂叶螨为主的减产率第二年为-14.4%—69.4%。     

NUTRIENT FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF ARGEMONE

Summary. Argemone mexicana L. and A. ochroleuca Sweet., two closely related species that often co-exist in the same habitat, showed different responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Total yield, shoot: root ratios and nutrient uptake all differed. The significance of these results is discussed and it is concluded that the differences not only permit the species to exist in ecologically distinct habitats but also allow them both to survive in apparent co-existence.
Facteurs de la nutrition influençant la distribution de deux espéces très voisines d 'Argemone     

方头甲属中国已知种类描述及一新种记述：鞘翅目：方头甲科

本文对盾蚧重要捕食性天敌一方头甲属中国已知种进行了形态描述，并记述了采自南岭的方头甲一种新：南岭方头甲Ｃｙｂｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ ｎａｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ。模式标本保存在华南农业大学昆虫标本室。     

水稻种子寄藏的2种柱链孢菌检测与鉴定

 水稻种子携带真菌严重而普遍.由于种子自身带菌及秧苗期受病虫危害而造成的产量损失在10%以上。作者采用平皿测定方法对分别来自黑龙江、云南、湖北和湖南等水稻主产区的11个主栽水稻品种进行了种子带菌检测和分离鉴定,进行了水稻种子真菌区系的研究,为杀菌剂消毒处理种子提供科学依据。     

两种稻田蜘蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用试验

经室内测试 ,八斑鞘腹蛛和柔弱锯螯蛛对褐飞虱的最高日捕食量分别为 5.7± 0 .5头 ,5.3±0 .9头 ,差异不显著。但柔弱锯螯蛛的Q/Th值较大 ,干扰系数较小 ,表明柔弱锯螯蛛对褐飞虱的控制能力较强 ,相互间的干扰程度较小 ,因此 ,在一定条件下的应用效果将会更好     

山东省泰安地区美洲斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂消长规律的研究

近3年以来，笔者对山东省美洲斑潜蝇及其寄生蜂种群的季节性消长规律进行了研究。结果表明，美洲斑潜蝇在泰安灌庄菜区露地栽培蔬菜上于7月中旬，8月中旬至9月中旬出现两个发生高峰，寄生峰的种群高峰则在7月下旬和9月末。春末夏季 初以异角姬小蜂Hemiptarsenus varicornis(Girault)为主，随着时间推移，逐渐以丽潜蝇姬小Neochrysocharis formosa Westwood和绿凹面姬小蜂Chrysochauis pentheus(Ualker)为主。在寄生蜂发生盛期，应注意保护利用。     

葡萄根围二种剑线虫(矛线目:长针线虫科)的鉴定

 从我国湖南、山东和河北三省的一些葡萄园中发现了二种习居于葡萄根围的剑线虫,分别为美洲剑线虫(Xiphinema americanum Cobb,1913)和湖南剑线虫新种(X.huna-niense n.sp.)。湖南剑线虫新种的主要鉴别特征是阴门极靠身体前部(V=24-27),阴道向后斜,与身体横径成明显的角度(8-21℃);仅一个后生殖枝,旁边分支形成二个卵巢;尾部末端中间指状突起很长(20-22μm);幼虫尾部比成虫尾部细长,末端指状突起也较长;各虫龄的c'值与虫龄大小成反比;没有发现雄虫。湖南剑线虫与巴西利亚剑线虫(X.brasilienseLordello,1951)和太平洋剑线虫(X.radicicola Goodey,1936)最接近,但存在明显的区分特征。     

HERBICIDE PRACTICE IN ARABLE FARMING DISTRICTS OF EASTERN ENGLAND, 1959-60

Summary. Information on the use of herbicides in the 1959-60 crop year was collected from a stratified random sample of farms in each of four arable farming districts in Eastern England.
In each of the surveyed districts about 80% or more of the area under cereals, 10-20% of other tillage crops and about 10% of the grassland was treated with herbicides. In the three diatricts where peas were widely grown most of this crop was also treated. Contract services were used most on the smaller farms.
MCPA was the most widely used herbicide on cereals, but in two of the four districts mecoprop was also often used. Manufacturer's reeommendations for rates of application were followed fairly closely for MCPA on cereal crops which were not undersown but MCPA was also used on much of the undersown cereals in spite of the risk of damage to the legumes. MCPB and mecoprop were often applied to cereals at rather lower rates than those generally recommended, Little detailed information was obtained about when herbicides were applied but clearly most farmers were influenced more by general crop appearance (and possibly date) than by the stage of growth of crop or weeds.
The weeds most often mentioned by farmers as occurring on areas treated with herbicide were Cirsium spp., Sinapis arvensis. Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album and Rumex spp. The weeds which were most frequently difficult to control were Avena spp. Polygonum persicaria, Tussilago farfara, Stellaria media and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora. The herbicides used were usually appropriate for the weeds which they were intended to control and nine out of every ten farmers asked were satistified with the results of treatment; it was very rare for any detrimental effect on crops to have been noted.
L'emploi d'herbicides dans quatre régions agricoles de l'est de l'Angleterre 1959-60     

菜区趋光性昆虫物种多样性与季节动态分析

菜区趋光性昆虫包含10目47173 ，以鳞翅目和鞘翅目的数量最大，分别占总类数的54．33％和28．81％。3月中旬－5月上旬．10月上旬－12月中旬间物种数出现两个高峰，且后者明显高于前者。物种多相关性一在4月上旬－5月上旬、9月份、11月下旬－翌年1月份较高，其变化同物种数和个体数量有关。不同季节均以鞘翅目、同翅目和鳞翅目优势集中性较高。     

A TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING THE RATE OF ROOT GROWTH OF INTACT SEEDLINGS IN A HERBICIDE MEDIUM

Summary. Time-lapse cine photography was used to record intact seedling root growth of pea and barley during separate exposure of root, shoot + seed, or entire needling to herbicides. The shoot + seed and the root zones were isolated in two square Petri dishes fixed edge to edge, and separately treated with moistened herbicide-treated sand. The seated dishes were placed at an angle of 30° in a photographic chamber. Photographs of roots were automatically recorded at 10-min intervals on 16 mm high speed reversal film over 72 h. Root length images on film were measured using an ocular micrometer. Root growth of pea and barley seedlings was normal when the shoot + seed zone was treated with 2,4-D at 1 and 10 ppm, respectively. In similar treatment of roots growth inhibition occurred after approximately 20 h in both plants, and root growth ceased alter 32 h in peas, and 57 h in barley. These results indicate the inherent tolerance of barley roots to 2,4-D.
Technique pour l'étude du taux de croissance des racines intactes de plantules dans un milieu herbicide     

国外除草剂应用趋势及我国杂草科学研究现状和发展方向

除草剂的应用在发达国家已相当普及,而且使用技术也随着农药化学工业的发展而不断改进,为了保护环境、保护人类健康和降低生产成本,国外除草剂应用研究正朝着科学地降低使用剂量的方向发展。本文在简述当今发达国家除草剂的应用趋势和回顾我国杂草科学研究进展的基础上,就我国杂草科学研究的发展方向提出了几点建议。     

两种中药材活性物质对黄粉虫幼虫的生物学效应

在传统中药材对抗贮藏法中,丹皮与泽泻共贮是较常用方法之一,它使泽泻不易生虫,丹皮不会变色,香气也不易挥发。为探讨其防虫机理,作者进行了丹皮、泽泻及其混合物对黄粉虫幼虫的熏蒸、趋食试验,结果简报如下。     

AUTOMATED COLORIMETRIC PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AND UNCHANGED UREA HERBICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL

Summary. An automated colorimetric method has been described for the determination of both total and unchanged herbicide residues of the urea herbicides fluometuron, metobromuron, chlorbromuron and chlortoluron. The method is based on the well-known Bratton-Marshall diazotization-coupling reaction for aromatic amines and is also applicable for other phenylureas as well as for N-phenylcarbamate and anilide herbicides. The procedure is especially useful when large series of soil samples have to be analysed, for instance in connection with leaching experiments. Manual work and working time have been reduced with this method by up to 50%.