国家级茶树良种‘槠叶齐’系列品种适制茶类与加工利用

茶树良种‘槠叶齐’系湖南省茶叶研究所从湖南安化云台山茶树群体种中通过单株选育法选育而成,‘槠叶齐9号’（又名高芽齐）和‘槠叶齐12号’则是分别从‘槠叶齐’自然杂交后代中采用单株选育法育成;三个品种特性突出,适制性强,特别是制红、绿茶等品质优。本文综合介绍了‘槠叶齐’‘槠叶齐9号’‘槠叶齐12号’三个品种的特征特性及制红茶、绿茶、黑茶等情况;同时提出基于品种特性通过优化工艺或融合其他茶类工艺利用‘槠叶齐’系列品种加工个性化茶产品,以充分发挥和利用三个品种的潜在价值,提高产品附加值,提升产业效益。本文可为今后‘槠叶齐’系列茶树品种的加工利用提供参考。     

优质红绿茶兼用新品种——槠叶齐12号选育研究报告

槠叶齐12号是湖南省茶叶研究所七十年代从槠叶齐实生苗中分离选育的茶树新品种。通过品比、区试和生产示范试验,表明具有成园快、产量高、品质好、抗逆性强、适应性广的优点。1992年1月经湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定为红、绿茶兼用的茶树新品种。     

湖南7个主栽茶树品种的黑茶适制性评价

品种是决定茶叶品质的基础。本研究对槠叶齐等7个湖南主栽茶树品种进行了黑茶适制性评价和氟含量测定,结果表明:槠叶齐和湘波绿2号水浸出物、儿茶素总量和还原糖等含量较高,粗纤维含量较低,黑茶感官审评综合评分优于其他品种,且氟含量远低于300 mg/kg,适合作为优质低氟黑茶品种进行示范推广。     

优质高产红绿茶兼用新品种79-27-17选育研究报告

79—27—17是以槠叶齐为母本，以大叶种混合花粉为父本经人工杂交授粉育成，在实生苗苗圃选拔、无性繁殖、系统选育、品种比较试验中表现突出，制烘青绿茶品质优于福鼎大白茶，制红碎茶品质优于槠叶齐，鲜叶产量极显著高于槠叶齐和福鼎大白茶，是一个优质高产的红绿茶兼用型茶树新品种。     

江华苦茶新品系品质成分动态分析

本文以江华苦茶新品系为研究材料,对茶多酚、氨基酸等品质成分在各季节、各年份的动态变化进行了分析,结果表明:江华苦茶新品种茶多酚含量极显著地高于对照种槠叶齐,各季节间茶多酚、氨基酸含量有着显著的差异,且茶多酚含量各季节间具有较强的相关性,为江华苦茶新品种选育及良种推广提供了依据。     

红茶新品种79—9—5选育研究报告

７９－９－５是以福鼎大白茶为母本，槠叶齐与黄叶水仙混合花粉为父本，人工杂交所获Ｆ１中选育出来的。研究表明：７９－９－５是一个中生，抗寒性强，适应性广的高产红茶新品种。三年平均，比对照福鼎大白茶，槠叶齐分别增产４１．６％，３５．３％，茶多酚含量三年平均值林槠叶齐增加１０％，比福鼎大白茶增加２６．６％。     

高档红条茶适制品种筛选研究

通过感官审评与理化成分分析,对碧香早、尖波黄13号、桃源大叶、保靖黄金茶1号、槠叶齐、福鼎大白茶等6个品种加工的高档红条茶进行品质比较分析。结果表明,保靖黄金茶1号具有明显的品质优势,审评总分最高,尖波黄13号、碧香早、槠叶齐亦表现优秀。     

基于茶树品种酶活性的鲜叶混合加工工夫红茶品质比较

为了提升湖南中小种工夫红茶品质,在测定湖南省茶叶研究所选育的茶树品种多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的基础上,采用传统工艺,以茶树良种槠叶齐和碧香早鲜叶为原料进行混合加工试验,对样品感官审评和生化检测。结果表明:不同茶树品种多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性差异大,其加工的工夫红茶品质差异明显;采取不同品种鲜叶混合加工,能有效提高中小叶种工夫红茶的品质。     

不同组合时间施氮对茶树生长及茶叶品质的影响

以福鼎大白茶、保靖黄金茶1号、槠叶齐、碧香早4个茶树品种为试验对象,采用盆钵法分别进行不同组合时间施氮处理。结果表明：氮肥早施处理有利于促进福鼎大白茶、槠叶齐茶树生长和提高茶叶游离氨基酸含量,降低酚氨比;但保靖黄金茶1号和碧香早则稍有差异,其春茶品质以晚施处理最佳。茶园施氮时间应考虑品种的特性。     

茶树短穗带梢扦插试验

茶树短穗带梢扦插法,是无性繁殖的新方法。为探索其方法及规律,我们十年以来,曾进行过有关试验,並积累了部分资料。试验地设在科研队苗圃园。土壤系四纪红壤。供试品种有槠叶齐、福鼎大白、湘波     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.