超微粉碎对黄连解毒汤中栀子苷和小檗碱溶出的影响

目的:比较普通粉碎和超微粉碎对黄连解毒汤中栀子苷和小檗碱溶出量的影响.方法:用HPLC法测定.结果:超微粉碎可增加栀子苷和小檗碱的溶出量,在超声提取下超微细粉中栀子苷和小檗碱含量分别比细粉提高26.26%和37.07%.结论:超微粉碎没有改变黄连解毒汤固有的药效学物质,但对黄连解毒汤中栀子苷和小檗碱溶出量而言,超微粉碎有重大意义.     

黄连解毒汤细粉及超细微粉组织特征扫描电镜观察

目的：比较黄连解毒汤中药细粉和超细微粉形态学上的差异。方法：黄连解毒汤中药分别进行普通粉碎和超微粉碎，利用扫描电镜对两种不同粉碎方式得到的粉末进行观察。结果：超细微粉碎颗粒大小均匀，电镜下观察基本无完整细胞存在。结论：黄连解毒汤经超微粉碎后，粉末颗粒细微均匀，复方均质度明显改善，绝大多数细胞破壁。     

超微粉碎对黄连解毒散体外抑菌效果的影响

分别采用超微粉碎技术和普通粉碎技术将黄连解毒散制成超细微粉和细粉,应用管碟法进行体外抑菌试验,比较超微粉碎对黄连解毒散体外抑菌效果的影响。结果表明黄连解毒散超细微粉比细粉温水浸泡提取液和醇提取液的抑菌圈均大,差异显著(P<0.01)。说明超微粉碎可明显提高黄连解毒散的体外抑菌效果。     

超微粉碎对菌草鹿角灵芝中多糖、三萜类溶出度的影响

目的:比较不同浸提时间菌草鹿角灵芝超微粉和普通粉中多糖和三萜类溶出率的差异。方法:采用苯酚-硫酸法检测多糖含量,以齐墩果酸为标准品,采用紫外-可见分光光度法检测三萜类含量。结果:相同提取时间下,超微粉多糖和三萜类的溶出量分别比细粉的溶出量提高24%和15.2%,溶出度参数T50和Td检测结果显示,超微粉多糖、三萜类溶出速度也比细粉快,在90 min时超微粉多糖累计溶出量达到95%以上,三萜类在90%以上,而细粉的两项溶出量均仅为约70%。结论:超微粉碎技术有利于菌草鹿角灵芝有效成分的溶出。     

超微粉碎对葛根芩连汤中葛根素、黄芩苷溶出的影响

将葛根芩连汤加工成细粉（40-65目）和超微粉（300目）,高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定葛根芩连汤细粉和超微粉中主要有效成分葛根素、黄芩苷的含量,研究超微粉碎技术对葛根芩连汤主要有效成分葛根素、黄芩苷溶出的影响。结果葛根芩连汤细粉和超微粉中葛根素的含量分别为2.05%、3.20%;葛根芩连汤细粉和超微粉中黄芩苷含量分别为2.78%、3.94%。葛根芩连汤超微粉中的葛根素、黄芩苷含量比细粉分别提高56.10%、41.73%。表明超微粉碎技术能显著提高葛根芩连汤中主要有效成分葛根素和黄芩苷的溶出度。     

超微粉碎对黄连解毒散中成分溶出的影响

超微粉碎目的是通过超微粉碎增大药物颗粒的比表面积、促进溶出、提高生物利用度、从而提高药效,最终达到节省药材资源的目的[1].微粉化技术在中药材及方剂中的应用研究是目前中药现代化的研究热点之一.本试验通过对黄连解毒散中主要药效成分小檗碱、黄芩苷、栀子苷的溶出量和溶出速度进行比较,初步探讨其溶出特性,为黄连解毒散超微粉体的应用与粒径控制提供试验依据.     

黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定灌胃给予黄连解毒散超微细粉和细粉的家兔血浆中黄芩苷的浓度,血药浓度-时间数据经药代动力学分析软件(Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software,PKS)处理,比较黄连解毒散超微细粉和普通细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学参数。结果如下:黄连解毒散超微细粉组、普通细粉组黄芩苷的药代动力学最佳模型均为二室开放模型。黄连解毒散超微细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.497 h-1,t1/2α=2.556 h,t1/2β=8.46 h,AUC0→∞=3.401μg.h/mL,Vd=6.752 L/kg,Tpeak=3.005 h,Cmax=0.311μg/mL;黄连解毒散普通细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.419 h-1,t1/2α=2.74 h,t1/2β=5.83 h,AUC0→∞=2.611μg.h/mL,Vd=12.890 L/kg,Tpeak=3.645 h,Cmax=0.215μg/mL。与细粉比较,黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷的相对生物利用度提高了30.26%。上述结果表明,黄连解毒散经超微粉碎后吸收相增大,可显著提高其有效成分黄芩苷的生物利用度。     

超微粉碎对油菜花粉多糖溶出率的影响

目的：比较不同浸提时间下油菜花粉超微粉和普通粉多糖溶出率的差异。方法：采用苯酚-硫酸法检测多糖含量,红外光谱法测定多糖结构。结果：油菜花粉超微粉多糖的溶出量和溶出速度都大于油菜花粉普通粉。超微粉碎和普通粉碎所得的油菜花粉多糖其主要官能团没有差异。结论：超微粉碎技术能显著提高油菜花粉多糖的溶出量和溶出速度,在油菜花粉多糖提取过程中的应用是可行的。     

板蓝根超微粉粉体特性及水溶性成分溶出研究

通过对板蓝根超微粉碎粉体特性研究,为中药超微粉推广应用提供依据。试验通过扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪及高效液相色谱对板蓝根超微粉、板蓝根普通粉的粒度及水溶性活性成分溶出进行检测,探讨超微粉碎对中药粉碎粒度、活性成分溶出影响。试验结果显示板蓝根超微粉和普通粉D50分别为5.6 μm、171.058 μm;比表面积分别为1.551 cm2/g、0.225 cm2/g;休止角分别为47.43°、42.95°;松密度分别为0.39 g/cm3、0.48 g/cm3。电镜观察超微粉看不到完整细胞结构,多为细胞碎片,而普通粉可以看到完整的细胞。板蓝根超微粉和普通粉水溶性浸出物的溶出量大约为50%和42%。板蓝根超微粉和普通粉多糖提取率分别为9.34%和8.36%。板蓝根超微粉和普通粉中(R,S)-告依春的含量1.068 mg/g、0.784 mg/g。结论：板蓝根经过超微粉碎后,中直粒径可达5.6μm,细胞破壁率可达100%,而普通粉破壁率仅为31.74%;板蓝根经超微粉碎对多糖的溶出显示为超微粉大于普通粉,板蓝根超微粉水溶性活性成分告依春溶出率优于普通粉。     

粉碎粒度对黄芪中主要成分溶出率的影响

采用体外溶出法考察黄芪细粉和超微粉中黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的溶出率。按照2010版《中华人民共和国兽药典》规定进行不同粉碎粒度黄芪体外溶出试验,考察不同粉粹粒度的粉末体外溶出行为和释药机制。结果显示,前30⁶0 min,黄芪中成分溶出率为细粉>超微粉,60 min后,溶出率为500目>300目>200目>1000目>80目。结论:黄芪经超微粉碎后的有效成分的溶出与黄芪的粒度大小和浸润有关,而且浸润后存在最佳溶出率粉粹粒度的现象。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.