超微粉碎对黄连解毒汤中栀子苷和小檗碱溶出的影响

目的:比较普通粉碎和超微粉碎对黄连解毒汤中栀子苷和小檗碱溶出量的影响.方法:用HPLC法测定.结果:超微粉碎可增加栀子苷和小檗碱的溶出量,在超声提取下超微细粉中栀子苷和小檗碱含量分别比细粉提高26.26%和37.07%.结论:超微粉碎没有改变黄连解毒汤固有的药效学物质,但对黄连解毒汤中栀子苷和小檗碱溶出量而言,超微粉碎有重大意义.     

黄连解毒汤细粉及超细微粉组织特征扫描电镜观察

目的：比较黄连解毒汤中药细粉和超细微粉形态学上的差异。方法：黄连解毒汤中药分别进行普通粉碎和超微粉碎，利用扫描电镜对两种不同粉碎方式得到的粉末进行观察。结果：超细微粉碎颗粒大小均匀，电镜下观察基本无完整细胞存在。结论：黄连解毒汤经超微粉碎后，粉末颗粒细微均匀，复方均质度明显改善，绝大多数细胞破壁。     

超微粉碎对黄连解毒散体外抑菌效果的影响

分别采用超微粉碎技术和普通粉碎技术将黄连解毒散制成超细微粉和细粉,应用管碟法进行体外抑菌试验,比较超微粉碎对黄连解毒散体外抑菌效果的影响。结果表明黄连解毒散超细微粉比细粉温水浸泡提取液和醇提取液的抑菌圈均大,差异显著(P<0.01)。说明超微粉碎可明显提高黄连解毒散的体外抑菌效果。     

超微粉碎对菌草鹿角灵芝中多糖、三萜类溶出度的影响

目的:比较不同浸提时间菌草鹿角灵芝超微粉和普通粉中多糖和三萜类溶出率的差异。方法:采用苯酚-硫酸法检测多糖含量,以齐墩果酸为标准品,采用紫外-可见分光光度法检测三萜类含量。结果:相同提取时间下,超微粉多糖和三萜类的溶出量分别比细粉的溶出量提高24%和15.2%,溶出度参数T50和Td检测结果显示,超微粉多糖、三萜类溶出速度也比细粉快,在90 min时超微粉多糖累计溶出量达到95%以上,三萜类在90%以上,而细粉的两项溶出量均仅为约70%。结论:超微粉碎技术有利于菌草鹿角灵芝有效成分的溶出。     

超微粉碎对葛根芩连汤中葛根素、黄芩苷溶出的影响

将葛根芩连汤加工成细粉（40-65目）和超微粉（300目）,高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定葛根芩连汤细粉和超微粉中主要有效成分葛根素、黄芩苷的含量,研究超微粉碎技术对葛根芩连汤主要有效成分葛根素、黄芩苷溶出的影响。结果葛根芩连汤细粉和超微粉中葛根素的含量分别为2.05%、3.20%;葛根芩连汤细粉和超微粉中黄芩苷含量分别为2.78%、3.94%。葛根芩连汤超微粉中的葛根素、黄芩苷含量比细粉分别提高56.10%、41.73%。表明超微粉碎技术能显著提高葛根芩连汤中主要有效成分葛根素和黄芩苷的溶出度。     

超微粉碎对黄连解毒散中成分溶出的影响

超微粉碎目的是通过超微粉碎增大药物颗粒的比表面积、促进溶出、提高生物利用度、从而提高药效,最终达到节省药材资源的目的[1].微粉化技术在中药材及方剂中的应用研究是目前中药现代化的研究热点之一.本试验通过对黄连解毒散中主要药效成分小檗碱、黄芩苷、栀子苷的溶出量和溶出速度进行比较,初步探讨其溶出特性,为黄连解毒散超微粉体的应用与粒径控制提供试验依据.     

黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定灌胃给予黄连解毒散超微细粉和细粉的家兔血浆中黄芩苷的浓度,血药浓度-时间数据经药代动力学分析软件(Pharmaceutical Kinetics Software,PKS)处理,比较黄连解毒散超微细粉和普通细粉中黄芩苷在家兔体内的药代动力学参数。结果如下:黄连解毒散超微细粉组、普通细粉组黄芩苷的药代动力学最佳模型均为二室开放模型。黄连解毒散超微细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.497 h-1,t1/2α=2.556 h,t1/2β=8.46 h,AUC0→∞=3.401μg.h/mL,Vd=6.752 L/kg,Tpeak=3.005 h,Cmax=0.311μg/mL;黄连解毒散普通细粉主要药动学参数:Ka=0.419 h-1,t1/2α=2.74 h,t1/2β=5.83 h,AUC0→∞=2.611μg.h/mL,Vd=12.890 L/kg,Tpeak=3.645 h,Cmax=0.215μg/mL。与细粉比较,黄连解毒散超微细粉中黄芩苷的相对生物利用度提高了30.26%。上述结果表明,黄连解毒散经超微粉碎后吸收相增大,可显著提高其有效成分黄芩苷的生物利用度。     

超微粉碎对油菜花粉多糖溶出率的影响

目的：比较不同浸提时间下油菜花粉超微粉和普通粉多糖溶出率的差异。方法：采用苯酚-硫酸法检测多糖含量,红外光谱法测定多糖结构。结果：油菜花粉超微粉多糖的溶出量和溶出速度都大于油菜花粉普通粉。超微粉碎和普通粉碎所得的油菜花粉多糖其主要官能团没有差异。结论：超微粉碎技术能显著提高油菜花粉多糖的溶出量和溶出速度,在油菜花粉多糖提取过程中的应用是可行的。     

板蓝根超微粉粉体特性及水溶性成分溶出研究

通过对板蓝根超微粉碎粉体特性研究,为中药超微粉推广应用提供依据。试验通过扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪及高效液相色谱对板蓝根超微粉、板蓝根普通粉的粒度及水溶性活性成分溶出进行检测,探讨超微粉碎对中药粉碎粒度、活性成分溶出影响。试验结果显示板蓝根超微粉和普通粉D50分别为5.6 μm、171.058 μm;比表面积分别为1.551 cm2/g、0.225 cm2/g;休止角分别为47.43°、42.95°;松密度分别为0.39 g/cm3、0.48 g/cm3。电镜观察超微粉看不到完整细胞结构,多为细胞碎片,而普通粉可以看到完整的细胞。板蓝根超微粉和普通粉水溶性浸出物的溶出量大约为50%和42%。板蓝根超微粉和普通粉多糖提取率分别为9.34%和8.36%。板蓝根超微粉和普通粉中(R,S)-告依春的含量1.068 mg/g、0.784 mg/g。结论：板蓝根经过超微粉碎后,中直粒径可达5.6μm,细胞破壁率可达100%,而普通粉破壁率仅为31.74%;板蓝根经超微粉碎对多糖的溶出显示为超微粉大于普通粉,板蓝根超微粉水溶性活性成分告依春溶出率优于普通粉。     

粉碎粒度对黄芪中主要成分溶出率的影响

采用体外溶出法考察黄芪细粉和超微粉中黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷的溶出率。按照2010版《中华人民共和国兽药典》规定进行不同粉碎粒度黄芪体外溶出试验,考察不同粉粹粒度的粉末体外溶出行为和释药机制。结果显示,前30⁶0 min,黄芪中成分溶出率为细粉>超微粉,60 min后,溶出率为500目>300目>200目>1000目>80目。结论:黄芪经超微粉碎后的有效成分的溶出与黄芪的粒度大小和浸润有关,而且浸润后存在最佳溶出率粉粹粒度的现象。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -