土壤硼吸附热及温度对硼滞后解吸特性影响的研究

对棕红壤（９７０１）、黄棕壤（９７０２）和灰潮土（９７０３）在２５℃和４０℃条件下,硼吸附－解吸特性,土壤硼吸附热以及温度对土壤滞后解吸的影响进行了研究。结果表明,９７０１、９７０２和９７０３号土壤硼的吸附热分别为－１５．４、－１５．６和－２２．６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ,处于化学吸附热的范围,从热力学上证明了硼在土壤上专性吸附的存在。与２５℃相比,４０℃时土壤硼滞后解吸得到加强。与此相应,施入土壤中的外源硼     

硼的吸附-解吸对土壤表面性质的影响

对三种不同类型土壤———棕红壤、黄棕壤、灰潮土在特定条件下的电荷零点(PZC) :ck—PZC(无硼 )、ads—PZC(硼吸附 )和des—PZC(硼解吸 )的研究发现 ,棕红壤和黄棕壤的ads—PZC与其ck—PZC相比 ,都有较为明显的下降。灰潮土 ,由于本身碳酸盐的缓冲作用 ,其ads—PZC与ck—PZC几乎相等。在硼吸附发生后 ,3种供试土壤的des—PZC较之它们的ads—PZC ,改变甚小 ,但这时灰潮土却保持强劲吸附电位离子的趋势 ,其吸附H 离子数量是棕红壤和黄棕壤的 2倍 ,表明在灰潮土上 ,原先被土壤胶体吸附的硼这时才显示利于电位离子的吸附。研究还表明 ,硼在酸性土壤中的吸附会引起 1 0倍量的质子的吸附     

温度对硼在土壤中吸附－解吸动力学的影响

The effect of temperature on the properties of boron adsorption-desorption in brown-red soil,yellowbrown soil and calcareous alluvial soil of Hubei Province was investigated with the mobile displacement technique.The experimental data of B adsorption-desorption amounts and reaction time at 25 and 40℃ were fitted by the zero-order,first-order and parabolic diffusion kinetic equations.The adsorption process was in conformity with the parabolic diffusion law at both the temperatures,and the values of rate constant of the parabolic diffusion equation in B adsorption were 0.138,0.124 and 0.105 mg kg^-1 min^-1/2 at 25℃,and 0.147,0.146and 0.135mg kg^-1 min^1/2 at 40℃ for the brown-red soil,yellow-brown soil,and calcareous alluvial soil,respectively,The relationship between amount of B desorption and reaction time could be well described by the first-order kinetic equation,and the corresponding values of rate constant were 0.0422,0.0563 and 0.0384min^-1 at 25℃,and 0.0408,0.0423 and 0.0401min^-1 at 40℃ for the brown-red soil,the yellow-brown soil and the calcareous alluvial soil,respectively.Therefore,the desorption process of B might be related to the amount of B adsorbed in soil,The higher th temperature,the lower the amount of B adsorption of the same soil in the same reaction time,The values of the apparent activation energy of B adsorption in the three soils calculated with the rate constants of parabolic diffusion equation were 3.27,8.44 and 12.99 kJ mol^-1,respectively,based on the experimental data of B adsorption amounts and reaction time at and 40℃.     

初始浓度对六氯苯在土壤中的吸附-解吸的影响及解吸

Adsorption and desorption are important processes that influence the transport, transformation, and bioavailability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in soils. To examine the adsorption-desorption characteristics of HCB, equilibrium batch experiments were carried out using two soils (red soil and paddy soil) with different initial HCB concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.50, 2.50, 3.50, and 5.00 mg L^-1) by using 0.01 mol L^-1 calcium chloride as the background solution. The successive desorption experiments (48, 96, 144, 192, and 240 h) were conducted after each adsorption equilibrium experiment. The results revealed that adsorption and desorption isotherms of HCB on two soils were nonlinear, which can be best described by the Freundlich equation with the square of the correlation coefficient (r²) ranging from 0.97 to 0.99. Desorption of HCB from the two soils exhibited hysteresis at all HCB concentrations because the Freundlich desorption coefficients were always higher than the Freundlich adsorption coefficients. The hysteretic effect was enhanced with increasing initial HCB concentration, and positive hysteresis was observed at different concentrations.     

温度对硼在三种矿物上吸附-解吸特性的影响

在实验室对天然Ca 蒙脱进行了纯化 ,并在一定条件下人工合成了针铁矿、水锰矿 ,以此作为实验材料 ,用吸附—解吸平衡法和反应动力学方法研究了温度对硼在Ca 蒙脱 ,针铁矿 ,水锰矿上的吸附、解吸特性的影响。结果表明 :随温度升高 ,Ca 蒙脱对硼的吸附量升高 ,其对硼的解吸滞后性下降 ,水锰矿和针铁矿对硼的吸附量下降 ,其对硼的解吸滞后性加强。计算表明 ,在常温下 ,硼在Ca 蒙脱上的吸附热为 63.0 8kJmol- 1 ,在针铁矿和水锰矿上分别为 - 1 2 2 .45和 - 93 .91kJmol- 1 ,硼在Ca 蒙脱、针铁矿和水锰矿上的解吸热分别为- 31 .0 2 ,53 .95和 46 .30kJmol- 1 。上述结果说明 ,硼在Ca 蒙脱上的吸附为吸热过程 ,解吸为放热过程 ;硼在针铁矿、水锰矿上的吸附为放热过程 ,解吸为吸热过程。随着温度的升高 ,硼与矿物的初始反应速率明显加快 ,而整体反应速率略有下降。     

铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进展

对铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进行了综述,土壤中铬的吸附解吸机理包括非专性吸附(离子交换吸附)、专性吸附以及物理表面吸附,分别对pH、氧化还原电位、土壤组分(土壤矿物和有机质)、竞争离子以及离子强度等因素对铬吸附解吸的影响作了论述。文章进一步描述了土壤中铬吸附解吸的数学模型Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程、一级动力学模型、金属-腐殖酸模型(one-sitemodel)和表面络合模型-扩散层模型(DLM)等的研究情况,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

蔬菜种植年限对土壤磷素吸附解吸特性的影响

为揭示不同种植年限土壤磷的固定和释放机制,通过土壤磷的等温吸附、解吸试验研究种植年限分别为3～5年、15～20年、25～30年的黄棕壤0～5cm和5～20cm土层磷的吸附、解吸特性。结果表明:土壤磷的等温吸附曲线、吸附量-解吸量曲线分别与Langmuir方程(R2为0.8728～0.8436)、二次函数方程拟合良好(R2为0.9545～0.9970);随蔬菜种植年限延长,表层土壤磷最大吸附量(Qm)、磷最大缓冲容量(MBC)明显降低,而土壤磷吸附饱和度(DPS)和解吸率明显提高;种植年限15～20年、25～30年土壤磷的解吸率明显高于3～5年土壤。对表征土壤磷素吸附、解吸特性的主要因子如MBC及DPS等作相关分析发现,无定形铁铝含量的变化是影响土壤磷吸附解吸特性的主要因素。     

外源木炭对苄嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用振荡平衡法研究了除草剂苄嘧磺隆在3个不同粒径木炭和2种不同类型土壤中的吸附-解吸特征,重点考察了外源木炭对苄嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附-解吸过程的影响。结果表明,苄嘧磺隆在土壤和木炭中的吸附-解吸符合Freundlich方程。木炭对苄嘧磺隆有很强的吸附能力,木炭粒径越小,吸附能力越强。添加木炭能显著提高土壤对苄嘧磺隆的吸附量,木炭添加量越多,苄嘧磺隆吸附量越大,相对的解吸量越少。苄嘧磺隆在土壤和木炭中的解吸过程呈明显的滞后效应,且滞后效应随着苄嘧磺隆初始浓度增大和土壤中木炭添加量增大而逐渐加强。该项研究表明,以木炭作为人工添加吸附剂可有效的减少苄嘧磺隆从土壤中的流失。     

金霉素在不同耕作土壤中的吸附－解吸行为

用批平衡吸附试验研究了金霉素在河南封丘潮土、南京黄棕壤、常熟水稻土和江西鹰潭红壤4种土壤中的吸附行为。结果表明,金霉素的土壤吸附-解吸行为均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的线性拟合。其Kf值差异较大,分别为潮土1135Lkg-1,黄棕壤1250Lkg-1,水稻土2618Lkg-1和红壤4315Lkg-1,显示金霉素在4种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大的差异。此外,金霉素在4种土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象。研究还表明4种土壤中金霉素的吸附参数Kf值与土壤pH呈显著负相关。     

水肥状况对土壤剖面中锰的移动和水稻吸锰的影响

水旱轮作条件下水麦缺锰是四川冲积性水稻土上主要的养分胁迫问题,为了深入探讨这一问题,作者利用模拟土柱试验研究了不同水肥状况对四川两种典型冲积土中锰的迁移,转化及其对水稻吸锰的影响。     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区水稻土铜吸附—解吸的影响

以太湖地区三种典型的水稻土（黄泥土、白土、乌泥土）为例，利用模拟-培养试验，着重研究模拟酸雨对土壤的铜吸附解吸能力的影响，研究结果表明：与未淋溶土壤相比，经模拟酸雨淋溶的三种土壤对铜的吸附量有所增加，随着淋溶液pH的降低，增幅减小：易解吸态铜的解吸量则随淋溶液pH的降低而增大，模拟酸雨降低了土壤对重金融污染的缓冲能力；虽然黄泥土、乌泥土对铜的吸附量远大于白土，但模拟酸雨对乌泥土的吸附-解吸能力的影响速度也大于白土。     

EFFECT OF APPLIED LIME AND BORON ON THE AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN AN ACID SOIL

Productivity of resources on acid soils occupying one fourth of the total area in India is abysmally low. Lime is applied to such soils with the primary objective of increasing the productivity of crops by enhancing the availability of native and applied plant nutrients. Greenhouse pot experiments and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of lime and boron (B) on the availability of nutrients in soils and their uptake by plants. The application of lime enhanced the available nitrogen (N,), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) content in soils, which was reflected in their uptake by sunflower (Helianthus annus). On the contrary, availability of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in soil was reduced due to liming. Sunflower responded very well in terms of dry matter yield to B application to the extent of 175% and 188% under 1 and 2 mg kg^?1 applied levels of B, respectively. Dry matter yield of sunflower was reduced to the tune of 29.2 and 42.7% under 2/3 and 1 lime requirement (LR), respectively, over control. Lime application at 1/3 LR with 2 mg kg^?1 of applied B emerged as an optimum combination in acid soils.     

硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P和~(86)Rb的影响

在严重缺硼的灰紫色土上,应用~(32)P及~(86)Rb示踪法,研究硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P、~(86)Rb及其在体内分配的影响。结果表明,在不同磷、钾水平下,低硼和高硼均对其产生抑制作用;在低硼条件下,随磷用量增如减轻棉苗缺硼症状,加速真叶生长,促进`(32)P在真叶中积累;钾用量增加,则加重缺硼症状,抑制真叶生长,促使~(86)Rb在子叶中积累。     

除草剂咪草烟在土壤上吸附-脱附过程及作用机理

本文研究了咪唑啉酮类除草剂咪草烟在不同土壤固－液相间的分配及与土壤组分作用的定量相关性。结论指出：咪草烟在土壤固－液相的分配主要受土壤粘粒,有机质及土壤ｐＨ的影响。它们在土壤上的吸附－脱除均可用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程描述;通过运用红外及Ｘ－衍射技术,从分子水平研究了咪草烟与蒙脱石的作用机理,发现咪草烟与蒙脱的作用不仅发生在表面,而且咪草烟还能进入蒙脱石内层与其层间阳离子形成配合物。     

BORON APPLICATION ON A CHESTNUT ORCHARD: EFFECT ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF NUTS

Although boron (B) deficiency in chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) has been identified in Portugal and B fertilization was carried out in some orchards, the post-treatment evaluations have not been made to date. So the objective of this trial was to confirm the B deficiency and to quantify the effect of B applications to the soil on nut yield and quality. In October 2006, a fertilizer trial was established in a 15 year-old orchard in a very acid soil derived from siliceous schists. Soil liming and a basal fertilization were carried out in 16 trees and two levels of sodium tetraborate (Granubor, 14.6% B) were applied to eight trees: control (B0) and 100 g of Granubor per tree (B1). In the beginning of September chestnut leaves were collected from five trees and analyzed for macro- and micronutrients. Nut productivity was measured per tree and some nut quality parameters were evaluated, including the chemical composition of the kernel (soluble sugars, starch, total fiber, crude protein, and crude fat) in 2007, and dry matter, nut caliber, and fruit damage in 2007 and 2008. Boron fertilization of chestnuts significantly increased nut production: 75% in the first year (8 kg and 14 kg per tree, respectively, in the B0 and B1) and, in the second year, was over four times higher (4 kg and 17 kg per tree, respectively, in the B0 and B1). No significant differences were found in dry matter, nut caliber, nut damage and chemical composition of the kernel in the first year, but in the second year lower fruit damage by chestnut tortrix (P<0.0089) was observed. Foliar analyses exhibit relatively low B concentrations in the control trees (average value of 8 mg kg^?1) in both years, while in the fertilized trees the foliar B concentration were in average 61 mg kg^?1 in the first year, and 34 mg kg^?1 in the second year. The large drop in the foliar B concentration in the second year suggests the need to monitoring the nutrient status of chestnut orchards or more frequent of B application than usual practice.     

施用玉米植株残体对土壤富里酸组成、结构及其变化的影响

采用元素分析和谱学方法对施入玉米植株残体后的土壤FA的变化进行了研究，结果表明，施入玉米植株残体后土壤FA的C、H、N含量均升高，而O的含量降低，并且C／H、O／C和C／N比值均降低。土壤中FA的羧基含量减少，芳香碳的含量下降，FA的氧化程度降低，芳香度显著下降，FA的分子结构向更为简单化的方向发展。同时，酰胺成分增加，脂族链烃结构成分明显增多。土壤FA与无机矿物质的结合能力相对减弱，FA上的羧基逐渐由羧酸盐的形式向游离的羧基形式过渡。玉米植株残体的加入使FA中糖类结构成分增加。对土壤中FA的影响，施入玉米秸秆和根系残体的处理有一定差别。     

五氯酚在酸性土壤表面的吸附-解吸特征研究

本实验研究五氯酚在江西红壤和南京黄棕壤表面的吸附-解吸特征,结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程均能较好地描述PCP在两种土壤表面的吸附,且黄棕壤表面的最大吸附量大于红壤。用动力学方程对PCP在红壤中的吸附过程进行拟合,Elovich方程、双常数方程和一级动力学方程均得到较好的结果,其相关系数(R2)在0.96 ~ 0.99之间,达到极显著水平。Elovich方程反映出PCP在土壤表面吸附的能量非均质分布;而抛物线扩散方程不能描述PCP的吸附过程,其相关系数0.46 ~ 0.48。PCP在土壤中的解吸率与有机质含量和pH值相关,随有机质含量增加,PCP解吸率降低,即黄棕壤表土<黄棕壤底土,红壤表土<红壤底土;随模拟酸雨的pH值降低,土壤因对PCP的吸附能力增加,其解吸率降低。