广东坡地红壤颗粒组成状况的研究：III.土壤颗粒组成与土壤 …

根据所收集的土壤理化分析资料,探讨了广东坡地红壤类型颗粒组成对土壤理化性质的影响,研究结果表明,土壤〈０．０１ｍｍ物理性粘粒或是〈０．００１ｍｍ粘粒含量与土壤结构系数,〈０．００５ｍｍ孔隙度,土壤持水量,土壤阳高子代换量,土壤有机质,土壤Ｎ和Ｐ含量均呈显著正相关,〈０．０１ｍｍ颗粒含量与土壤有效持水量呈显著指数相关,由此可见,土壤颗粒组成是影响土壤肥力的重要因素。     

二滩水电站移民区土壤水分特性的研究

四川省攀枝花市盐边县二滩水电站红格移民安置区农耕地土壤水分性质与抗旱性能的研究结果表明,与当地土壤肥力水平相对较高的菜园土和水稻土相比较,安置区土壤层次性被打乱,无保水性的犁底层存在,水分渗漏强;土壤最大吸湿水,萎蔫系数,田间持水量和有效水含量与土壤〈０．０１ｍｍ物理性粘粒含量呈正相关,土壤保水性能主要取决于土壤〈０．０１ｍｍ物理性粘粒含量,只有有机质含量较高,结构良好的土壤,才能很好地协调土壤保     

紫色水稻土有机无机复合与土粒团聚的关系

紫色水稻土的原土复合量（重组腐殖质）为中性土〉钙质土〉酸性土，同一土壤剖面中其含量是随土层深度下降；而有机无机复合度为钙质土〉中性、酸性土，在土壤剖面中是随土层深度增加。〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚量和〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚度为钙质土〉中性土〉酸性土。原土复合量和有机质含量，物理性粘粒含量、铁氧化物含量与〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚量呈显著正相关；而有机无机复合度与有机质含量呈显著负相关，与腐殖质结合状态，物     

土壤质地对间歇入渗减渗效果的影响

以室内不同质地土壤连续和间歇入渗对比试验为依据,以土壤粒径小于０．００２ｍｍ的粘粒含量的质量百分数为反映土壤质地的物理量,分析讨论了土壤质地对间歇入渗减渗效果的影响。研究结果表明,土壤质地是影响土壤间歇入渗减渗效果的主要因素之一;随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,土壤间歇入渗相对减渗率增加;绝对减渗量以土壤粘粒含量为１３％时为最大;当土壤粘粒含量小于１３％时,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,绝对减渗量增加;当土壤粘粒含量大于１３％时,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,绝对减渗量急剧减小。     

土壤质地对间歇人渗减渗效果的影响

以室内不同质地土壤连续和间歇入渗对比试验为依据,以土壤粒径小于０．００２ｍｍ的粘土粒含量的质量百分数为反映土壤质地的物理量,分析了讨论了土壤质地间歇入渗减渗效果的影响。研究结果表明,土壤质地影响土壤间歇入渗减渗效果的主要因素之一,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,土壤间歇入渗相对减渗率增加,绝对减渗量以土壤粘粒含量为１３％时为最大,当土壤粘粒含量小于１３％时,随着土壤粘粒含量的增加,绝对减渗量增加,当土壤适     

华北黄泛平原潮土土壤养分与土壤粒级的关系研究

根据第二次全国土壤普查资料，利用数理统计的方法研究了华北黄泛平原潮土土壤粒级与土壤养分含量之间的关系。研究结果表明，土壤耕层养分含量与土壤砂粒成负相关，与小于0.01mm的各粒级成正相关。其中土壤有机质含量主要受砂粒（1～0．05mm）和细粘粒（〈0．001mm）含量的影响，土壤全氮含量主要受细粘粒含量的影响，土壤全磷含量主要受砂粒和粗粉粒（0．05-0．01mm）含量的影响，土壤速效磷含量主要受细粘粒含量的影响，土壤速效钾含量主要受细粉粒（0．01，0．005mm）含量的影响。     

杀虫脒在红壤和菜园土中的吸附

本文研究了杀虫剂杀虫脒在红壤和菜园土中的吸附。结果表明,在吸附杀虫脒的土壤各种组分中,粘粒（〈０．００２ｍｍ）及其矿物类型起着关键性的作用,同时土壤中各种氧化物也发挥一定的作用,而土壤有机质的作用则不明显。由于红壤和菜园土的土壤组成和性质存在差别,因此它们对杀虫脒的吸附特征也不一样,菜园土对杀虫脒的吸附强度和数量均高于红壤。     

保护性耕作和植物残体对土壤养分状况的影响

研究了不同耕作和秸秆还田方式对１年２熟（冬小麦－玉米）条件下壤质潮土养分含量的影响。结果表明，随着土壤耕翻程度的降低，土壤养分含量逐渐增加。免耕表土（０￣１０ｃｍ）有机质、全Ｎ和速效磷的含量显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）高于常规耕作（浅耕）方式，其速效钾含量也明显高于其他耕作方式，速效磷和速效钾的增加与免耕土壤有机质含量的提高以及由此导致的ｐＨ值下降显著相关，他们之间存在着显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）的线性关系；秸     

山东省土壤速效硼影响因素分析

对主要类型土壤１７５７个耕层土样速效硼含量进行相关研究。结果表明,成土母质硼的丰度及含硼矿物的稳定性是土壤速效硼含量的决定因素,土类间的相关系数（ｒ）表现为棕壤０．７１＞水稻土０．５８６＞褐土０．４２＝潮土０．４２＞砂姜黑土０．３７。土壤速效硼含量与常年降雨量呈显著或极显著负相关;与土壤有机质含量均呈极显著正相关。硼的吸附量与土壤ｐＨ值、土壤物理性粘粒含量均呈线性正相关,而土壤碳酸钙对硼的吸附则无明显的影响。     

免耕覆盖玉米秸秆对旱塬地土壤环境的影响

免耕覆盖试验结果表明,免耕覆盖玉米秸秆４５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２以上的处理比传统耕作玉米增产２２．１５％～２５．６５％,土壤水分利用效率提高２．９６２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２;ｍｍ。春播前０～２００ｃｍ支速动易效水含量比传统耕作增加１７．０２～４７．９ｍｍ,距地表５ｃｍ、１０ｃｍ、１５ｃｍ处的地积温与秸秆覆盖量呈极显著直线负相关关系。０～１０ｃｍ圭层土壤容竽 随秸秆覆盖量增加而砬小,土壤有机质、全Ｎ、速效磷与     

Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties

The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties, compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002. One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam (Aquic Hapludolls) and Webster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls).Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 °C) over no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index (ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow. Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel plow than no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between post-emergence and tasseling. Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage.     

保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下土壤氮、磷、钾等养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配变化和对产量的影响。试验设深翻耕秸秆还田(MC)、秸秆还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎免耕(NC)和整秸覆盖免耕(NW) 4 种冬小麦播前土壤耕作方式。试验结果表明, 6 年的不同耕作处理对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配有显著影响。秸秆还田旋耕可显著提高土壤表层(0~5 cm)有机质、全氮以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但随土壤深度增加, 提高效果呈逐渐下降趋势; 20~30 cm 土层土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量显著低于秸秆粉碎免耕处理。两种免耕模式(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在苗期明显低于翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)模式,在返青期差异最为显著。到拔节和扬花期, 免耕(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量与翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)之间的差异逐渐减少, 并最终影响到籽粒养分的积累。     

A comparison between seasonal changes in soil water storage and penetration resistance under conventional and conservation tillage systems in Aragón

Low and extremely variable precipitations limit dryland crop production in the semi-arid areas of Aragón (NE Spain). These areas are also affected by high annual rates of topsoil losses by both wind and water erosion. A long-term experiment to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage in the main winter barley production areas of Aragón was initiated in 1989 at four locations, three on loam to silt loam soils (Xerollic Calciorthid) and one on a silty clay loam (Fluventic Ustochrept), receiving between 300 and 600 mm of average annual rainfall. In this study, we compared, under both continuous cropping and cereal-fallow rotation, the effects of conventional tillage (mouldboard plough) and two conservation tillage systems, reduced tillage (chisel plough) and no-tillage, on soil water content and penetration resistance during the first two growing seasons. Whereas reduced and conventionally tilled treatments generally had similar soil water content during the experimental period, the effects of no-tillage were inconsistent. No-tilled plots had from 26% less to 17% more stored soil water (0–80 cm) than conventional tilled plots at the beginning of the growing season. In contrast to the conventional and reduced tillage treatments, penetration resistances were between 2 and 4 MPa after sowing in most of the plough layer (0–40 cm) under no-tillage at all sites. Fallow efficiencies in moisture storage in the cereal-fallow rotation, when compared with the continuous cropping system, ranged from −8.7 to 12%. The highest efficiencies were recorded when the rainfall in the months close to primary tillage exceeded 100 mm. Since this event is very unlikely, long fallowing (9–10 months) appears to be an inefficient practice for water conservation under both conventional and conservation management. Our results suggest that, up to now, only reduced tillage could replace conventional tillage without adverse effects on soil water content and penetration resistance in the dryland cereal-growing areas of Aragón.     

The influence of organic matter in reducing the destabilization of soil by simulated tillage

Different agricultural practices can result in a decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) and a consequent reduction in soil structural stability. Experiments were conducted on soils with a range of SOC values, to quantify the destabilizing effects of increased tillage intensity. Different tillage intensity was simulated with the use of a falling weight, where specific energy levels, similar to those experienced during tillage, were reproduced. The level of destabilization was assessed by the quantity of mechanically dispersed clay (using a turbidimetric technique) and the quantity of water-stable aggregates (WSA) > 0.25 mm remaining after being shaken in water.

The quantity of clay dispersed increased with increasing water content, in the absence of any mechanical pretreatment, the rate of increase rising sharply with declining SOC. Following simulated tillage, and at water contents above the plastic limit, clay dispersion increased in proportion to the energy of disruption, and also increased with decreasing SOC levels. Below the plastic limit all the soils were relatively insensitive to mechanical disruption. A simple empirical model was derived to link clay dispersion to SOC, water content and energy of disruption.

The proportion of WSA declined sharply with decreasing SOC, and to a lesser extent following tillage. The quantity of WSA following simulated intensive tillage (300 J kg⁻¹) of grassland (SOC, 2.8–3.2 g (100 g)⁻¹) was greater than that present, prior to tillage from fallow, arable and arable/ley rotation treatments (SOC 1.1–2.5 g (100 g)⁻¹). Aggregate tensile strength was found to be relatively insensitive to differences in SOC. However, variations of strength within treatments, an indicator of soil friability, increased in proportion with SOC. A turbidity index was derived in which the turbidity of natural and remoulded aggregates was compared. Variation of this index with increasing mechanical energy is used as an indicator of the sensitivity of soils to damage during tillage. A visual representation is constructed to link the sensitivity of soils to damage during tillage with both SOC and water potential. These experiments illustrate that management practices, which lead to a long term reduction in SOC, are responsible for an increase in aggregate strength and reduction in stability plus an increase in sensitivity of soils to structural decline following subsequent tillage.     

Short-term organic matter mineralisation following different types of tillage on a Swedish clay soil

Reduced tillage is proposed as a method of C sequestration in agricultural soils. However, tillage effects on organic matter turnover are often contradictory and data are lacking on how tillage practices affect soil respiration in northern Europe. This field study (1) quantified the short-term effects of different tillage methods and timing on soil respiration and N mineralisation and (2) examined changes in aggregate size distribution due to different tillage operations and how these relate to soil respiration. The study was conducted on Swedish clay soil (Eutric Cambisol) and compared no-tillage with three forms of tillage applied in early or late autumn 2010: mouldboard ploughing to 20–22 cm and chisel ploughing to 12 or 5 cm depth. Soil respiration, soil temperature, gravimetric water content, mineral N and aggregate size distribution were measured. The results showed that respiration was significantly higher (P?<?0.001) in no-till than in tilled plots during the 2 weeks following tillage in early September. Later tillage gave a similar trend but treatments did not differ significantly. Soil tillage and temperature explained 56 % of the variation in respiration. In the early tillage treatment, soil respiration decreased with tillage depth. Mineral N status was not affected by tillage treatment or timing. Soil water content did not differ significantly between tillage practices and therefore did not explain differences in respiration. The results indicate that conventional tillage in early autumn may reduce short-term soil respiration compared with chisel ploughing and no-till in clay soils in northern Europe.     

秸秆还田与旋耕对川中土壤物理性状及玉米机播质量的影响

为明确川中丘陵地区紫土小麦-玉米两熟种植模式下机播玉米生产适宜的秸秆还田方式与耕作方式,改善土壤的瘠薄、黏性过大等问题,提高耕层土壤的播种条件、播种质量,达到作物高产的目的,设置秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)、秸秆还田免耕(NTS)、秸秆不还田旋耕(RT)、秸秆不还田免耕(NT)4个处理,研究麦秸还田与旋耕对川中丘区紫色黏土物理性状及机播夏玉米播种质量的影响。结果表明:与秸秆不还田相比,麦秸还田显著增加了拔节期0~10 cm土层土壤毛管孔隙度和免耕处理0~10 cm全生育时期土壤含水量,显著降低出苗率、播种均匀度和幼苗整齐度等指标。与免耕相比,旋耕处理降低了0~10 cm土壤容重、含水量,增加了毛管孔隙度,出苗率提高9.9%,幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积和干重显著提高。麦秸还田条件下,旋耕处理较免耕处理0~10cm土壤容重降低2.0%~12.1%,出苗率、播种均匀度、每穴苗数、幼苗整齐度显著提高,其中出苗率增加17.9%。玉米出苗率与0~10 cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关,播种均匀度与幼苗整齐度均与0~10 cm土壤容重呈显著负相关。可见,麦秸还田下旋耕处理改善了土壤结构,增加了土壤含水量,更有利于川中丘陵地区小麦-夏玉米种植模式机播玉米质量和幼苗素质的提高。     

Soil physical quality of a Brazilian Oxisol under two tillage systems using the least limiting water range approach

Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the LLWR in a Brazilian clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with maize (Zea mays L. cv. Cargil 701) under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Ninety-six undisturbed soil samples were obtained from maize rows and between rows and used to determine the water retention curve, the soil resistance curve and bulk density. The results demonstrated that LLWR was higher in conventional tillage than in no-tillage and was negatively correlated with bulk density for values above 1.02 g cm⁻³. The range of LLWR variation was 0–0.1184 cm³ cm⁻³ in both systems, with mean values of 0.0785 cm³ cm⁻³ for no-tillage and 0.0964 cm³ cm⁻³ for conventional tillage. Soil resistance to root penetration determined the lower limit of LLWR in 89% of the samples in no-tillage and in 46% of the samples in conventional tillage. Additional evaluations of LLWR are needed under different texture and management conditions in tropical soils.     

Bulk density as a soil quality indicator during conversion to no-tillage

Producers often identify compaction as an important problem, so bulk density is usually included in minimum data sets used to evaluate tillage and crop management effects on soil quality. The hypothesis for this study was that bulk density and associated water content would be useful soil quality indicators for evaluating the transitional effects associated with changing tillage and crop management practices on deep-loess soils. The study was conducted on three deep-loess, field-scale watersheds located in western Iowa, USA. The soils are classified as Haplic Phaeozems, Cumulic-Haplic Phaeozems, and Calcaric Regosols. Watersheds 1 and 2 were converted in 1996 from conventional tillage to no-tillage, while watershed 3 was maintained using ridge-tillage and continuous corn (Zea mays L.), a practice implemented in 1972. Watershed 1 was converted to a corn—soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation while watershed 2 was converted to a 6-year rotation that included corn, soybean, corn plus 3 years of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Bulk density and water content were measured at three landscape positions (summit, side-slope, and toe-slope), in 20 mm increments to a depth of 300 mm, five times between September 1996 and May 2000. Organic C and total N were also measured to a depth of 160 mm during the initial sampling. Neither bulk density nor water content showed any significant differences between the two watersheds being converted to no-tillage or between them and the ridge-till watershed. There also were no significant differences among landscape positions. Bulk densities and water contents showed some differences when adjacent sampling dates were compared, but there was no overall or consistent trend. Our results show that bulk density is not a useful soil quality indicator for these soils within the bulk density range encountered (0.8–1.6 Mg m³). Our results also confirm that producers do not necessarily have to worry about increased compaction when using ridge-tillage or changing from conventional to no-tillage practices on these or similar deep-loess soils.     

免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响

为探明不同耕作方式对土壤剖面结构、水分入渗过程等的作用机理,采集田间长期定位耕作措施(常规耕作、免耕、深松)试验中的原状土柱(0~100 cm)及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm环刀样、原状土及混合土样,通过室内模拟试验进行了0~100 cm土层土壤入渗过程和饱和导水率的测定,分析了不同土层的土壤有机碳含量、土壤结构特征及相互关系。结果表明:从土柱顶部开始供水(恒定水头)到水分全部入渗到土柱底部的时间为:常规耕作免耕深松;土柱土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量为:深松免耕常规耕作;土柱累积蒸发量为:常规耕作免耕深松。土壤的饱和导水率表现为:0~10 cm和50~60 cm土层,免耕深松常规耕作;20~50 cm和60~100 cm土层,深松免耕常规耕作。随土层的加深,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量均表现为先增加(10~20 cm)再降低的趋势。在0~40 cm土层和80~100 cm土层,均以深松处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量最高。在60 cm以上土层,土壤有机碳含量表现为:免耕深松常规耕作,而60 cm土层以下土壤有机碳显著降低,均低于4 g·kg?1,且在70 cm以下土层,常规耕作免耕深松。综上,耕作措施能够改变土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤结构,促进土壤蓄水保墒;深松更利于水分就地入渗,而免耕则更利于有机碳的提升和水分的储存,其作用深度在0~60 cm土层。