复合菌固态生物转化啤酒糟发酵条件优化的研究

利用黑曲霉、绿色木霉、热带假丝酵母三菌株对啤酒酿造下脚料———啤酒糟进行固态发酵转化,在优化的培养基基础上,通过单菌种发酵试验,对发酵接种量、培养方式、菌种配比等进行优化;确定最佳的固态生物转化啤酒糟的发酵条件:菌种配比为,黑曲霉∶绿色木霉∶酵母=2∶1∶1,接种方式为先接黑曲霉、绿色木霉,24h后接酵母。经29℃,200r/min发酵5d得到的产品,具有多种酶活性,酸性蛋白酶酶活力达3540U/g(干基)、纤维素酶活力达432U/g(干基)、糖化酶活力达190U/g(干基),真蛋白质含量升高11.8%。     

以柑橘皮为原料用宇佐美曲霉生产饲用复合酶的研究

以实验室筛选的一株可同时产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和酸性蛋白酶的宇佐美曲霉A.us-amii-CF1为生产菌株,以柑橘皮为原料,对固体发酵培养基的水分含量、起始pH值、碳源、无机盐及柑橘皮粉与豆粕比例对产酶率的影响进行了研究,研究发现,当培养基配方为橘皮粉53%、豆粕23%、麸皮19%、尿素1%、Na2HPO42%、MnSO42%;最佳培养基水分为55%～60%时,菌种产酶活力达到CMC酶41.6U/g、β-葡萄糖苷酶102.2U/g、木聚糖酶2079.6U/g、酸性蛋白酶7884.6U/g。经干燥后的复合酶储存性能稳定。     

动物饲料中红曲霉粉酶活性的研究

通过对红曲霉大米发酵产物的蛋白酶、-淀粉酶、纤维素酶活性的测定。实验证明,红曲霉大米中,纤维素酶为38.6 U/g、蛋白酶为209.2 U/g、-淀粉酶为78.5 U/g。     

米曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌对羽毛粉降解效果研究

为提高羽毛粉的营养价值,通过测定蛋白酶活力和羽毛粉中可溶性蛋白含量,对米曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌对羽毛粉的降解效果进行研究。结果表明:发酵72 h后,米曲霉产蛋白酶活力达到3 256.61 U/g(P<0.05),枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶活力达到690.03 U/g(P<0.05)。米曲霉发酵羽毛粉48 h,可溶性蛋白含量由最初的2.21 mg/g提高到362.07 mg/g(P<0.05)。结果显示,米曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌均可对羽毛粉起到降解作用,其中米曲霉的降解效果更为明显。     

双菌混合发酵过程中营养物质变化的研究

为研究益生茵双茵混合发酵过程中营养物质的变化,本研究以麦麸、豆粕、玉米粉为基质,纳豆芽孢杆菌和啤酒酵母为试验菌株,采用固态发酵的技术,对其发酵过程中的活茵数和营养物质进行分析测定.结果表明:发酵后纳豆芽孢杆茵数为1.74×1010cfu/g,啤酒酵母数为1.76×109 cfu/g,蛋白酶活力达到3361.3 U/g,α-淀粉酶活力达到200 U/g,粗蛋白质含量比发酵前增加了2.6%,肽和氨基酸舍量均为发酵前的2倍.     

米曲霉0-8固态发酵条件优化及其发酵产物对肉仔鸡日粮养分消化的影响

试验通过筛选高产蛋白酶米曲霉及其固态发酵条件优化,获得高酶活固态发酵物,并应用于肉仔鸡日粮,以期为提高肉仔鸡日粮蛋白质等养分利用提供技术手段。经过对8种不同米曲霉孢子产品进行初筛、复筛后获得一株产酸性蛋白酶较高的米曲霉菌株0-8,采用单因素和正交试验设计,对其产酸性蛋白酶发酵条件进行优化。结果表明：米曲霉菌株0-8产酸性蛋白酶培养的最适温度30℃、发酵时间66 h、初始水分47.40%、接种量1.5×107个/mL、麸皮含量80%、碳氮比（C/N）为1/3,优化后酸性蛋白酶活力达14 416.64 U/g,比优化前提高了157.02%。在肉仔鸡日粮中添加米曲霉0-8发酵物500 mg/kg,经过适应期10 d、正试期5 d的饲养试验,结果表明：与对照组相比,添加米曲霉0-8发酵物对粗蛋白质及能量消化率均有一定提高,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。日粮添加米曲霉发酵物有益于肉仔鸡的生产,但其添加水平及方式有待进一步研究。     

多菌株发酵农产品加工副产物制备蛋白质饲料的工艺优化

本试验以农产品加工副产物玉米蛋白粉、米糠和豆粕为原料，通过多菌株固态发酵生产蛋白质饲料。以可溶性蛋白含量为指标，经单因素和正交试验优化发酵工艺条件。结果表明：培养基中玉米蛋白粉、米糠和豆粕的质量比例为5:2:3，含水量为53%(V/m)，米曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌和产朊假丝酵母种子液按体积比3:2:1组成复合种子液，接种量为6%，在32℃发酵72 h。在上述优化条件下发酵后玉米蛋白粉饲料中可溶性蛋白含量为19.37%、粗蛋白质约40.22%、干物质约54.17%、蛋白酶活力2926.52 U/g、羧甲基纤维素酶活力1092.07 U/g。因此表明，通过多菌株发酵显著提高了饲料营养价值。     

复方中药发酵工艺优化及防治鲫鱼出血病的初步研究

以复方中药为发酵基质,米曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌作为复合发酵菌种,纤维素酶活力和总菌数为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验的方法,探讨多菌种混合发酵复方中药的最佳工艺条件,并测定中药及不同比例发酵中药对嗜水气单胞菌引起的澎泽鲫出血病的防治效果。结果表明:固态发酵中药的最佳工艺参数为,发酵时间72 h,初始含水量60%,总接种量9%,纤维素酶活力达到15.02 U/g。饲喂添加2%中药的饲料后,预防组澎泽鲫成活率提高52.5%,治疗组提高35%,相比较等添加量的未发酵中药,发酵中药预防组成活率提高22.5%,治疗组提高30%,发酵中药和中药对嗜水气单胞菌引起的鲫鱼出血病均有明显的预防和治疗作用(P0.05),且发酵中药使用的效果优于未发酵中药。     

棉粕发酵前后营养成分变化研究

文章利用复合芽孢杆菌为菌种,通过固态发酵,研究棉粕发酵前后营养成分变化情况,结果表明,发酵最佳条件:棉粕:麦麸为90%:10%(、NH4)2SO4 1%、含水量50%、发酵初始pH值6.0、接种量6%(V/W)、发酵温度40℃、发酵时间6 d、装量为70 g/250 ml三角瓶。棉粕发酵后CP提高6.99个百分点、淀粉酶活力提高766 U/g、脂肪酶活力提高299 U/g,均显著高于未发酵对照组(P<0.05)。     

布拉酵母与扣囊拟内孢霉混合固体发酵的酶活力测定

试验采用布拉酵母菌和扣囊拟内孢霉混合固体发酵饲料,研究发现扣囊拟内孢霉对布拉酵母发酵有促进作用。对不同固体发酵样品进行α-淀粉酶、糖化酶和蛋白酶的活力测定,并测定相应菌数。淀粉酶活力测定结果表明,混合菌种的最佳培养时间为25 h。糖化酶活力测定结果表明,混合菌种的最佳培养时间为20 h。蛋白酶活力测定结果表明,混合菌种的最佳培养时间为30 h。菌数测定结果表明混合菌种的最佳培养时间为20 h。综合酶活力和菌数的研究结果得出结论:布拉氏酵母菌和扣囊拟内孢霉混合固体发酵的最佳时间为20~25 h。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.