Effects of physical agitation on yield of greenhouse-grown soybean

Agronomic and horticultural crop species experience reductions in growth and harvestable yield after exposure to physical agitation (also known as mechanical stress), as by wind or rain. A greenhouse study was conducted to test the influence of mechanical stress on soybean yield and to determine if exposure to mechanical stress during discrete growth periods has differential effects on seed yield. A modified rotatory shaker was used to apply seismic (i.e., shaking) stress. Brief, periodic episodes of seismic stress reduced stem length, total seed dry weight, and seed number of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Lodging resistance was greater for plants stressed during vegetative growth or throughout vegetative and reproductive growth than during reproductive growth only. Seed dry weight yield was reduced regardless of the timing or duration of stress application, but was lowest when applied during reproductive development. Seismic stress applied during reproductive growth stages R1 to R2 (Days 3 to 4) was as detrimental to seed dry weight accumulation as was stress applied during growth stages R1 to R6 (Days 39 to 42). Seed dry weight per plant was highly correlated with seed number per plant, and seed number was correlated with the seed number of two- and three-seeded pods. Dry weight per 100 seeds was unaffected by seismic-stress treatment. Growth and yield reductions resulting from treatments applied only during the vegetative stage imply that long-term mechanical effects were induced, from which the plants did not fully recover. It is unclear which yield-controlling physiological processes were affected by mechanical stress. Both transient and long-term effects on yield-controlling processes remain to be elucidated.     

渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为研究渍害胁迫时期和持续时间对小麦产量及其构成因素的定量化影响,以扬麦13号为供试品种,在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期,开展不同渍害胁迫持续时间（0、5、10和15 d）的盆栽试验,观测不同渍害胁迫处理下小麦产量及其构成因素的变化。结果表明,不同生育时期发生渍害胁迫均可导致小麦减产,且随渍害胁迫时间的延长,小麦产量下降均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。渍害胁迫造成的减产呈现为孕穗期>拔节期>灌浆期,渍害胁迫每增加1天,孕穗期、拔节期和灌浆期小麦单株产量分别下降0.79、0.59和0.48 g,表明孕穗期是小麦渍害胁迫的敏感期。此外,不同生育时期渍害胁迫对小麦产量构成的影响存在明显差异。拔节期渍害胁迫同时降低小麦株穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,但主要通过降低小麦穗粒数造成产量下降;灌浆期渍害胁迫对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响较小,主要通过降低千粒重造成小麦产量下降;孕穗期处于小麦从营养生长转为生殖生长阶段,此时发生渍害胁迫,对小麦株穗数和穗粒数的影响大于灌浆期,对千粒重的影响大于拔节期,因此,孕穗期渍害胁迫造成小麦减产最严重。为预防渍害胁迫造成小麦严重减产,应在孕穗期前后密切关注天气状况,在田间及时开沟排水。     

Nodulation control of crack fertilization technique reduced the growth inhibition of soybean caused by short-term waterlogging at early vegetative stage

Waterlogging is the constraint for soybean growth and yield, because soybean is often cultivated in upland fields converted from paddy in Japan. However, efficient cultivation techniques for alleviating the adverse effects have not been developed. We have proposed the new soybean cultivation technique named crack fertilization which enables yield increase due to enhancing new root growth and N acquisition by increasing nodulation. Waterlogging induces N deficiency due to the suppression of nutrient uptake by the inhibition of root growth and nodule activity. Thus, it is hypothesized that crack fertilization would be effective to alleviate the inhibition of soybean growth and yield. The soybean cultivar of Sachiyutaka was planted in 1/5000 a Wagner pots and root boxes. Two separate waterlogging treatments were imposed to soybean plants at different growth stages, V1 and R4, and crack fertilization was done at V3. After these treatments, soybean plants were sampled at R5 in 2012 and 2013 experiments, respectively. Waterlogging at V1 and R4 inhibited the growth and yield of soybean and nodule growth, and the decreases in physiological parameters of soybean such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and xylem sap exudation rate were observed. The adverse effects of waterlogging at V1 were alleviated by crack fertilization at V3, whereas crack fertilization could not alleviate the adverse effects of waterlogging at R4. Thus, crack fertilization after waterlogging at early vegetative stage would be the cultivation technique that enables to alleviate the adverse effects.     

水旱轮作大豆的营养生长与根系活力的关系

大豆是实行水旱轮作制度的重要作物之一,水田的排水不良是导致轮作大豆减产的重要原因.通过对水旱轮作大豆幼苗进行过湿处理,分析了不同大豆品种的营养生长特性与根系生理活性的关系.轮作大豆在过湿条件下,所有品种的生育都受到抑制,干物质生产受抑制程度存在着品种间的差异.营养生长诸性状中,伤流速度受过湿处理影响最大,处理区的伤流速度仅为对照区的64.2%.过湿处理导致伤流液中氮含量几乎减少了一半,伤流中的氮含量与叶片氮素含量之间存在极显著正相关关系,过湿条件下叶片氮含量的减少是由于根的氮素吸收能力的低下所致.遭遇过湿逆境时的植株个体大小与维持物质生产关系密切.过湿处理期间及其后的干物质增加量的大小与以伤流速度为代表的根系活力密切相关,说明从田间管理技术上提高大豆的根系活力以维持水旱轮作大豆的干物质生产是可行的.     

Effects of Waterlogging on Nitrogen Fixation and Photosynthesis in Supernodulating Soybean Cultivar Kanto 100

Abstract

The supernodulating soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar Kanto 100 was previously characterized by superior nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthesis, and resulting in high yields. However, this cultivar seems to be susceptible to waterlogging during the vegetative growth stage, which frequently occurs in major soybean producing areas in East Asia. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of waterlogging on nodulation, N fixation and photosynthesis in Kanto 100 with those in its normally-nodulating ancestral cultivar Enrei. Kanto 100 and Enrei were grown in pots, and subjected to waterlogging for 10 days at three vegetative growth stages in 2003 and 2004. Waterlogging significantly reduced the number of nodules of both cultivars, but the magnitude of the reduction was more pronounced in Kanto 100. The acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of nodules and apparent photosynthetic rate (AP) of leaves were generally depressed immediately after the start of waterlogging, but both functions recovered substantially at the pod-filling stage in both cultivars. No marked cultivar difference was found in the magnitude of the reduction of ARA per plant and AP measured immediately after waterlogging and at the pod-filling stage in both years, but growth impairment was more pronounced in Kanto 100 in 2003. These results suggest that the supernodulating cultivar Kanto 100 is more susceptible to waterlogging than its normally-nodulating ancestral cultivar.     

Effect of N fertilizer top-dressing at various reproductive stages on growth,N2 fixation and yield of three soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is one of the most important food and cash crops in China and a key protein source for the farmers in northern China. Previous experiments in both the field and greenhouse have shown that N₂ fixation alone cannot meet the N requirement for maximizing soybean yield, and that N top-dressing at the flowering stage was more efficient than N top-dressing at the vegetative stages. However, the effect of N fertilizer application at other reproductive stages of soybean is unknown. Thus, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of N applications at various reproductive stages on growth, N₂ fixation and yield of three soybean genotypes. The results showed that starter N at 25 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in minimum yield, total N accumulation and total amount of N₂ fixed in all three genotypes. N top-dressing at 50 kg ha⁻¹ at either the V2 or R1 stages, significantly increased N accumulation, yield and total amount of N₂ fixed in all three genotypes. However, N top-dressing at the same rate at either the R3 or R5 stage did not show this positive effect in any of the three genotypes. Thus, the best timing for N top-dressing during reproduction is at the flowering stage, which increased seed yield by 21% for Wuyin 9, 27% for You 91-19, and 26% for Jufeng, respectively, compared to the treatment without N top-dressing.     

Differentiating the early impacts of topsoil removal and soil amendments on crop performance/productivity of corn and soybean in eroded farmland of Chinese Mollisols

Farmland soil erosion affects crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2006 on a typical Chinese Mollisol at a farm in Hailun, Heilongjiang, China, to differentiate the early impact of topsoil removal on corn and soybean yield, and to determine the effectiveness of soil amendments for restoring the productivity of eroded soils. The simulated erosion levels were established in the autumn of 2004 by removing up to 30 cm of topsoil in 5-cm and 10-cm depth increments. The two soil amendments were: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) chemical fertilizer at the normal farm rate, and NPK chemical fertilizer plus cattle manure. Above-ground dry matter was substantially reduced by topsoil removal at later stages of vegetative growth, while a reduction in root dry mass was observed earlier. Plant height at harvest and photosynthetic rates during reproductive stages were also reduced. Across the 2 years in the normal fertilizer rate, the 5 cm and 10 cm topsoil removal reduced soybean yield by 5% and 9%, and corn yield by 10% and 13% respectively, while 20 cm and 30 cm topsoil removal reduced soybean yield by 37% and 53%, and corn yield by 46% and 73% respectively. Corn was more sensitive to topsoil removal and responded more to application of cattle manure than soybean. The addition of manure did not improve above-ground dry matter accumulation in soybean but greatly increased dry matter in corn in 2006 with a lesser increase in 2005. A significant increase in root growth was found with the addition of chemical fertilizers plus cattle manure in 2006, especially for corn. The addition of cattle manure was an excellent amendment to restore productivity through an enhanced effect on the photosynthetic rate, particularly in corn. Addition of cattle manure with chemical fertilizer restored crop yield in the slightly eroded soil (5 cm topsoil removal). The use of chemical fertilizers with cattle manure for improving crop yields on eroded soils is important in the regions similar to the Chinese Mollisols.     

大豆不同生殖生长期干旱胁迫条件下施磷对根系形态性状的影响

磷素(P)是提高植物抗水分胁迫能力的重要因子.选取大豆(Glycinemax L. Merrill)品种东农434进行盆栽试验,分别在大豆R1期(初花期)和R4期(盛荚期)进行干旱胁迫处理,解析P在干旱胁迫条件下对根系性状和产量的影响.试验设置4个施P水平,即0、7.3、14.6和29.2 mgkg-1.3个水份处理,即(1)全生育期维持田间持水量(FWC)的65%～75%为对照;(2)R1期控水为FWC的30%～40%;(3)R4期控水为FWC的30%～40%.结果表明,两个时期的干旱胁迫均显著影响根系性状,降低产量,且R4期比R1期严重.磷素营养显著改善干旱胁迫所引起的不利影响,增加根干重、根长、根表面积,进而减少大豆产量的损失.     

夏大豆花荚期受渍胁迫对农艺性状、产量与品质的影响

为了探索平原湖区易涝易渍耕地种植夏大豆的排水管理 ,选择大豆关键生育期—花荚期进行了不同水处理试验 ,研究了夏大豆不同受渍胁迫对农艺性状、产量及品质的影响。结果表明 ,受渍胁迫引起大豆单株粒数、单株荚数、单株粒重、百粒重等降低 ,从而导致减产。随着受渍时间的延长 ,减产幅度增大 ;籽粒中粗脂肪含量增加 ,粗蛋白含量下降 ,但是 ,各受渍处理间两者总含量差异不明显。     

Poor grain filling induced by waterlogging is similar to that in abnormal early ripening in wheat in Western Japan

Abnormal early ripening (AER), a major constraint on wheat production in Western Japan, manifests as sudden leaf senescence shortly after anthesis and results in poor grain filling; this leads to smaller grains and reduced grain yield. It is suggested that overwetting of the soil may be related to AER. We conducted field experiments over 2 seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010) in Yamaguchi, Western Japan, with waterlogging treatment using 2 Japanese wheat cultivars, Daichinominori (Western Japanese cultivar) and Haruyutaka (Hokkaido cultivar), which differ in terms of grain growth in the environment of Western Japan. We imposed pre-anthesis waterlogging for 2 weeks in 2008-2009 and post-anthesis waterlogging throughout the grain-filling period in 2009-2010. Pre-anthesis waterlogging had no significant effect on grain yield or grain filling irrespective of cultivar. Post-anthesis waterlogging severely reduced the grain yield by 44% and 36% in Haruyutaka and Daichinominori, respectively. The yield loss was attributable to the smaller grain weight that was a result of slower grain growth rate later in the shortened grain-filling period. Post-anthesis waterlogging induced sudden leaf senescence 1 and 2 weeks after anthesis in Haruyutaka and Daichinominori, respectively, and drastically reduced the photosynthesis and ultimately dry mass accumulation. It also depressed the remobilization of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) from culms to grains leaving more residual WSCs in the culms at harvest (149 and 65 mg g⁻¹ DW in waterlogging and controls, respectively). The results indicate that the reduced grain growth due to waterlogging was attributable to decreased current assimilation and poor remobilization of culm WSCs to grain similar to that in AER plants. These results suggest that injured root function after anthesis might induce early leaf senescence and poor grain filling similar to AER wheat.     

Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn

A field study was carried out from 1995 to 1997 in order to determine the effect of irrigation and water stress imposed at different development stages on vegetative growth, grain yield and other yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). The field trials were conducted on a silty loam Entisol soil, with Pioneer 3377 corn hybrid. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Four known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 16 (including rain fed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on plant height, leaf area index, grain yield per hectare, as well number of ears per plant, grain yield per cob and 1000 kernels weight, were evaluated. Results of this 3-year study show that all vegetative and yield parameters were significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive tasselling and cob formation stages. Water stress occurring during vegetative and tasselling stages reduced plant height, as well as leaf area development. Short-duration water deficits during the rapid vegetative growth period caused 28–32% loss of final dry matter weight. Highest yields were observed in the fully irrigated control (VTCM) and the treatment which allowed water stress during the vegetative growth stage (TCM). Even a single irrigation omission during one of the sensitive growth stages, caused up to 40% grain yield losses during dry years such as 1996. Much greater losses of 66–93% could be expected as a result of prolonged water stress during tasselling and ear formation stages. Seasonal irrigation water amounts required for non-stressed production varied by year from 390 to 575 mm. Yield response factor (k_y) values (unitless parameter) relating yield loss to water deficits) obtained for the first, second and third experimental years were determined to be 1.22, 1.36 and 0.81, respectively.     

Water and nitrogen limitations in soybean grain production II. Field and model analyses

A short-season and a long-season soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivar were grown on two different soil types under both irrigated and water-limited conditions in a semi-arid tropical environment. In addition to differences in water holding capacity, the clay soil had less available soil nitrogen than the sandy loam soil. The experimental water regimes coupled with the differing soil types gave a wide range in yield response. A model analysis was done to simulate the crop growth to identify those factors that limited yield. Under irrigated conditions, the yields of crops grown on the clay soil were found in the model to be especially limited by low amounts of available soil nitrogen. With weekly irrigation of the sandy loam soil, the long-season cultivar in the simulation experienced brief episodes of water shortage which reduced the nitrogen fixation rate. An optimal irrigation schedule was simulated based on soil water depletion, which improved yield and saved water compared to the simulated weekly schedule. Terminal water deficits reduced yields more for the long-season cultivar both experimentally and in the simulations, as the short-season cultivar initiated seed growth earlier and produced greater seed mass before water shortage terminated crop growth.A model analysis of the water limitations showed that water deficits at the beginning of seed fill had the greatest effect on yields. Greater soil water storage as simulated by greater depth of water extraction resulted in increased yields. Increased nitrogen supply to the crop simulated by either greater soil nitrogen availability or increased nitrogen fixation rates resulted in substantial yield increases.     

Root plasticity under fluctuating soil moisture stress exhibited by backcross inbred line of a rice variety,Nipponbare carrying introgressed segments from KDML105 and detection of the associated QTLs

In rainfed lowland rice ecosystem, rice plants are often exposed to alternating recurrences of waterlogging and drought due to erratic rainfall. Such soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) which is completely different from simple or progressive drought could be stressful for plant growth, thereby causing reduction in yield. Root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation under such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in dry matter production and yield under SMF using Nipponbare, KDML 105 and three backcross inbred lines (BILs) and to identify QTL(s) associated with root traits in response to SMF at two growth stages using Nipponbare/KDML105 F₂ plants. A BIL, G3-3 showed higher shoot dry matter production and yield than Nipponbare due to its greater ability to maintain stomatal conductance concomitant with greater root system development caused by promoted production of nodal and lateral roots under SMF. QTLs were identified for total nodal root length, total lateral root length, total root length, number of nodal roots, and branching index under SMF at vegetative and reproductive stages. The QTLs detected at vegetative and reproductive stages were different. We discuss here that relationship between root system of G3-3 and the detected QTLs. Therefore, G3-3 and the identified QTLs could be useful genetic materials in breeding program for improving the adaptation of rice plants in target rainfed lowland areas.     

大豆光合生理生态的研究：第13报 大豆叶片的光合速率和水分利用效率

大豆叶片的水分利用效率明显随生育期进程而变化。大体上从幼苗期到结荚期较低,而初生叶及鼓粒期、黄叶期叶片较高。光合速率随生育期进程呈单峰曲线变化,以鼓粒期最高。生殖生长期间水分利用效率的日变化是早晚较高,9:00～15:00较低且变化平缓。不同层次叶片水分利用效率,在结荚鼓粒期自而下依次增高,开花期无明显差异。     

Stem growth during seed production in soybean: Implications for pod yield

In soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), stems remain a competitive carbon resource sink during reproduction. Radial stem expansion after termination of axial stem growth requires resources to produce secondary cell walls in secondary vascular tissues. The impact of both the timing and extent of secondary growth in stems on fruit production in soybean is unknown. We hypothesized that cultivars gaining higher amounts of secondary vascular tissues during seed filling would experience lower reproductive output. Four determinate cultivars were grown in a greenhouse and harvested at the beginning and ending of seed filling for biomass determination and tissue composition measurement (ImageJ-Fiji). Cultivar ‘Hanover’ entered seed filling with the lowest amount of secondary phloem. It produced the largest increase in radial stem expansion, largest seeds, and fewest undeveloped (aborted) fruits. The physiological role of active secondary phloem production in stems for seed production in soybean reproduction is unclear. We reject our initial hypothesis and propose that high fitness may require the concomitant growth of vegetative and reproductive organs.     

基于相对生长率的大豆旱灾系统敏感性定量评估研究

针对大豆旱灾系统敏感性定量评估的复杂性与重要性,依托新马桥农水综合试验站开展大豆防雨棚盆栽受旱胁迫专项试验,分析了大豆不同生育期受旱胁迫对根(冠)干物质积累及根冠比的影响,运用作物生长解析法构建了基于相对生长率(RGR)的大豆旱灾系统敏感性函数,实现对大豆旱灾系统敏感性的定量评估。结果表明:大豆苗期受旱胁迫会出现相对生长率较大幅度的降低,但随着受旱胁迫度的增大对大豆生长和干物质积累的抑制作用增强不明显,且受旱胁迫会激发自身适应受旱胁迫的机制而可能对后期生长发育有利,宜根据时机控制该生育期水分供给,保证苗全即可;大豆分枝期旱灾系统敏感性较强,但该生育期内轻度受旱胁迫对大豆生长发育影响不明显,宜保证该生育期水分供给高于轻度受旱胁迫(土壤含水率田间持水含水率的55%),以保障大豆株壮、枝多;大豆花荚期是水分和养分需求最大的时期,该生育期旱灾系统较敏感,特别是重度受旱胁迫时系统敏感性最大,宜充分保证该生育期的水分供给(土壤含水率田间持水含水率的75%),以保障大豆花多、荚多、粒多;大豆鼓粒成熟期由于营养生长基本停止、干物质积累几乎停滞,导致基于总干物质相对生长率旱灾系统敏感性最小,但该期是产量形成的关键期,宜保证该生育期尤其鼓粒期的水分供给(土壤含水率田间持水含水率的75%),以保障完熟期粒多、粒重。     

大豆连作微量元素营养研究Ⅲ.连作对锰营养的影响

本文通过田间与盆栽对比试验及室内分析相结合的方法,研究了大豆连作胁迫下锰营养的变化特征。结果表明,不同生育时期中各连作年限土壤有效锰含量总体高于正茬,但连作大豆植株吸收积累锰却低于正茬,这种差异在盛花、结荚、鼓粒期表现明显。不同生育时期连作大豆植株锰营养与氮、磷营养相关极显著,分枝期植株锰营养与多酚氧化酶活性相关显著,盛花期、结荚期植株锰营养与产量相关显著。此外,本文还探讨了连作大豆土壤有效锰变化的原因。本研究为合理进行连作大豆锰营养调控,减轻连作障碍提供了科学依据。     

大豆生殖生长期根系形态性状与产量关系研究

以稳定的大豆新品系进行连续2年的生殖生长期根系形态性状的比较研究.结果表明,生殖生长期根系形态性状存在较明显的基因型差异,尤其在R5期后,产量较高的海-560的根系生物量、根体积和根长均大于观-009;施肥有效地促进根系生长,降水较多的年份土壤中的根系密度较高,施肥增强这种趋势,尤以0～30 cm内的土层显著;根系性状与产量间存在显著的相关关系,其中根长与产量的关系更为密切.在雨养农业中,选育根系强大的品种,并根据气候变化因地制宜的科学施肥,协调水肥关系,提高水分及养分利用率,对于提高作物产量是十分必要的.     

An evaluation of the effect of exogenous glycinebetaine on the growth and yield of soybean: timing of application,watering regimes and cultivars

Various soybean cultivars were grown under different watering regimes in the field and greenhouse in south-eastern U.S.A. (1995 and 1996), and in the field in north-eastern Western Australia (1995). Aqueous glycinebetaine was applied at different growth stages onto their foliage with the objective of ameliorating effects of water stress on photosynthesis activity, nitrogen fixation, leaf growth, biomass accumulation and seed yield. There were cultivar differences in response to drought. Trends which suggest that exogenous glycinebetaine could improve photosynthesis activity, nitrogen fixation and leaf area development, were established. The observed seed yield increase of both well-watered and drought-stressed plants was associated with greater number of seeds following the application of 3 kg ha⁻¹ glycinebetaine. The results indicate that foliar-applied glycinebetaine possesses anti-transpirant properties and has the potential to improve drought tolerance and reduce the amount of water used for irrigation, without any significant decrease in economic yield. There is evidence that soybean could be classified as a low-accumulator of glycinebetaine.     

干旱胁迫对不同生育阶段大豆产量形态建成的影响

在盆栽条件下,以12个大豆品种(系)为材料,分别在V1～V5,R1～R4,R5～R8期进行干旱胁迫处理,并测定了根系形态指标、于物质积累、光合生理指标,农艺性状及产量的变化.结果表明:苗期干旱胁迫对大豆根系形态影响较大,根体积、根径、根系伸长、根系总表面积都有增大的趋势,而其它时期的干旱胁迫均使根形态发育减缓;干旱胁迫...