Disruption of the CFTR gene produces a model of cystic fibrosis in newborn pigs

Almost two decades after CFTR was identified as the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF), we still lack answers to many questions about the pathogenesis of the disease, and it remains incurable. Mice with a disrupted CFTR gene have greatly facilitated CF studies, but the mutant mice do not develop the characteristic manifestations of human CF, including abnormalities of the pancreas, lung, intestine, liver, and other organs. Because pigs share many anatomical and physiological features with humans, we generated pigs with a targeted disruption of both CFTR alleles. Newborn pigs lacking CFTR exhibited defective chloride transport and developed meconium ileus, exocrine pancreatic destruction, and focal biliary cirrhosis, replicating abnormalities seen in newborn humans with CF. The pig model may provide opportunities to address persistent questions about CF pathogenesis and accelerate discovery of strategies for prevention and treatment.     

猪CFTR基因特异性锌指核酸酶的筛选与鉴定

【目的】获得靶向猪囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator,CFTR)基因的特异锌指核酸酶(Zinc finger nuclease,ZFN),为建立CFTR基因敲除猪细胞系提供技术支持。【方法】通过开源式(Oligomerized pool engineering,OPEN)方法筛选,首先以已知三锌指蛋白为框架,随机突变单个锌指关键位点氨基酸编码序列,建立人工三锌指蛋白随机库;然后应用细菌双杂交技术,从库中筛选出能够结合CFTR基因靶位点的三锌指蛋白;最后将获得的锌指蛋白与非限制性核酸内切酶FokⅠ组装成特异ZFN,通过酵母验证体系,检测ZFN靶向切割其识别序列的效率。【结果】获得3个人工三锌指蛋白随机库,每个库约含有2×10⁶个单克隆,通过2轮细菌双杂交筛选,分别获得48个针对CFTR基因左右两侧靶位点的三锌指蛋白。ZFN活性验证结果表明,约90%的ZFN能够在酵母细胞内实现靶向切割,获得了高效特异的ZFN。【结论】获得了猪CFTR基因高效特异的ZFN。     

Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis

Approximately 70 percent of the mutations in cystic fibrosis patients correspond to a specific deletion of three base pairs, which results in the loss of a phenylalanine residue at amino acid position 508 of the putative product of the cystic fibrosis gene. Extended haplotype data based on DNA markers closely linked to the putative disease gene locus suggest that the remainder of the cystic fibrosis mutant gene pool consists of multiple, different mutations. A small set of these latter mutant alleles (about 8 percent) may confer residual pancreatic exocrine function in a subgroup of patients who are pancreatic sufficient. The ability to detect mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene at the DNA level has important implications for genetic diagnosis.     

姜黄素衍生物的合成

[目的]对姜黄素进行结构修饰,为其开发提供理论依据。[方法]姜黄素与氯化乙酰在冰水浴下搅拌反应制得姜黄素乙酸酯衍生物产品。用硅胶层析的方法,分离改性合成产物。[结果]用数字熔点仪对分离组分进行了测定,发现所分离的产物为姜黄素乙酸酯衍生物产品。[结论]反应产物纯度、产率较高。     

姜黄素吸收代谢及其对家禽繁殖调控作用研究进展

姜黄素是从姜科植物（如姜黄）、天南星科植物根茎中提取出来的多酚类化合物,主要在动物肠道中进行吸收代谢,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗衰老、神经保护、免疫调节及代谢调控等作用。姜黄素在动物体内生物利用度差,为提高姜黄素的利用度,通常将其制成多种制剂及配型（如膜制剂、纤维制剂、乳制剂、水凝胶制剂、胡椒碱、半萜类化合物、环糊精、葫芦巴膳食纤维和卵磷脂）。不同的制剂及配型可增加姜黄素产物稳定性,保障姜黄素的有效利用。家禽主要通过下丘脑 - 性腺轴负反馈调节机制来调控生殖细胞发育,实现繁殖调控。此外,家禽的繁殖性能易受外部因素影响,其中光照的影响最大。光照刺激产生的褪黑素具有强抗氧化性,能通过缓解卵巢和睾丸组织的线粒体功能障碍来抑制凋亡和衰老,保障下丘脑 - 性腺轴负反馈调节机制的稳定和氧化应激状态下的卵泡发育。肠道微生物产生的血清素是褪黑素的前体物质,可以影响褪黑素的生成;其次肠道微生物刺激肠上皮细胞中的传入神经直接影响下丘脑分泌促性腺激素释放激素;最后,肠道内产生的雌二醇（E2）可以通过血液进入卵巢组织,并促进卵巢发育。研究发现,姜黄素可通过肠道微生物产生的短链脂肪酸在体内发挥功能作用,但姜黄素是否通过肠道微生物产生的短链脂肪酸来影响家禽的繁殖性能亟待探究。该文综述了姜黄素的生物活性、代谢方式、产品研发利用以及对家禽繁殖调控的作用机制及相关研究进展,旨在为姜黄素作为饲料添加剂在家禽生产中的合理应用提供理论参考。     

姜黄素的体外抑菌活性研究

[目的]考察姜黄素的体外抑菌活性。[方法]以最小抑菌浓度、抑菌圈为指标对姜黄素的体外抑菌效果进行考察。[结果]姜黄素在体外条件下对枯草杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度分别是0.100 0、0.200 0、0.100 0 g/ml,对大肠杆菌、青霉、木霉和黑曲霉均无最小抑菌浓度;以最小抑菌浓度作抑菌圈试验,其对上述各菌的抑菌圈直径分别为12.0、10.0、12.0、6.0、6.0、6.0、6.0mm。[结论]姜黄素在体外对枯草杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄葡萄球菌敏感,而对大肠杆菌、青霉、木霉及黑曲霉均不敏感。     

Hypertriglyceridemia as a result of human apo CIII gene expression in transgenic mice

Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridemia is common in the general population, but the biochemical basis for this disease is largely unknown. With the use of transgenic technology, two lines of mice were created that express the human apolipoprotein CIII gene. One of these mouse lines with 100 copies of the gene was found to express large amounts of the protein and to be severely hypertriglyceridemic. The other mouse line with one to two copies of the gene expressed low amounts of the protein, but nevertheless manifested mild hypertriglyceridemia. Thus, overexpression of apolipoprotein CIII can be a primary cause of hypertriglyceridemia in vivo and may provide one possible etiology for this common disorder in humans.     

转两类抗虫基因棉花优良纯合品系的选育

 用含合成的Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白嵌合基因 (Bt2 9K)及慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂B(API B)基因表达框的双抗虫基因植物表达载体 ,通过根癌农杆菌介导转化棉花生产品种冀合 32 1,获得了一批抗卡那霉素的转化再生植株。在对转化再生植株进行PCR、卡那霉素抗性和抗虫性测定的基础上 ,经 6代筛选培育出棉铃虫抗性 90 %以上且农艺性状优良的 9个转双抗虫基因棉纯合品系。各纯合株系子代植株的抗虫性及部分序列检测结果进一步表明上述Cry1Ac嵌合蛋白基因是能稳定遗传的。这些品系具有很好的农艺性状 ,其结铃性和纤维比强度明显高于转化受体冀合 32 1,这些纯合系可直接用于生产或作为双抗虫棉种质利用。     

姜黄素作为饲料添加剂的研究进展

姜黄素是从姜科植物中提取的一种天然活性物质,具有保护肠黏膜、抗氧化、调节代谢、抑菌抗炎等功能。姜黄素作为一种多效的天然活性物质,已逐渐取代抗生素在饲料中得到广泛应用。文章主要从姜黄素的理化性质、生理功能及其在饲料中的应用等方面作以综述。     

肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7Tir基因的克隆、表达及生物学活性研究

【目的】克隆、表达肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)O157:H7转位紧密素受体(Tir)基因,并研究其抗原性。【方法】选用pET28原核表达载体,体外构建Tir原核表达重组菌,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达。选用家兔制备高滴度多克隆抗体,Western blot分析其免疫原性。选用HEp-2细胞进行粘附和粘附抑制试验,通过光镜、电镜和荧光显微镜进行观察。选用Balb/c小鼠进行免疫试验。【结果】成功获得高效表达重组Tir蛋白,并制备了兔源Tir多克隆抗体,Western blot分析此抗体能与Tir发生特异性抗原抗体反应。表达Tir蛋白能够抑制O157:H7对HEp-2细胞的粘附和A/E损伤。二免后Balb/c小鼠保护率高达75%以上。【结论】在大肠杆菌中成功克隆表达了Tir基因,所获重组Tir蛋白具有良好的抗原性,可能用于肠出血性大肠杆菌O157基因工程疫苗的研究。     

Evidence of lactate dehydrogenase-B allozyme effects in the teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus

The evolutionary significance of protein polymorphisms has long been debated. Exponents of the balanced theory advocate that selection operates to maintain polymorphisms, whereas the neoclassical school argues that most genetic variation is neutral. Some studies have suggested that protein polymorphisms are not neutral, but their significance has been questioned because one cannot eliminate the possibility that linked loci were responsible for the observed differences. Evidence is presented that an enzymatic phenotype can affect carbon flow through a metabolic pathway. Glucose flux differences between lactate dehydrogenase-B phenotypes of Fundulus heteroclitus were reversed by substituting the Ldh-B gene product of one homozygous genotype with that of another.     

肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7Tir基因的克隆、表达及生物学活性研究#br#

【目的】克隆、表达肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)O157：H7转位紧密素受体(Tir)基因,并研究其抗原性。【方法】选用pET28原核表达载体,体外构建Tir原核表达重组菌,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达。选用家兔制备高滴度多克隆抗体,Western blot分析其免疫原性。选用HEp-2细胞进行粘附和粘附抑制试验,通过光镜、电镜和荧光显微镜进行观察。选用Balb/c小鼠进行免疫试验。【结果】成功获得高效表达重组Tir蛋白,并制备了兔源Tir多克隆抗体,Western blot分析此抗体能与Tir发生特异性抗原抗体反应。表达Tir蛋白能够抑制O157:H7对HEp-2细胞的粘附和A/E损伤。二免后Balb/c小鼠保护率高达75%以上。【结论】在大肠杆菌中成功克隆表达了Tir基因,所获重组Tir蛋白具有良好的抗原性,可能用于肠出血性大肠杆菌O157基因工程疫苗的研究。     

Construction of a general human chromosome jumping library, with application to cystic fibrosis

In many genetic disorders, the responsible gene and its protein product are unknown. The technique known as "reverse genetics," in which chromosomal map positions and genetically linked DNA markers are used to identify and clone such genes, is complicated by the fact that the molecular distances from the closest DNA markers to the gene itself are often too large to traverse by standard cloning techniques. To address this situation, a general human chromosome jumping library was constructed that allows the cloning of DNA sequences approximately 100 kilobases away from any starting point in genomic DNA. As an illustration of its usefulness, this library was searched for a jumping clone, starting at the met oncogene, which is a marker tightly linked to the cystic fibrosis gene that is located on human chromosome 7. Mapping of the new genomic fragment by pulsed field gel electrophoresis confirmed that it resides on chromosome 7 within 240 kilobases downstream of the met gene. The use of chromosome jumping should now be applicable to any genetic locus for which a closely linked DNA marker is available.     

Identification of SLEEPLESS, a sleep-promoting factor

Sleep is an essential process conserved from flies to humans. The importance of sleep is underscored by its tight homeostatic control. Through a forward genetic screen, we identified a gene, sleepless, required for sleep in Drosophila. The sleepless gene encodes a brain-enriched, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Loss of SLEEPLESS protein caused an extreme (>80%) reduction in sleep; a moderate reduction in SLEEPLESS had minimal effects on baseline sleep but markedly reduced the amount of recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that quiver, a mutation that impairs Shaker-dependent potassium current, is an allele of sleepless. Consistent with this finding, Shaker protein levels were reduced in sleepless mutants. We propose that SLEEPLESS is a signaling molecule that connects sleep drive to lowered membrane excitability.     

Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA

The heart responds to diverse forms of stress by hypertrophic growth accompanied by fibrosis and eventual diminution of contractility, which results from down-regulation of alpha-myosin heavy chain (alphaMHC) and up-regulation of betaMHC, the primary contractile proteins of the heart. We found that a cardiac-specific microRNA (miR-208) encoded by an intron of the alphaMHC gene is required for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and expression of betaMHC in response to stress and hypothyroidism. Thus, the alphaMHC gene, in addition to encoding a major cardiac contractile protein, regulates cardiac growth and gene expression in response to stress and hormonal signaling through miR-208.     

荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术在转基因小鼠检测中的应用

制备转基因小鼠特有的DIG标记探针，应用染色体荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术，对转基因小鼠外周血细胞的遗传性状进行分析，检测其合子类型，以挑选纯合子小鼠用于保种。结果杂合型小鼠61％的细胞有一个荧光信号，而纯合型小鼠约24％的细胞有两个荧光信号，48％的细胞有一个荧光信号，野生型小鼠无荧光信号。因此染色体荧光原位杂交技术可作为检测转基因小鼠遗传特性的一种方法。     

转Cry1Ab水稻纯合体快速准确的PCR鉴定方法

转Cry1Ab基因水稻Bt22为一种新型的转基因抗虫水稻,本研究介绍了一种筛选纯合转基因植株Bt22的PCR方法。根据外源序列在Bt22中插入位点的两侧旁邻序列设计引物,建立了转基因抗虫水稻Bt22品系特异的定性PCR检测方法,该方法灵敏度可达0.01 ng,在此基础上组合各引物建立了筛选转基因水稻Bt22纯合体的多重PCR方法,结果表明该方法简单高效,便于操作。     

Selection of Homozygous Cotton Lines Transformed with Two Insect-Resistant Genes

A plant expression vector containing a chimeric Bt29K gene coding for the activated Cry1Ac protein and the arrowhead proteinase inhibitior gene API-B were introduced into the cotton cultivar Jihe321 mediated by Agrobactertium tumefaciens. Based on the results of kanamycin resistant testing, PCR detection for both foreign genes and insect bioassay using Heliethis armigera, nine transgenic homozygous cotton lines with insect-resistance of more than 90% and better agronomic traits were bred through six generations from the original transgenic plants. Results from insect bioassay and sequence analysis of the PCR products of plants from some homozygous lines indicated that the chimeric Bt29K gene was stably inherited in these transgenic cotton lines. The main agronomic characters of these homozygous cotton lines, such as boll productivity and fibre strength, were better than that of the original cotton cv. Jihe321.