力克斯兔不同发育时期皮肤及毛囊组织形态的研究

本试验旨在研究力克斯兔不同发育时期皮肤组织形态结构的变化规律。取胚胎20、26、29 d和出生后1、15、30、60 d及90 d的力克斯兔的皮肤组织,进行石蜡切片,H.E.染色。结果显示,胚胎20 d²6 d,是力克斯兔的皮肤表皮和真皮发育形成时期,其衍生物毛囊原基出现并发育形成初级毛囊;29 d时次级毛囊出现,皮肤的结构基本完整;仔兔出生后皮肤发育基本成熟,随着年龄的增长皮肤变厚其结构无明显的变化。试验表明,力克斯兔的皮肤结构从胚胎20 d到出生后这段期间处于剧烈的分化状态,皮肤内的大部分结构都是这一时期分化形成的,出生后的皮肤结构已基本完整。     

内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发生发育规律研究

以阿尔巴斯绒山羊胎儿期55d至初生10个阶段的头顶、颈侧、髫甲、颈上缘、肩胛、体侧、背部、荐部、股部、腹部10个部位皮肤为样品，制作横切和纵切切片，观测皮肤毛囊性状的发育规律。结果表明：各部位表皮在胎龄55～65d均形成完整的结构，在胎龄85～95d达到最厚；真皮厚度在胎龄95～125d增长幅度较大。胎龄55d见到初级毛囊原始体，胎龄65d见到次级毛囊原始体，次级毛囊是初级毛囊的一个分支。胎龄85d见到皮脂腺，胎龄95d绒、毛开始形成，见到汗腺，有粗毛长出体表，绒毛在胎龄115d长出体表。各部位初级毛囊在胎龄95～115d增长速度较快，次级毛囊在胎龄105～125d增长速度较快；初级毛囊密度在胎龄75～85d最大，次级毛囊密度在胎龄105～125d达到最大，S／P在胎龄115d至初生时达到最大。胎龄105d已经形成完整的毛囊群结构，主要为三元毛囊群。     

德系安哥拉兔皮肤和毛囊发生发育的研究

德系安哥拉兔的初级毛囊和次级毛囊在胚眙19～24天时先后出现。26天时表皮、真皮和次级毛囊结构均已分化完全。在初级毛囊上可见到皮脂腺。胚胎发育到19～26天时,毛囊增长速度很快;28天胎龄以后,毛囊的增长速度变缓慢,次级毛囊的皮脂腺开始形成。德系安哥拉兔的皮肤和毛囊发生过程与杂交种长毛兔基本相似。     

敖汉细毛羊不同部位皮肤毛囊发育及形态结构研究

本实验旨在探究敖汉细毛羊毛囊的组织结构与形态发生过程,为细毛羊毛囊发育的分子调控机制研究奠定组织学基础。分别采集胎龄第90、120天的胎儿及出生后1 d和30 d的羔羊体侧部(多毛区)和腹股沟部(少毛区)皮肤组织,制作纵、横切片并显微观察。结果表明:敖汉细毛羊毛囊结构包括结缔组织鞘、外根鞘、内根鞘、毛干和毛球部;在胎龄90 d时,体侧部初级毛囊可见皮脂腺原细胞及次级毛囊毛芽,在胎龄120 d时,毛囊形成角质化毛干并穿出体表,再分化次级毛囊发生;出生后1 d和30 d时,穿出体表毛干进一步增多,体侧部初级毛囊密度,在胎龄120 d时低于胎龄90 d时(P0.01),出生后1 d时低于胎龄120 d时(P0.05),次级毛囊密度,在胎龄120 d时高于胎龄90 d时(P0.01),出生后1 d时低于胎龄120 d时(P0.01),出生后1 d和30 d时差异不显著(P0.05),S/P比值,在胎龄120 d时高于胎龄90 d时(P0.01),生后30 d时高于出生后1 d时(P0.01),对腹股沟部皮肤分析显示,其毛囊密度很低。结果可为了解细毛羊毛囊形态结构变化及筛选与毛密度相关的差异基因提供参考依据。     

绒山羊皮肤毛囊结构和遗传

对辽宁绒山羊，宁夏土种山羊及其F1、F2皮肤，毛囊进行了观测。结果表明，不同品种或类群绒山羊表皮，真皮厚度和毛囊层深各不相同；绒山羊的毛囊群由一至四个初级毛囊和若干个次级毛囊组成，由于初级毛囊数的不同分别称为一毛群，二毛群，三毛群和四毛群；各毛囊群所占比例的共同点是：四毛群所占比例小，三毛群所占比例大；不同点是辽宁绒山羊二毛群比例高（51．1％），宁夏土种山羊和F1、F2三毛群比例高，依次为61．9％，54．0％和46．8％，随级进代数的增加，三毛 群数量呈下降趋势，而二毛群数量呈上升趋势，次级毛囊数，绒毛密度和S／P是绒山羊选种的主要依据。     

敖汉细毛羊皮肤毛囊形态发育观察

为了研究敖汉细毛羊毛囊的组织结构与形态发育过程,进而为解析细毛羊毛囊发育的分子调控机制奠定组织学基础,试验采用组织学和显微观测的方法,分析敖汉细毛羊胎龄为第90,120天的胎儿,及出生后1天和1个月时的羔羊体侧部皮肤的组织学特性。结果表明:在胎龄90天时,体侧的初级毛囊可见次级毛囊毛芽;胎龄120天时,部分毛囊发生角质化,初级毛囊周围可见成对的皮脂腺及之间的汗腺导管和竖毛肌;出生后1天时和出生1个月时,大部分毛囊都已形成角质化毛干,皮脂腺、汗腺、竖毛肌等进一步发育成熟。与胎龄120天时相比,出生后1个月时的毛囊纤维直径显著增大(P0.05)。出生后1个月和出生后1天时次级毛囊纤维直径差异不显著(P0.05)。     

力克斯兔被毛品质分析研究

力克斯兔(Rex Rabbit)，在我国俗称獭兔，是珍贵的裘皮用兔，以其优良的毛皮品质受到人们的青睐。獭兔贵在毛皮，被毛密度、粗毛率、被毛长度和绒毛细度等是獭兔毛皮品质的主要指标。江苏太仓市金星獭兔有限公司，在南京农业大学动物科技学院等单位的配合下，自1996年开始对该公司饲养的力克斯兔进行选育。本研究——被毛品质分析，系金星公司力克斯兔良种选育研究课题的一个部分。     

初生水貂皮肤毛囊发育组织学观察

为了解水貂皮肤毛囊发育的变化规律,本试验采集0～6周龄初生的美国短毛黑公水貂的背中部皮肤样品,用HE染色法制备组织切片,在显微镜下观察其皮肤毛囊结构及变化规律。结果发现,水貂的皮肤在出生前就已经基本发育完成,初级毛囊、次级毛囊的毛干具有髓质;水貂出生时可见初级毛囊而无次级毛囊,初级毛囊的密度随周龄的增加而增加,于4周龄后降低,初级毛囊在水貂4周龄后不再发育或很少发育, 4周龄时可见次级毛囊,次级毛囊随水貂体表的增长毛密度增加,且在水貂出生后大量发育。水貂6周龄时S/P值为2.95±0.23,次级毛囊仍将大量发育。水貂背中部表皮呈先增厚后变薄的变化,真皮随着周龄的增加而增厚;初级毛囊、次级毛囊随周龄的增加而加深。     

内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤毛囊结构研究

对内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤、毛囊进行观察,结果显示,阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤毛囊结构与其他绒山羊基本一致,由表皮层、真皮毛囊层和真皮网状层组成.表皮极薄,主要由角质层和生发层构成.真皮毛囊层以疏松的结缔组织为主,内有毛囊和皮脂腺等结构.毛囊群由1～4个初级毛囊和若干个次级毛囊组成.初级毛囊发生较早,附属结构齐全;次级毛囊发生较晚,无汗腺.内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊的皮肤毛囊结构有其品种特征,具有较高的密度和S/P(次级毛囊/初级毛囊)值,所以研究其皮肤毛囊结构对于提高内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羊毛品质和产绒量具有重要的意义.     

牦牛胎儿皮肤毛囊的形态发生及E钙黏蛋白的表达和定位

拟研究牦牛毛囊的形态发生过程及胎儿毛囊发生的起始部位,分析E-cadherin(CDH1)对毛囊发育的作用。采取牦牛胚胎头部皮肤制备组织切片,观察毛囊的形态发生过程;利用免疫组织化学技术,定位E-cadherin蛋白在毛囊中的表达;使用qRT-PCR方法,比较不同胎龄胎儿头部皮肤中E-cadherin mRNA转录水平。结果表明,毛囊黑色素颗粒在牦牛胎儿皮肤中不同部位先后聚集,牦牛胎儿头部皮肤在胎龄60~70d时初级毛囊开始形成毛芽,胎龄130d时形成毛球结构。次级毛囊在胎龄80~90d时从初级毛囊中分化出来;并且毛囊的发育可能最先是从头部开始的,其中唇部、眉毛、睫毛、角缘发育最明显;E-cadherin蛋白定位于头部皮肤的表皮、真皮及毛囊中,在表皮中表达较高,在毛囊中呈中等阳性表达;E-cadherin mRNA在牦牛不同胎龄皮肤毛囊中相对转录水平整体呈上升趋势,而在90d时转录量较低,显著低于70、120和130d时(P0.05)。牦牛头部毛囊在60~70d时开始形成毛芽,毛囊发育的起始部位可能是从头部开始的。E-cadherin基因可能参与了牦牛毛囊的发育。     

Pyridoxine regulates hair follicle development via the PI3K/Akt,Wnt and Notch signalling pathways in rex rabbits

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pyridoxine on the development of hair follicles in Rex rabbits and the underlying molecular mechanism. Two hundred 3-month-old Rex rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg pyridoxine. The hair follicle density on the dorsal skin and the gene and protein expression levels of components of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), Wnt, Notch and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathways were measured. In addition, free hair follicles were isolated from Rex rabbits and cultured with pyridoxine in vitro to measure hair shaft growth. Furthermore, dermal papilla cells (DPC) were isolated from the skin of Rex rabbits and cultured with pyridoxine in vitro to measure the gene and protein expression levels of components of the PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Notch and BMP signalling pathways. The results showed that the addition of dietary pyridoxine significantly increased the total follicle density, secondary follicle density, and secondary-to-primary ratio (S/P, P < 0.05), that the growth ratio of hair stems was promoted by pyridoxine in basic culture medium, and that the growth length of tentacle hair follicles cultured in the pyridoxine group was longer than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, pyridoxine changed the DPC cycle progression and promoted cell proliferation, and appropriate concentrations of pyridoxine (10 and 20 μmol/L) significantly inhibited cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Pyridoxine significantly affected the gene expression of components of the PI3K/Akt, Wnt and Notch signalling pathways in the skin and DPC of Rex rabbits (P < 0.05), increased the levels of phosphorylated catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) and Akt, and decreased the level of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) (P < 0.05). Therefore, the molecular mechanism by which pyridoxine promotes hair follicle density in Rex rabbits probably occurs through activation of the PI3K/Akt, Wnt and Notch signalling pathways, prolonging hair follicle growth and delaying the onset of telogen.     

獭兔毛密度变化及毛囊分化研究

为了了解獭兔在不同月龄毛囊和毛密度的变化,选择1～7月龄的獭兔为研究对象,通过活体取样,Sacpic法染色,对不同阶段切片进行观察统计,结果表明:毛密度在1～3月龄处于平台期,无显著变化(P0.05);4～7月龄毛密度处于一个波形变动期,其中通过切片观察5～7月龄为全休止期;4～6月龄为换毛期。本研究摸清了毛密度的变化趋势、变化阶段、各阶段毛囊群特点,为獭兔取皮时间的确定及提高毛密度的研究提供理论支撑。     

不同水平肌醇对獭兔皮肤中β-连环蛋白和激素敏感脂酶表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的肌醇对獭兔皮肤中β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)和激素敏感脂酶(HSL)表达的影响。选取(40±1)日龄的同期断奶獭兔120只(公母各占1/2),随机分成4组,每组30只。在4组獭兔的饲粮中分别添加0、25、50、75 mg/kg的肌醇,试验期为3个月。在试验的第30天(2月龄)、第60天(3月龄)和第90天(4月龄),分别取腹部、背中部、臀部皮肤,采用免疫组织化学和蛋白质印迹(Western blot)法对β-catenin和HSL的蛋白质表达和定位进行检测。结果表明:β-catenin在毛囊中广泛表达,在毛根鞘细胞和毛乳头均有棕黄色阳性反应细胞。HSL在毛根鞘细胞,尤其是在内根鞘细胞内,呈现非常明显的棕黑色强阳性表达。饲粮中添加50 mg/kg肌醇可以极显著增加2~4月龄獭兔背中部皮肤毛囊中β-catenin和HSL阳性表达细胞的平均灰度值(P0.01),极显著增加4月龄獭兔背中部、腹部和臀部皮肤毛囊中β-catenin和HSL阳性表达细胞的平均灰度值(P0.01)。结果提示,肌醇能够通过上调4月龄獭兔毛囊中β-catenin和HSL的表达来促进毛囊的发育,在本试验中,饲粮肌醇水平达到50 mg/kg时效果最佳。     

饲粮中核黄素添加水平对生长獭兔肉品质、毛囊发育和免疫性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中核黄素添加水平对生长獭兔肉品质、毛囊发育和免疫性能的影响。选择体重相近的3月龄獭兔160只,随机分为4组,每组40个重复,每个重复1只兔。各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、3、6和12 mg/kg核黄素的饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期53 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲粮中添加6、12 mg/kg核黄素显著降低了獭兔肌肉的滴水损失(P0.05),饲粮中添加3、6、12 mg/kg核黄素显著提高了獭兔皮肤中总毛囊密度(P0.05),饲粮中添加3、6 mg/kg核黄素显著提高了獭兔皮肤中初级毛囊密度(P0.05),饲粮中添加6、12 mg/kg核黄素显著提高了獭兔皮肤中次级毛囊密度(P0.05),饲粮中添加3、6 mg/kg核黄素显著降低了獭兔皮肤中次级毛囊密度/初级毛囊密度(P0.05)。饲粮中核黄素添加水平对獭兔的胸腺重、胸腺指数及血清免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白A、白细胞介素-2含量影响显著(P0.05),且均随着饲粮中核黄素添加水平的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势,并均在6 mg/kg添加组中达到最大值,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,3~5月龄生长獭兔饲粮中核黄素适宜添加水平为6 mg/kg(实际测定饲粮中核黄素水平为8.35 mg/kg)。     

辽宁绒山羊2品系皮肤毛囊周期性变化的比较研究

皮肤切片采用HE染色方法,对辽宁绒山羊常年长绒型品系和季节长绒型品系皮肤表皮厚、真皮厚、次级毛囊和初级毛囊深度、密度,次级毛囊和初级毛囊毛球宽度,S／P值等作了详细统计观察,从形态学方面研究了辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊在1年内的变化规律。结果表明：两品系辽宁绒山羊毛囊的兴盛期为4～10月,退行期为11～12月,休止期为1～3月,持续时间分别为7、2、3个月。兴盛期经历时间最长,退行期最短。但在毛囊的退行期,因为大多数毛囊的活性还很高,因此在退行期绒毛仍在生长,特别是在退行前期（10、11月份）还是绒毛的快速生长期。     

獭兔被毛密度测定研究

采取5张生獭兔皮，研究利用光学显微镜测定獭兔被毛密度的方法。用冰冻切片法切好片子在显微镜下计数固定面积下的毛囊数，再换算成单位面积下的毛囊数，即被毛密度，共测定了颈部、背部、肩部、腹部及体侧部等5个部位的被毛密度。旨在为测定獭兔被毛密度提供参考。     

Microscopic anatomy of the skin of the woodchuck (Marmota monax): comparison of woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected and non-infected animals.

Thirty-three woodchucks were used in this study. Seventeen animals were healthy adults, not infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV); 10 were healthy adults infected with WHV; 4 were noninfected neonates; 2 were infected neonates. Within the 4 groups of woodchucks, no histologic differences were detected on the basis of sex or age. Neither were histologic findings different between infected and noninfected woodchucks of similar ages. The average thickness of skin (as measured from the skin surface to the inner limit of the dermis) from the general haired body area was 2394 microns. The skin was thickest on dorsal body areas, and gradually became thinner on ventral body and medial limb areas. The epidermis consisted of 4 layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum. A stratum lucidum was present only in the epidermis of the footpads. There was no clear distinction between the superficial dermis and the deep dermis, except for the subtle differences in arrangement and size of collagen fibers. Elastic fibers were seen throughout the dermis, being more prominent in the superficial portion. Both compound and simple hair follicle arrangements were seen, with compound being more common. The arrectores pilorum muscles were largest in the skin over the dorsal body areas. Sebaceous glands were present either within the outer root sheath of hair follicles or in the dense connective tissue surrounding hair follicles. No apocrine sweat glands were found. However, there were abundant eccrine sweat glands in the subcutaneous fat of the footpads.     

Cutaneous DNA vaccination against Ebola virus by particle bombardment: histopathology and alteration of CD3-positive dendritic epidermal cells

We analyzed the localization of gold particles, expression of immunogenic protein, and histopathologic changes after vaccinating guinea pigs and mice with a DNA vaccine to the Ebola virus glycoprotein administered by cutaneous particle bombardment. Gold particles were deposited in all layers of the epidermis and in the dermis. Those in the epidermis were lost as the damaged layers sloughed, while those in the dermis were phagocytized by macrophages. Glycoprotein was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry primarily in keratinocytes in the epidermis and hair follicle epithelium and less frequently in dermal macrophages, fibroblasts, sebocytes, and cells that appeared to be Langerhans cells. The number of cells that expressed glycoprotein increased between 4 and 8 hours postvaccination, then decreased to near zero by 48 hours. The vaccine sites were histologically divisible into three zones. The central portion, zone 1, contained the most gold particles in the dermis and epidermis and had extensive tissue damage, including full-thickness epidermal necrosis. Zone 2 contained fewer gold particles in the epidermis and dermis and had less extensive necrosis. The majority of cells in which glycoprotein was expressed were in zone 2. Zone 3 contained gold particles only in the epidermis and had necrosis of only a few scattered cells. Regeneration of the epidermis in damaged areas was evident at 24 hours postvaccination and was essentially complete by day 5 in the mice and day 10 in the guinea pigs. Inflammatory changes were characterized by hemorrhage, edema, and infiltrates of neutrophils initially and by infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages at later times. In zone 1, inflammation affected both the epidermis and dermis. Peripherally, inflammation was relatively limited to the epidermis. CD3-positive dendritic epidermal cells were demonstrated in the epidermis and superficial hair follicles of unvaccinated immunocompetent mice and beige mice but not of SCID mice. These cells disappeared from all but the most peripheral portions of the vaccine sites of vaccinated mice within 24 hours. They reappeared slowly, failing to reach numbers comparable with unvaccinated mice by 35 days postvaccination. The epidermis of control guinea pigs also had CD3-positive cells, but they did not have dendrites. These findings should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms operating in response to DNA vaccination by particle bombardment.     

不同补饲方案对妊娠绒山羊冬春体况及胎儿发育的影响

结合放牧,给妊娠70天的绒山羊补饲精料和粗料,可使其在冬末早春处于增重状态。随着补饲水平的提高,母羊增重、羔羊初生重及初生羔羊皮肤的总体毛囊密度、次级毛囊密度和次级毛囊数与初级毛囊数的比值(S/P)均有不同程度的提高,但初级毛囊密度并不受影响。母体较胎儿对改善营养更敏感,胎儿快速增重与次级毛囊生长同期进行。羔羊出生时绝大多数初级毛囊已进入活动状态,而次级毛囊尚未开始活动。初生羔羊较成年山羊具有较低的S/P值和较高的总体毛囊密度。     

不同日龄滩羊皮肤组织化学特征比较

为比较2、35日龄滩羊皮肤毛囊的发育特点与血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）和血管内皮生长因子受体2（vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2，VEGFR2）的分布特征，探究出生后滩羊被毛生长发育的变化特点，试验应用常规HE染色及改良Masson胶原纤维染色、Gomori银氨法染色、磷钨酸染色等特殊染色观察2与35日龄滩羊皮肤组织结构特点；应用免疫组织化学法结合免疫荧光染色法观察VEGF及VEGFR2在2与35日龄滩羊皮肤组织中的分布定位，并用IPP图像分析软件进行定量分析。结果显示：与2日龄滩羊皮肤组织比较，35日龄滩羊表皮与真皮间界限更加清晰，毛囊结构发育完整；毛囊密度显著降低（P<0.05）；胶原纤维与弹性纤维含量增加，形成网格状分布。免疫组化及免疫荧光结果显示，VEGF及VEGFR2在滩羊皮肤表皮及毛囊外根鞘、皮脂腺上均有表达。统计表明，VEGF及VEGFR2在2日龄滩羊皮肤组织中的表达量均显著高于35日龄（P<0.05）。综合上述结果，滩羊毛囊发育过程中，胶原纤维和弹性纤维增加明显；VEGF与VEGFR2通路在毛囊角质形成中起直接调节作用。