外源H2O2对镉胁迫下裸燕麦叶绿素荧光参数和镉积累特性的影响

镉(Cd)是最具生物毒性的重金属污染物之一,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)是参与植物逆境响应调节的信号分子。为探讨H_2O_2对Cd胁迫下植物生理响应的调控机制,以裸燕麦品种‘定莜6号’为材料,采用砂培方法研究了H_2O_2外源喷施对50 mg·L~(-1 )Cd~(2+)胁迫下幼苗生长、叶片叶黄素循环、叶绿素荧光参数和植株Cd积累特性的影响。结果表明:与单独Cd胁迫相比,喷施5 mmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2使Cd胁迫下的裸燕麦幼苗根系和地上部干重分别提高了18.5%和26.9%,叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、光系统Ⅰ激发能分配系数(α)和吸收光能用于光化学反应的份额(P)分别提高了15.7%、98.6%、61.6%、40.9%和98.6%,叶片叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)、PSⅡ非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、调节性能量耗散Y(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散Y(NO)、PSⅡ激发能分配系数(β)、双光系统间激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)、吸收光能用于天线热耗散的份额(D)和PSⅡ反应中心非光化学耗散的份额(E_x)分别下降了11.2%、7.9%、13.9%、12.2%、12.7%、55.2%、19.1%和10.6%。同时,喷施H_2O_2还使Cd胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗根系Cd含量及根系和地上部Cd积累量分别提高了52.0%、92.4%和25.2%,Cd由根系向地上部的转运率下降了34.4%,但地上部Cd含量没有显著变化。由此表明,外源H_2O_2可能一方面通过提高PSⅡ光化学效率而非依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散减轻了Cd胁迫诱导的光抑制,另一方面通过增强根系对Cd的滞留和降低Cd由根系向地上部的转运,从而缓解了Cd胁迫对裸燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,提高了裸燕麦对Cd胁迫的耐性。     

盐、碱胁迫对燕麦幼苗光合作用的影响

以砂培‘定莜6号’燕麦幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度Na Cl和Na HCO3(0,50,100,150,200 mmol·L-1)胁迫对光合色素含量、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明:(1)在Na Cl胁迫下,随着处理浓度增加,燕麦叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭(q P)和Hill反应活力明显下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)、调节性能量耗散Y(NPQ)、非调节性能量耗散Y(NO)、激发能分配不平衡偏离系数(β/α-1)、叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)显著提高,类胡萝卜素含量和气孔限制值(Ls)先升后降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升。(2)在Na HCO3胁迫下,随着处理浓度增加,燕麦叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ls、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、q P和Hill反应活力显著下降,Ci、NPQ、Y(NPQ)、Y(NQ)、(β/α-1)、(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)明显增大,类胡萝卜素先升后降。(3)在相同Na+浓度下,Na HCO3胁迫的燕麦幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、q P和Hill反应活力下降及NPQ、Y(NPQ)、Y(NO)、(β/α-1)、(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)增加的幅度大于Na Cl胁迫。表明盐、碱胁迫均对燕麦幼苗光合系统造成了伤害,但碱胁迫的伤害程度大于盐胁迫。     

5-氮杂胞苷对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

为探究降低基因组DNA甲基化水平在低温条件下对黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响,以‘津研四号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,研究了不同浓度DNA甲基化抑制剂5-aza C处理对低温(10℃/6℃,300μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光猝灭、细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明:低温条件下,500~800μmol·L~(-1)的5-aza C处理能够显著降低黄瓜幼苗叶片细胞膜透性(P0.05);提高叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低胞间CO_2浓度(Ci);同时也促进PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光合电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)的升高,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和叶片光化学猝灭参数[Y(NO)]的降低,从而提高黄瓜幼苗的耐冷性。     

一氧化氮对水分胁迫下苹果砧木新疆野苹果光合与生理特性的影响

以10叶龄的新疆野苹果(M.sieversii(Ledeb)Roem.)实生苗为研究材料,采用盆栽控水的研究方法,于中度水分胁迫(含水量为土壤最大持水量的45%~55%)条件下,外源喷施一氧化氮(NO),测定净光合速率(Pn)等光合特性指标、SOD等抗氧化酶活性以及Pro等渗透胁迫物质含量,探讨外源一氧化氮对水分胁迫下苹果砧木生理特性的影响。结果表明:相比于对照,外源NO处理(180~210μmol·L-1)减缓了水分胁迫下新疆野苹果叶片中MDA和Pro含量、电导率、胞间二氧化碳浓度以及POD活性的升高趋势,并能延缓净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、SOD与CAT酶活性的下降速率,且具有明显的浓度效应;190μmol·L-1的NO处理效果最佳,相比于对照,Pn、Gs、Tr、SOD及CAT活性分别上升了28.73%、32.94%、33.33%、14.24%、25.38%;Ci、POD活性、Pro含量、REC及MDA含量分别下降了18.68%、40%、78.72%、49.06%、26.47%;适当浓度NO处理能够激活水分胁迫下新疆野苹果幼苗的抗氧化酶系统,并可以保护细胞膜系统,增强细胞光合性能,从而提高其耐旱性。     

NaCl胁迫对八棱海棠和山定子光合特性的影响

以盆栽一年生苹果砧木山定子和八棱海棠为实验材料,研究不同浓度(0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%)NaCl处理对山定子和八棱海棠光合特性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度NaCl处理后,山定子胞间CO2(Ci)浓度呈现高于对照的趋势;蒸腾速率(E)和气孔导度(Gs),净光合速率(Pn)均表现下降的趋势,并且低于对照;八棱海棠在NaCl浓度高于0.2%,Ci浓度才高于对照,NaCl浓度高于0.1%,蒸腾速率(E)和气孔导度(Gs),净光合速率(Pn)才低于对照。另外,山定子的盐害指数和盐害率均高于八棱海棠,八棱海棠对NaCl胁迫的耐受性较强。     

混合盐碱胁迫对燕麦幼苗矿质离子吸收和光合特性的影响

为探讨燕麦新品种定莜6号在低、高浓度盐碱胁迫下的生理响应机制,采用盆栽试验研究了25 mmol·L-1和75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长、矿质离子吸收和光合特性的影响。结果表明,25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫10 d并未引起燕麦幼苗干重的明显改变,但75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫显著降低了幼苗干重。25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下,燕麦根系和地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+显著降低,根系选择吸收K+、Ca2+、Mg2+及由根系向地上部运输K+、Ca2+的能力明显增强,但由根系向地上部运输Mg2+的能力下降,从而使地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+高于根系,而Mg2+/Na+低于根系;75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下的上述变化大于25 mmol·L-1。25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫使燕麦幼苗叶片总叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,而净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls)变化不大;与25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫相比,75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦叶片总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、Ls明显下降,Ci显著提高,而叶绿素a/b无明显差异。25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下,燕麦幼苗叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)明显下降,保护性热耗散(ΦNPQ)显著提高,而初始荧光(Fo)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q L)、非调节性能量耗散(ΦNO)、光系统I和光系统II之间激发能分配的不平衡性(β/α-1)和叶绿体Hill反应活性无显著变化;与25 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫相比,75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下Fo、ΦNO、β/α-1显著提高,Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、q L、NPQ、ΦNPQ和叶绿体Hill反应活性明显下降。上述结果表明调控矿质离子吸收和运输以保持地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+高于根系是燕麦适应盐碱的重要机制,高浓度盐碱胁迫造成PSⅡ反应中心受损是燕麦Pn降低的主要因素,而过剩光能耗散是保护光合机构的重要途径。     

不同外源调节物质对不同耐旱性玉米自交系的干旱缓解效应分析

以旱敏感玉米自交系TS141为试材,在苗期以20%PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理,添加5种不同浓度外源甜菜碱(GB)或脯氨酸(Pro),以蒸馏水和干旱胁迫分别作为正向(CK+)、负向(CK-)对照处理,筛选得到对玉米苗期干旱胁迫缓解效果最佳的处理浓度:30μmol·L~(-1) GB或400μmol·L~(-1) Pro。以最佳浓度外源GB或Pro对干旱胁迫下的耐旱玉米自交系昌7-2和旱敏感玉米自交系TS141幼苗进行处理,比较分析两种耐旱性不同玉米自交系的生长参数、生理特性、气孔特性及叶片解剖结构。结果表明:外源GB或Pro可有效缓解玉米幼苗干旱胁迫损伤,恢复生理生化代谢稳态,外源GB对干旱胁迫的缓解效应强于外源Pro;TS141在添加外源GB后各生长参数均显著升高且叶片细胞结构明显恢复并排列整齐,而添加外源Pro后苗长并未出现显著变化且叶片细胞结构未发现明显差异;昌7-2在添加外源GB后脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性分别下降47.01%、26.33%、15.00%、66.08%,但添加外源Pro后只分别下降27.74%、17.65%、11.45%、44.32%。此外,外源GB或Pro对旱敏感玉米自交系缓解效果更明显:在添加外源GB或Pro后TS141各生长参数均显著升高,而昌7-2只有根长出现显著性差异;添加外源GB后TS141的脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性分别降低46.22%、16.58%、35.24%、60.52%,而昌7-2其值分别降低47.01%、26.33%、15.00%、66.08%,均低于TS141。干旱胁迫下玉米自交系叶片通过减小木质部导管直径,降低导管系统水势,诱导气孔开度降低,减少水分丧失;干旱胁迫下花环型结构变形,维管束鞘细胞和韧皮部细胞的散乱排列,导致了玉米自交系对干旱胁迫的耐受性降低。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗激素含量及生长特性的影响

以中棉所4l号和中棉所49号为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究外源水杨酸(SA)对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗激素水平和生长特性的影响。结果表明:(1)0.6%Na Cl胁迫条件下,棉花幼苗叶片中ABA含量增加,CTK、GA和IAA含量减少,在0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施复合处理下,中棉所41号和中棉所49号幼苗中ABA含量分别降低了59.14%和76.71%,CTK、GA、IAA含量分别提高了55.39%、21.05%、22.39%和17.08%、12.5%、18.20%,说明SA处理可有效缓解盐胁迫的伤害;(2)ABA/IAA+GA、CTK/IAA和ABA/CTK值在0.6%Na Cl胁迫处理下分别为增高、降低和增高,0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施复合处理下,中棉所41号和中棉所49号幼苗中ABA/IAA+GA和ABA/CTK值分别降低了63.40%、74.03%和71.66%、79.99%,CTK/IAA值分别增加了28.41%和21.18%,说明SA可使幼苗体内激素恢复动态平衡,促进幼苗的生长发育;(3)0.6%Na Cl胁迫处理下棉花幼苗的株高、根鲜重、茎鲜重和叶鲜重都表现为降低,在不同浓度外源SA浸种和喷施处理下都有所恢复,幼苗根表现最为明显,用0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施处理0.6%Na Cl胁迫下,两品种棉花幼苗单株鲜重分别增加了24.20%和22.39%。SA能通过调控棉花幼苗激素含量从而提高棉花幼苗的耐盐性,其中以0.05 mmol·L~(-1)SA浸种+0.2 mmol·L~(-1)叶面喷施对缓解棉花幼苗盐胁迫的伤害效果明显。     

干旱胁迫下氯化胆碱对小麦幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量和荧光特性伤害的缓解作用

实验以淮麦21(Triticumaestivum L.)为材料,于小麦幼苗长至两叶一心期模拟干旱处理,并用不同浓度(0,100,200,300,400,500 mg/L)的氯化胆碱(CC)水溶液喷施小麦幼苗叶片,测定处理后的小麦叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光动力学参数。结果表明:用一定浓度氯化胆碱(CC)水溶液喷施小麦叶面,能明显提高干旱胁迫下小麦叶片中叶绿素含量,300 mg/L浓度的氯化胆碱处理时叶绿素a和叶绿素总量分别比对照提高83.46%和81.74%。且仍能维持较高的Fo′(光适应后最小荧光)、Fm′(光适应后的最大荧光)、Fv′(可变荧光)、Fv′/Fm′(最大光化学效率)、qP(光化学猝灭系数)、ETR(电子传递速率)和ΦPSⅡ(实际的电子传递的量子效率)等荧光参数。说明氯化胆碱能够缓解干旱胁迫下对叶绿素以及叶绿素荧光特性的伤害。     

外源亚精胺对渗透胁迫下南瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性等生理特性的影响

选用南瓜品种银辉2号为材料,以PEG模拟水分胁迫,采用砂培法研究了不同浓度外源亚精胺(Spd)对南瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性及非酶抗氧化剂和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:0.9、1.2mmol·L~(-1)外源Spd处理,使渗透胁迫下南瓜幼苗的生物量分别增加了43.40%和36.69%,根系O·2生成速率和膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累量下降了56.33%、43.50%;0.6、0.9 mmol·L~(-1)Spd处理,不同程度诱导增强了根叶抗氧化酶活性,尤其以0.9 mmol·L~(-1)Spd处理效果最佳,根系和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性分别为渗透胁迫下的2.00倍、1.83倍和5.47倍、2.40倍,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高了410.89%、300.50%和276.25%、331.18%,叶片中脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量提高了1.76倍、1.71倍,可溶性蛋白的积累量达渗透胁迫的1.49倍,维持了较高的渗透缓冲和调节能力,根系抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量升高了2.88倍和2.41倍;渗透胁迫下0.9 mmol·L~(-1)外源Spd处理,抑制了活性氧(ROS)的生成,减轻了由此导致的氧化损伤,抗氧化酶活性的响应和ASA-GSH循环,保护了生物膜系统的稳定,渗透调节物质的含量变化,既维持了细胞与环境的渗透平衡,又增加了光合碳同化产物和蛋白质的积累。表明0.9 mmol·L~(-1)外源Spd维持了渗透胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,减轻了胁迫对南瓜苗期的氧化伤害。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

Bacterial induction of the accumulation of phaseollin,pisatin and rishitin and their antibacterial activity

Bean hypocotyls, pea pods and tomato fruits were tested for phaseollin, pisatin and rishitin production when challenged with the phytopathogenic bacteriaErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi andP. solanacearum, and their isolated extracellular polysaccharides. All bacteria induced phytoalexin accumulation, whereas only phaseollin and pisatin, but not rishitin, were elicited by EPS. The inhibitory effect of these three phytoalexins on bacterial growth was studied in liquid medium; whereas phaseollin and pisatin strongly inhibited growth, only a slight inhibitory effect resulted from the presence of rishitin in the medium.Samenvatting Bonehypocotylen, erwtepeulen en tomatevruchten werden onderzocht op hun vermogen tot vorming van respectievelijk faseolline, pisatine en rishitine, na inoculatie met de fytopathogene bacteriënErwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas phaseolicola, P. pisi enP. solanacearum en na behandeling met oplossingen van hun extracellulaire polysacchariden (EPS). Alle bacteriesoorten induceerden fytoalexinevorming, terwijl hun EPS wel faseolline- en pisatine-, maar geen rishitinevorming induceerden. Faseolline en pisatine remden de groei van de bacteriën in vloeibaar medium sterk; rishitine daarentegen had slechts een geringe groeiremming tengevolge.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

The involvement of ethylene and calcium in gray mold of pelargonium,ruscus, and rose plants

Leaves ofPelargonium domesticum andRuscus hypoglossum infected byBotrytis cinerea Pers., produced 12 and 1.5 nl ethylene/h/g, respectively, 34 days after inoculation; wounded or healthy leaves and phyloclades of them produced much lower amounts. When the fungus was grown on dead leaves it produced negligible amounts of the gas even when supplemented with methionine. Exogenous ethylene enhanced gray mold development in both hosts. Silver thiosulfate, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine significantly inhibited disease development in pelargonium, and the latter two compounds inhibited ethylene production. AOA inhibited disease development and ethylene production in cut rose flowers; calcium ions inhibited disease development whereas the chelator EGTA [ethylene glycol bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid] enhanced it. Disease suppression by an excess of Ca²⁺ was correlated with repression of ethylene production by the flowers, whereas deficiency in Ca²⁺ increased disease severity. Publication of the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2413-E, 1988 series.     

Fungi on roots and stem bases of asparagus in the Netherlands: species and pathogenicity

A survey was made to identify the most important soilborne fungal pathogens of asparagus crops in the Netherlands. Ten plants were selected from each of five fields with a young (1–4 y) first planting, five fields with an old (6–13 y) first planting and five fields with a young replanting. The analysis included fungi present in the stem base and the roots of plants with symptoms of foot and root rot or showing growth decline without specific disease symptoms. Isolates of each species were tested for pathogenicity to asparagus on aseptically grown plantlets on Knop's agar. Symptoms were caused byFusarium oxysporum, F. culmorum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium verrucosum var.cyclopium, Cylindrocarpon didymum, Phialophora malorum, Phoma terrestris andAcremonium strictum. F. oxysporum was by far the most common species and was isolated from 80% of the plants. Not all of its isolates were pathogenic to asparagus. Symptoms were caused by 67%, 78% and 93% of the isolates obtained from young first plantings, old first plantings and replantings, respectively.F. culmorum was isolated from 31% of the plants. Two other notorious pathogens of asparagus,F. moniliforme andF. proliferatum, did not occur in our samples.Species causing symptoms in the vitro test that were found on more than 5% of the plants were additionally tested for their pathogenicity in pot experiments.F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi caused severe foot and root rot, significantly reduced root weights and killed most of the plants.F. culmorum caused lesions on the stem base often resulting in death of the plant.P. terrestris, a fungus only once reported as a pathogen of asparagus, caused an extensive root rot, mainly of secondary roots that became reddish. The fungus was isolated in only a few samples and is not to be regarded as an important pathogen in Dutch asparagus crops.P. malorum caused many small brown lesions on the stem base and incidentally also on the upper part of small main roots. This is the first report of its pathogenicity to asparagus. The fungus is one of the organisms inciting spear rust and it reduced crop quality rather than crop yield.P. verrucosum var.cyclopium andC. didymum did not cause symptoms in pot experiments.Because of its predominance on plants with foot and root rot and its high virulence,F. oxysporum f.sp.asparagi was considered to be the main soilborne pathogen of asparagus in the Netherlands.     

Identification and Characterisation of Bacteria Causing Soft-rot in Agave tequilana

Agave tequilana is the raw material for the production of the alcoholic beverage tequila. A bacterial disease has affected the A. tequilana crop in recent years. Previous reports based on colony and cell morphology, Gram stain and potato rot indicated that Erwinia sp. is the main pathogen. We isolated a several bacterial isolates capable of producing soft-rot symptoms in greenhouse pathogenicity assays. An extensive characterisation involving pathogenicity tests, fatty acid profile, metabolic and physiological properties, ribosomal DNA sequence and intergenic transcribed spacer amplification (ITS-PCR) and restriction banding pattern (ITS-RFLP) was made of each isolate. Three different species: Erwinia cacticida, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas sp. were identified. Fatty acid and metabolic profiles gave low similarity values of identification but 16S rDNA sequence, ITS-PCR and ITS-RFLP confirmed the identification of E. cacticida. In the phylogenetic tree, E. cacticida from blue agave was grouped neither with E. cacticida type strains nor with Erwinia carotovora. This is the first report that associates E. cacticida with A. tequilana soft-rot symptoms.