干旱胁迫下AMF对多枝柽柳幼苗和疏叶骆驼刺根系生长和氮素吸收分配的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)对植物抗旱、养分吸收等有重要作用,但在特定环境胁迫下不同生活型植物对AMF的响应存在差异.本文以塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林的优势灌木多枝柽柳(Tamarix ra-mosissima)和常见半灌木疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia...     

荒漠绿洲额济纳胡杨与柽柳生态位分异过程研究

以内蒙古额济纳绿洲分布的胡杨和柽柳为研究对象,通过建立二种植物生长的生态环境资源谱,对胡杨和柽柳实生苗、幼龄株、壮龄株和老龄株间进行X2、种间相遇率和联结指数等相关性分析,进行生态位宽度和重叠等种间和种内指标分析。分析结果表明:胡杨实生苗分布与胡杨幼龄林相关性显著,与胡杨壮龄林和老龄林相关性不显著,与柽柳实生苗分布相关性极显著,而与柽柳壮龄林和老龄林的分布相关性极不显著;二者生态位宽度和重叠程度研究表明,胡杨的实生苗与柽柳的实生苗生态位重叠程度高,柽柳的实生苗较胡杨的实生苗生态位较宽,由此胡杨和柽柳在资源利用方面具有一定的相似性,特别在二者早期,其重叠程度较高,但二者又在绿洲资源利用方面出现生态位分异,总的资源利用能力柽柳的生态位较胡杨较宽,说明柽柳在绿洲具更为广阔的分布和适应范围,胡杨适应于干旱但沙埋程度低、土壤可溶性盐和pH值较低、地下水埋深变化程度大和地表於泥变化较大的环境中,而柽柳适于生长于土壤湿润且沙埋程度高、土壤可溶性盐和pH值较高、地下水埋深变化程度小和地表於泥覆盖较轻的环境。     

黑河中游河岸带柽柳水分来源的~(18)O同位素示踪研究

运用18O稳定同位素,示踪了黑河中游河岸柽柳林2009年6月与8月两个时期的水分来源,分析了其水分利用模式。结果表明:柽柳茎干水两期的δ18O值分别为-8.32‰、-10.41‰,具有明显的差异,6月柽柳主要利用40~60cm土壤水分,而在8月则主要利用60cm以下深层土壤水或地下水;两个时期柽柳的水分初始来源均主要为地下水,不直接利用当地夏季降雨与河水,河岸柽柳之所以形成这种水分利用策略,与研究区气候干旱且存在强烈的河水-地下水相互作用密切相关。     

不同地下水埋深下胡杨枝条水力导度及其季节变化

植物水力结构和功能的调整是植物适应环境水分变化的重要途径。通过观测新疆塔里木河沙雅河段垂向距离河道0.01 km、3 km和40 km处3个观测点不同地下水埋深,分析胡杨枝条水力导度及水势等相关水力结构参数的季节变化。结果表明:各观测点胡杨枝条平均导水率损失百分比数(PLC)均高于60%,各观测点之间无显著差异,表明受高蒸腾压力的区域环境影响,胡杨枝条木质部普遍存在较高程度的栓塞;低地下水埋深观测点胡杨比导率(Ks)、叶比导率(Kl)均显著增加,但枝条导水面积与叶面积之比(Hv)显著低于高地下水埋深观测点,表明胡杨主要通过提高Kl控制植物体内水势梯度,以适应深地下水条件,同时Kl增加主要受Ks增加影响,而非Hv;近河道浅地下水条件下,胡杨枝条导水功能受地下水季节波动影响明显,而远离河道深地下水条件下,主要受植物生长物候影响。     

塔里木河下游水生态安全评价及驱动要素分析

随着塔里木河流域水资源统一管理不断加强,塔里木河下游生态输水量增加,生态保护取得了阶段性成效.然而,水资源严格管理下的塔里木河下游水生态安全状况及变化过程如何,相关研究缺乏科学的评估.对此,本文利用塔里木河下游2000—2017年的水量、监测断面地下水埋深、胡杨新增生物量、植被覆盖度、干旱指数等指标数据,运用主成分分析...     

几种生根物质及选择采穗母株对灰杨插条生根的影响

灰杨(Populus pruinosa Schrenk)和胡杨(P.euPhratica Schrenk)共同形成干旱区独特的廊状荒漠河岸林,成为新疆三大自然林区之一。灰杨主要集中分布在叶尔羌河中、下游和和田河中、下游,在苏联中亚和中东也有少量分布。在自然历史演变和人为活动的影响下,近30年来,新疆灰杨分布面积减少了40—50％,国家已将其列为3级濒危保护植物。灰杨的耐盐性和抗旱能力均低于胡杨,但其枝叶浓密,生长迅速,干形高直,病虫害少,水平根系也比胡杨发达,仍是干旱盐碱地区适宜发展的造林树种之一。灰杨属胡杨派树种,     

新疆塔里木河下游胡杨树高生长量及其空间分布研究

以塔里木河下游4个典型断面作为野外调查靶区,根据3a来对塔里木河下游胡杨恢复状况的实地监测数据,分析了影响胡杨树高生长量的因素,并得出中龄段胡杨树高生长量和地下水埋深的回归模型:y=-0.1286x+1.0097。结果显示:在塔里木河下游影响胡杨生长的主要因子是地下水,由回归模型可以得出:当地下水埋深<4.5m时,中龄胡杨树高生长是显著的;地下水埋深在4.5~6.5 m时,胡杨树高生长受到抑制;而当地下水埋深>6.5 m时,胡杨树高生长非常缓慢;地下水埋深>8m时,胡杨树高生长基本停止。此外,聚丛的群生株无论在树高还是在高生长量上都比散生的单生株显现优势。     

不同地下水埋深条件下胡杨叶片光谱特征分析

用HR-768型光谱仪,实地测定塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深条件下胡杨叶片高光谱数据及其含水率。结果表明:胡杨叶片含水率随地下水埋深下降而降低,但其实测光谱曲线对地下水埋深梯度变化并无明显的响应规律。用ENVI软件去除实测光谱数据包络线后,得出1455nm附近胡杨叶片归一化光谱曲线对地下水埋深梯度变化具有明显的响应规律。采用相关系数法分析所测光谱与含水率的关系,结果表明:1466～1646nm波段是胡杨叶片光谱对水分响应的敏感波段。以1466～1646 nm波段胡杨叶片光谱水分吸收深度和实测含水率构建胡杨含水率估测模型:Y=7.309X1474-5.77X1482-0.629(R2=0.954),模型预测值与实测值的相对误差在1.02%～2.73%之间,平均相对误差为1.59%,模型精度较高。这一研究将为使用高光谱数据进行胡杨生境监测与反演提供依据。     

塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨林空间分布特征及其影响因素

通过小尺度生态监测与遥感数据分析获取塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林现状信息,集中对阿拉干断面设立的100hm2长期监测样方内的胡杨树进行了详细的调查,对该断面胡杨林空间分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明：塔里木河下游的胡杨具有伴河生长的特性;随着离河距离的增加,胡杨株数呈递减趋势;大部分胡杨主要分布在离河道200m范...     

中国西北干旱区生态地下水埋深适宜深度的确定

干旱区影响天然植被生长的土壤水分和盐分,都和地下水埋深密切相关。地下水埋藏浅,在强烈的蒸发作用下,溶解于地下水中的盐分沿毛管上升水流于地表聚集,使土壤发生盐渍化,产生盐胁迫。地下水埋深过低,毛管上升水流不能到达植物根系层,植物生长受到水分胁迫,发生荒漠化。因此,确定既不会使土壤发生盐渍化和荒漠化的地下水埋深十分重要。本文根据地下水、土壤水及植物生长状况综合研究,把适宜的地下水埋深界定为在温带荒漠区1.5—4m,暖温带荒漠区2.0~4.0(4.5)m,即在潜水的强烈蒸发深度以下和蒸发极限深度之上的区间,为防治土地盐渍化、荒漠化和估算生态用水提供了科学依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.