新疆主要农作物生产水足迹研究

农业是新疆水资源消耗最大的产业。本研究应用水足迹理论对新疆83个县市主要农作物的生产水足迹进行研究分析,比较不同作物之间生产水足迹的差异,探讨新疆农业生产水足迹在空间上的变化规律。研究结果表明,全疆2014年主要农作物生产水足迹总量为355.47×108m3,其中主要为蓝水足迹,所占比例高达91.31%;绿水足迹极低,所占比例仅为8.69%。7种主要作物生产水足迹由高到低分别是棉花,向日葵,小麦,水稻,玉米,苜蓿以及甜菜。水足迹空间分布在不同区域差异显著,南疆以及伊犁地区的生产水足迹总量相对较高,二者总量为243.46×108m3,东疆和北疆地区水足迹总量相对较低,二者总量为112.01×108m3,总体呈现出西南高东北低的分布趋势。     

不同情境下的虚拟水战略对塔里木河流域水资源和生态环境的影响

本文简要的介绍了虚拟水含量的计算方法,根据2003年塔里木河流域的资料,计算了主要农产品单位质量的农产品虚拟水含量、城乡居民消费的虚拟水含量、生产产品的虚拟水含量和在不同的情境下虚拟水战略对生态环境的影响。结果表明:与西北其它地区相比较,塔里木河流域生产单位质量的农产品虚拟水含量相对较低;从塔里木河流域虚拟水消费总量看,城镇居民与农村居民的消费相差不大,分别为37.14×108m3和32.95×108m3。而对于其中一些消费产品而言,如粮食、猪肉、家禽、鲜蛋、糕点和鱼虾等的消费在城镇居民与农村居民间仍然存在着一定的差异;全社会消费的虚拟水数量和实际生产产品中的虚拟水含量分别为70.09×108m3和219.63×108m3,可以看出在塔里木河流域实际生产产品的虚拟水含量远远大于各项消费的总虚拟水含量;在塔里木河流域实施虚拟水战略可以缓解社会经济和生态的压力,若通过虚拟水战略,将节约的水资源用于恢复天然植被,则可以局部的逆转塔里木河流域的生态环境。     

中国对俄初级农产品贸易中的虚拟水概算

中国对俄罗斯农产品贸易额逐年提升,农产品的国别间流动不可避免地引起了大量的虚拟水转移。在计算2012年中国对俄农产品贸易中虚拟水含量过程中使用了联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼公式,农产品贸易数据来源于联合国统计署UN Comtrade数据库,气象数据参考粮农组织提供的ClimWat2.0气象数据库资料。计算结果显示,2012年中国对俄农产品贸易中出口虚拟水15546.77×104m~3,进口虚拟水721.33×104m~3,净出口14825.44×104m~3。     

干旱区社会经济系统水循环研究初探

在人文作用的驱动下,水在社会经济系统中不是简单的流动,而是在不同产业、区域和消费领域之间进行运移和转化。基于对资源流动理论和虚拟水概念的理解,构建了社会经济系统中虚拟水流计算的投入产出方法,并设计了干旱区社会经济系统水循环研究的基本框架。最后以张掖市为例研究了经济生产中水的流动与转化过程、规律以及效应。结果表明:张掖市本地经济生产难以消耗外部地区高含水量的农产品,不能将本地生产对水资源产生的压力通过贸易的形式转移到其他富水地区,因而缺乏应用虚拟水战略的潜力和能力。     

新疆主要农作物生产水足迹计算分析

从农作物生产水足迹角度出发,基于彭曼公式结合CROPWAT软件计算,分析了2011年新疆13个地（州）主要农作物的生产水足迹情况。结果表明：新疆地区棉花的单位面积及单位质量需水量分别为8650 m3· hm－2、4．82 m3·kg－1,均大于小麦和玉米的需水量,是三种农作物中最耗水的作物;新疆主要农作物需水以蓝水为主,其中棉花的蓝水比重最高达93．31％,南疆地区蓝水利用量最大;2011年新疆全区主要农作物生产水足迹为2049．31×107m3,其中蓝水足迹为1651．65×107m3,绿水足迹为186．88×107m3,灰水足迹为210．78×107m3;巴州、阿克苏、喀什地区的作物生产水足迹总量较大,是水资源治理的主要地区。对于水资源缺乏的新疆地区,合理调整农作物的种植结构及减少化肥施用量,是落实最严格水资源管理制度的有效措施。     

吴起县2015年水资源承载力评价

通过对吴起县生态和社会经济的全面调查,基于水量平衡理论,预测了吴起县2015年各行业的用水量,并运用水资源平衡指数对该县未来的水资源承载力进行了评价.结果表明:以目前的产业结构及发展趋势,到2015年时,吴起县农业用水量为0.295 4×108 m3,畜牧用水量为0.001 2×108 m3,林草地用水量为1.106 3×108 m3,工业用水量为0.073 8×108 m3,生活用水量为0.019 6×108 m3,总需水量为1.496 3×108 m3,占实际可利用水资源总量(1.901 4×108 m3)的78.7%,年内基本能满足水资源消耗的要求;以维持植被年内生长,避免土壤干层为目标的林地最小生态需水量为2.861 2×108 m3,水资源平衡指数为-1.5,水资源今后将难以承载生态和经济的发展规模.林业、农业及工业生产用水占用水总量的98.62%,说明在目前广泛进行黄土高原地区植被恢复,同时大力促进西北地区经济发展的情况下,县域范围今后水资源亏缺的主要压力来自于生态和经济建设耗水.因此,这一地区的水资源承载力研究,应以解决水资源在修复生态和促进经济发展之间相互挤占的矛盾为目的,合理配置,实现生态与经济综合效益最大化.     

敦煌1980-2012年农业水足迹及结构变化特征

运用水足迹模型,从生产水足迹角度计算评价了1980-2012年敦煌市农业水足迹及水资源的可持续性,并进行敦煌农业水足迹结构的合理性研究.研究表明:(1) 1980-2012年敦煌市农业水足迹从1980年的1.26×108m3增加到2012年5.43×108m3,对水资源的真实占用是农业用水统计量的1.72倍;敦煌以经济作物为主的农业结构不合理,耗水作物占经济作物种植的50％以上.(2)水足迹研究为解决干旱区水资源在本流域或更大范围内的合理配置提供了借鉴.敦煌市水资源利用呈不可持续状态,调整经济作物种植结构、实施虚拟水战略,实现农业水资源的高效利用是缓解敦煌水资源紧缺问题的主要措施.     

县域尺度下关中地区农作物水足迹时空特征及影响因素

探讨区域农作物水足迹与其时空分布规律及驱动因素,可以提高农业生产效率和水资源利用效益。本研究量化并分析关中地区54个县(区)2000—2020年冬小麦和夏玉米水足迹,并借助通径分析方法探究影响其绿水足迹、蓝水足迹及灰水足迹时空变化的驱动因素。结果表明：(1)关中地区农作物总水足迹从2000年2.232×10⁸m³下降到2020年2.003×10⁸m³,其中,蓝水是最主要的水资源使用形式,其次是灰水,绿水使用量最少,三者占比分别为37.261%、36.254%和26.485%;(2)农作物总水足迹空间上差异显著,呈现出东高西低和相似地区(高-高、低-低)集聚分布的特征;(3)单位面积产量、平均风速和化肥施用量分别为影响绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和灰水足迹最显著的因素。本研究的结果有利于帮助关中地区节约水资源和提高用水效率,拓展农业水资源可持续利用思路。     

新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲生态需水研究

绿洲是干旱区独特的景观类型,是人类活动的主体区域,绿洲的开发规模取决于水资源的利用程度和管理水平。在干旱区生态用水的概念与分类基础上,依据部分试验资料及理论公式推导确定各类生态用水定额,并以各生态用水类型面积为依据,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲生态用水进行了初步估算。结果表明:渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲生态用水总量达24.158×108m3,其中天然系统用水量为21.991×108m3,占91.03%;人工系统用水量为2.167×108m3,占8.97%。在天然系统用水中低地草甸最大,达11.417×108m3,占47.25%;在人工系统用水中,园林生态用水最大,达1.005×108m3,占4.16%。由于天然植被的生态用水主要来源于地下水,故扣除平原地下水补给量19.603×108m3,实际生态用水量为4.555×108m3。     

河西走廊水资源特征及其循环转化规律

河西走廊水资源主要以雪冰水资源、地表水资源与地下水资源的形式存在,分布于石羊河、黑河、疏勒河3大相对独立的流域水系.南部祁连山区发育大小河流共计57条,多年平均出山径流量71.29×108 m3,总体而言,近50 a出山径流变化比较稳定.走廊平原主要由8个大型的构造地貌盆地组成,盆地地下水主要接受出山河水及引灌河水的入渗补给,是地表水资源的重复表现形式,多年平均地下水补给量为42.42×108 m3.近50 a来,地下水补给量减少了17.19×108 m3,由此引起泉水资源23 a来衰减了24.6%.受构造地貌的制约,自南部山区至北部盆地,地下水与河水之间经过5个不同地带有规律的、大数量的、重复的转化过程,形成完整统一的"山区地下水-地表水-南盆地地下水-地表水(泉水)-北盆地地下水"水资源循环系统.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.