上海沿海防护林土壤理化性质分析

用常规方法调查了上海沿海防护林中具有代表性的7个林带:欧美杨、杂交柳、杜英、水杉、柳杉、池杉、东方杉林的林分基本特征,并对林下土壤进行了理化性质分析。研究结果表明:除杜英和东方杉林因林龄太小无法比较外,其他5种林分的生长快慢依次是:欧美杨、杂交柳、池杉、水杉、柳杉;由于树种不同、造林时间不等,7种林分对土壤的改良作用也不同,表现出林龄大的比林龄小的改良效果好,水杉林的土壤改良效果最好,欧美杨树林的土壤改良效果最差。     

Extractives relating to heartwood color changes in sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) by a combination of smoke-heating and UV radiation exposure

 Sugi green logs with red or black heartwood were smoke-heated, and the changes in the color of the heartwood after ultraviolet (UV) (λ = 365 nm) radiation exposure were then observed. After UV radiation exposure, the redness and yellowness increased in both the red and black heartwoods, whereas the brightness decreased. In the black heartwood, the resulting color turned from yellowish white to reddish brown. Reddening in black heartwood after exposure to a combination of smoke heating and UV radiation is thought to be due to a decrease in brightness and an increase in both redness and yellowness. However, the degree of change in heartwood color by UV radiation exposure was not greatly affected by smoke-heating treatments of various lengths. When methanol extracts were fractionated and exposed to UV radiation, the yellowness increased in the n-hexane-soluble portion and the redness increased in the acetone-soluble fractions from the n-hexane-insoluble portion. These results suggest that the n-hexane-soluble fraction contains the substances that allow heartwood color to change to yellow after UV radiation exposure, and the acetone-soluble-fraction from the n-hexane-insoluble portion contains the substances that allow it to change to red. Received: November 14, 2001 / Accepted: June 3, 2002 Acknowledgment This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This study was presented in part at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 Correspondence to:N. Yoshizawa     

采伐迹地的火烧清理对土壤理化性质的影响

本文讨论了火烧清理采伐迹地剩余物对土壤理化性质产业的影响，并提出了相应的建议。     

Mechanical properties of wood in an unstable state due to temperature changes,and analysis of the relevant mechanism IV: effect of chemical components on destabilization of wood

In order to investigate the effects of chemical components and matrix structure on the destabilization of quenched wood, we examined the physical and mechanical properties of steam-treated wood, hemicellulose-extracted wood, and delignified wood, which were treated at different levels. For steam-treated and hemicellulose-extracted wood,the relative relaxation modulus of the quenched sample was lower than that of the respective control sample. For delignified wood, the relative relaxation modulus fell with weight loss and reached a minimum value at a certain weight loss, and subsequently increased significantly. The hygroscopicity of all treated samples changed slightly by steaming, whereas increased with removing the component. More-over, the average volumetric swelling per 1% MC at 100% relative humidity (RH) was less than at 75% RH and 93% RH for component-removed wood. It was clear that a void structure existed. As a result, the destabilization evaluated by the fluidity (1 - E _t/E ₀) of steam-treated wood was influenced by the amount of adsorbed water. For component-removed wood, destabilization increased temporarily at lower weight loss because of nonuniform cohesive structure. At high weight loss, destabilization will decreased because capillary-condensed water gathered in the voids and obstructed the motion of adsorbed water. However, the destabilization of all treated wood changed less than that of chemically modified wood.     

不同红松林型下土壤理化性质差异的初步研究

为了探讨低产次生林经过人工择伐改造后林冠下更新红松所形成的异龄阔叶红松林后的生态效益,分别对异龄阔叶红松林、红松纯林以及杂木林3种不同林分类型内土壤的理化性质进行了比较和分析。结果表明异龄阔叶红松林不仅改善了土壤的物理性状,提高了土壤的蓄水能力,而且使土壤有机质、全N、速效P、速效K含量显著提高,对提高土壤肥力和生态效益都有重要意义。     

Changes in soil chemical and physical characteristics in Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) stands by mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees in the northern Kanto region of Japan

In order to clarify the effects of a mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees on soil fertility, we investigated litter biomass accumulation, mineral soil chemical and physical characteristics, characteristics of nitrogen mineralization, and the mutual relationships between them in Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stands mixed with deciduous broad-leaved trees at different ratios (mixture ratio; MR = 0, 16, 33, 43, 100% by basal area) in the northern Kanto region of Japan. Litter biomass in the forest floor and mineral soil was 19.1 Mg ha⁻¹ in MR 0% and decreased approximately 60 % in MR 33%, MR 43% and MR100%. The permeability at 0–5 cm soil depth in MR100% was twice as much as that in MR 0%. Increases in soil permeability were likely due to larger soil pores in the higher MR with much accumulated deciduous broad-leaves. At 0–5 cm soil depth, the differences in carbon concentration among the plots were not clear. On the other hand, carbon concentrations at 5–10 cm depth increased from 90 g kg⁻¹ to 147 g kg⁻¹ with increases in MR from 0% to 100%. Concentrations of exchangeable bases increased two to four times with increases in MR from 0 to 100% at 0–10 cm depth. Soil pH (H₂O) generally increased with increases in MR at each depth. The rates of net nitrogen mineralization at 0–5 cm depthin vitro increased from 25 to 87 mg kg⁻¹ 2 weeks⁻¹ with increases in MR from 0 to 100%. However, increases in nitrification with increases in MR were not clear compared with nitrogen mineralization. These results indicated that a mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees in a Japanese cypress stand was effective in preventing soil fertility decline. This study was supported by a grant from the Showa Shell Sekiyu Fundation for Promotion of Environmental Research. A part of this study was presented at the 7th International Congress of Ecology (1998).     

苏北粉沙质海岸防护林土壤的理化特性

在苏北沿海粉沙质海岸立地条件下,测定了苏柳、中山杉、美国白蜡3种防护林造林地的土壤容重、总孔隙度和有机质、速效氮、速效磷、含盐量、pH值等理化性质。结果表明:不同样地土壤体积质量、总孔隙度均不同,3种防护林地每层土壤体积质量、有机质含量和pH值均小于对照地。各土层有机质、速效磷和有效氮、含盐量、pH值从上至下逐渐减小,而土壤体积质量从上至下依次递增。根据土壤理化性质,初步分析了粉沙质海岸土壤特性对防护林营建的影响。     

国际植物新品种保护公约的变迁及日本和韩国经验借鉴

国际植物新品种保护公约1991文本与1978文本的差异主要体现在品种权范围、保护植物范围、保护期限、实质性派生品种保护及农民特权等方面。文中总结日本经历公约文本转变过程以及韩国直接加入1991文本的经验, 指出我国加入国际植物新品种保护公约1991年文本所面临的问题, 并提出相应的政策建议。     

The effect of cattle grazing on soil physical and chemical properties in a silvopastoral system in the Peruvian Amazon

In a six-year-old peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plantation, centrosema (Centrosema macrocarpum), a leguminous forage plant, was established as a cover crop which was eventually grazed. This experiment was designed to monitor probable changes in soil physical and chemical properties and measure peach palm fruit production and live-weight gain of cattle grazing this silvopastoral system. The experiment was installed on land that was previously cleared by a D7 bulldozer having a straight blade that mixed the thin layer of topsoil with the acid subsoil (20–40 cm) and severely compacted the soil. The results demonstrated that the centrosema cover crop reduced soil bulk density, increased water infiltration rates and reduced mechanical resistance. In general soil physical properties were improved with the use of Centrosema as forage and cover crop. Soil acidity and aluminum saturation decreased considerably, while potassium concentrations increased. Calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased over time as these minerals were stored in the pasture biomass, translocated to fresh peach palm fruits and/or exported to animals. A strong competition for nutrients was observed between the peach palm plants and Centrosema. The low production of peach palm fruits was in response to mechanized land clearing during initial establishment of the plantation, and also probably due to deficits of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the soil instead of being a consequence to the presence of cattle. The average increase in live-weight gains of the cattle was at a rate of 445 g/animal/day during the four-years of the study. Such an increase is substantially greater than those registered in the area under traditional grazing systems used in the region. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杨树芽和芽胶中化学成分的分析

为测定加杨和香杨的芽和芽胶主要成分,对其活性成分进行了定性定量分析.定性分析结果表明,芽和芽胶含有黄酮、糖类、氨基酸和蒽醌类等成分.进一步采用索氏抽提法、硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色法、普鲁士蓝法、蒽酮-硫酸法、考马斯亮蓝法分别对其中粗精油、总黄酮、总酚、蛋白质、总糖、水溶性糖、多糖等进行定量分析,得出加杨芽胶粗精油含量为32.63%、总黄酮含量为33.33%、总酚含量为12.52%,香杨芽胶粗精油含量为36.73%、总黄酮含量为32.77%、总酚含量为26.39%.     

日本科柿果实发育期间单宁和糖类的变化

甜柿是柿(Diospyros kaki Linn.f.)树的自然类型,属日本主要栽培果树之一,其特点是果实采后不需人工脱涩即可食用,甜脆爽口,风味独特。近年来,日本甜柿已在我国大量引种栽培,国内对甜柿的生物学习性和栽培方法已作了不少观察和研究。但对甜柿果实的生长发育过程及果实发育期间生化物质消长规律的研究尚未见报道。作为柿果主要成份     

Effect of acetylation on the chemical composition of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) in relation with the physical and mechanical properties

Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) is a highly underused wood species despite its great hardness, strength, wear-resistance and toughness. It is mainly used as firewood in Hungary because of its wood defects, irregular shape and low-dimensional stability. These wood defects and small breast height diameter result in a low yield. It is non-durable outdoors as it tends to turn grey, crack and be attacked by wood-decaying organisms. Indoors it lasts for hundreds of years. One technology that could improve the stability and durability properties is acetylation. Hornbeam was acetylated with the Accoya® method under industrial conditions. The aim of this research was the assessment of acetylation affecting the chemical properties of hornbeam wood and how these are related to the change in physical and mechanical properties. Main wood constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, Klason lignin, extractives and ash content) were determined and compared. Chemical parameters related to the degradation of structural polymers were also evaluated (total phenolic and soluble carbohydrate contents, pH and buffering capacity, furfural, levulinic acid, formic acid, acetic acid). Structural changes in acetylated wood and in the Klason lignin fraction were also assessed using FTIR spectroscopy.     

湿热环境下生漆涂饰竹木材的吸湿性变化规律

采用涂料涂饰的方法,使用生漆及其对照涂料桐油、水性漆对毛竹及其对照样材柞木、樟子松进行处理。在恒温恒湿箱模拟的湿热环境下,研究生漆及其对照涂料涂饰竹材、柞木和樟子松的吸湿性变化规律。研究表明,生漆涂饰竹材的防潮能力最强,水性漆涂饰竹材的防潮能力次之,桐油涂饰竹材的防潮能力最弱;生漆涂饰处理方法对毛竹的吸湿性影响最大,防潮能力最强,柞木次之,樟子松最差。     

Rapid assessment of wood chemical properties and pulp yield of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Thailand tree plantations by near infrared spectroscopy for improving wood selection for high quality pulp

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a means for rapid nondestructive determination of the chemical composition and final pulp yield of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Thailand tree plantations. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and partial least squares (PLS) analysis were introduced to develop statistical models in terms of calibration equations for total pulp yield, screened pulp yield, and contents of -cellulose, pentosans, and lignin in wood. In MLR analysis, a reasonably good calibration equation was found only for pentosans (standard error of prediction (SEP): 0.98%). The PLS analysis improved the accuracy of prediction for every criterion variable, especially for pentosans (SEP: 0.91%) and lignin (SEP: 0.52%). Also, in the case of screened pulp yield, we were able to use such a statistical result as an indicator of the characteristics of the pulp and paper. Thus, NIR spectroscopy could be satisfactorily used as an effective assessment technique for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation trees.     

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties

A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest.It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters.A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.     

Effect of soil chemical properties on growth,foliation and nutrition of Norway spruce stand affected by yellowing in the Bohemian Forest Mts., Czech Republic

In 1998, a fertilizer experiment aiming to investigate the effects of slow-release N, P, K and Mg fertilizer (SILVAMIX Mg NPK^®) on a 60-year-old spruce stand with symptoms of yellowing was established. In this paper, trees were selected to investigate the relation between annual diameter increment, yellowing, foliation, needle and soil chemical properties: ten from the fertilized treatment (F), ten green trees from the control (CG) and ten yellow trees from the control (CY). CG and CY trees were growing in close proximity at a distance of only several meters apart under the same soil conditions. In treatment F, increased annual diameter increment, improved foliation, needle Mg concentration, plant-available Mg and P concentrations in the soil and absence of yellow trees were recorded 7 years after a single application of the fertilizer. During the last 15 years, annual growth increment and foliation of CY trees have continuously decreased while relatively stable values were recorded for CG trees and increased for F trees. In 2006, CG and CY trees differed significantly in Mg concentration in needles, foliation, yellowing and annual diameter increment. Although differences in soil chemical properties between CG and CY treatments were not significant, lower concentrations of plant-available Mg²⁺ and higher concentrations of H⁺ and Al³⁺ were found in soils under CY trees. There was a negative correlation between soil concentration of Mg and yellowing, but this correlation was relatively weak, indicating that there is no simple relation between soil and needle concentrations of Mg. In the investigated locality, the “new type” of yellow tree decline has been a long-term gradual process.