糙齿海豚营养组成分析

主要就中国水域糙齿海豚肌肉组织的营养组成情况进行分析。分析部位包括背肌、腹肌和尾肌3个部分。分析结果表明,海豚肌肉组织粗营养成分中腹肌脂肪含量最高,背肌粗蛋白含量最高。肌肉中氨基酸组成具有极高的一致性,含量最高的氨基酸均为谷氨酸,最低的是胱氨酸。海豚肌肉组织脂肪酸组成含有动物及鱼油中典型的脂肪酸如棕榈酸(16:0)、棕榈油酸(16:1)、硬脂酸(18:0)、油酸(18:1)、EPA(20:5ω-3)及DHA(22:6ω-3)。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的总量与单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的总量相近且大于多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的总量。不饱和脂肪酸中ω-3/ω-6的比值较低(0.12～1.36),与其它海洋有机生物相比(通常高于4,有的高达50),该值明显偏低。海豚肌肉组织中富含钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)及锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、硒(Se)等微量元素,这些元素在海豚肌肉组织中的分布无明显差别。     

宽吻海豚急性铜绿假单胞菌感染的治疗研究

海豚终生生活于海洋中 ,当人为转入人工饲养环境时 ,由于生活空间、食物、水质等因素的改变 ,使之极易患上各种疾病[1,2 ] 。Ｋｉｎｎｅ[3 ] 记载 ,1 95 8年香港海洋公园中有 2 4头宽吻海豚 (Ｔｕｒｓｉｏｐｓｔｒｕｎｃａｔｕｓ)同时感染铜绿假单胞菌 (Ｐｅｓｕ ｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａ)而死亡 ,日本和台湾也先后有过海豚感染铜绿假单胞菌不治而亡的报道。有关治愈宽吻海豚铜绿假单胞菌感染病方面还未见报道。本文通过对 1头感染铜绿假单胞菌的北太平洋宽吻海豚的诊断、治疗及治愈 ,初步摸索了该病的治疗方法1　材料与方法1 .1…     

广东省养殖罗非鱼、海鲈、尖吻鲈海豚链球菌感染调查

利用细菌分离培养方法结合特异PCR技术,对广东省珠三角地区养殖罗非鱼(Oreochromis spp.)、海鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)及尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)的海豚链球菌(Streptococcus iniae)感染情况进行了周年调查。每月固定时间在特定养殖区域采集目标鱼的脑、肝、脾、肾和肌肉等组织,并对其进行海豚链球菌的细菌分离培养鉴定。仅从已经患病的尖吻鲈中分离到3株链球菌,经生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA测序确定为海豚链球菌。利用海豚链球菌特异PCR技术对上述养殖鱼类不同组织进行检测,发现罗非鱼、海鲈、尖吻鲈的海豚链球菌感染率分别为30.21%、23.53%、14.55%,其中罗非鱼脑和肌肉的感染率明显较其他组织高(P<0.05),分别为20.65%和23.75%;海鲈的脑部和肌肉感染率也较其他组织高(P<0.05),分别为12.1%和10%;而尖吻鲈各组织感染率没有较大差异(P>0.05)。另外,研究结果还表明采集样本的海豚链球菌感染率随着其体长的增加而呈现下降趋势。     

东海发现的灰海豚

<正> 灰海豚Glrampus griseus隶属齿鲸亚目灰海豚科,本科只一属一种。主要分布在温暖海域,日本太平洋侧多有发现,我国台湾省有记录(杨鸿嘉,1964)。1986年8月29日在浙江省洞头县倪屿乡海滩搁浅一头雌体,为我国大陆沿海新记录,标本存浙江自然博物馆。     

大力围捕海豚

在我国东、黄海里,生活着许多种鲸。我们公司里的捕鲸船就曾用炮锸捕获过长须鲸、小鰛鲸、克鲸、座头鲸和脊美鲸等,其中,捕获最多的是小鰛鲸。     

海豚是重要的水产资源

海豚是适于水栖的海洋哺乳动物，属于鲸目。鲸目的现代种类被分成两个亚目，即须鲸亚目和齿鲸亚目。前者种类较少，但个体大，口内无齿而有须。后者种类较多，但除抹香鲸外，一般个体都较小，口内无须而一直保留着牙齿。人们习惯上常把须鲸和大型齿鲸(如抹香鲸等)称为鲸，而把小型齿鲸称作海豚。因此，海豚是小型齿鲸的统称。     

罗非鱼海豚链球菌病的病理学观察

采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术分别对患海豚链球菌病的罗非鱼的病理学变化进行了研究。分离的病原菌革兰氏染色呈阳性,透射电镜负染观察菌体球形或卵圆形,直径0.6~1.0μm,多数呈链状排列。组织学病变主要表现为全身多组织、器官水肿,出血、变性、坏死以及炎症反应,特别是肝、脾、肾和脑分别表现为肝炎,脾炎,间质性肾炎和脑膜炎。超微结构观察发现病鱼肝、脾、肾、脑、心肌和骨骼肌等器官的细胞超微结构都有较为严重的破坏,细胞核畸形,染色质浓缩或边集,粗面内质网囊泡化及脱粒,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂或溶解消失。研究表明,海豚链球菌能造成罗非鱼全身性组织器官病变,致使器官功能障碍,正常生理代谢调节紊乱,最后导致死亡。     

宽吻海豚内脏器官的解剖学观察

水栖兽类是我国的重要水产资源，有一定的经济意义和广阔的开发前景。六十年代后，国内对鲸类的研究报道较多，特别是对江豚和白鳍豚内、外形态的研究(马凌汉等，1963；康定星，1964；邢湘臣，1965；徐凤等，1973；陈宜瑜等，1975；廖承义，     

瓶鼻海豚、中华白海豚和糙齿海豚线粒体16SrRNA基因的序列分析

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增瓶鼻海豚、中华白海豚和糙齿海豚的线粒体DNA16S rRNA基因,获得了大约600bp的片段。扩增产物直接测序,去除引物序列后分别获得515、519和529bp的核苷酸片段。碱基组成平均为T25·8%,C20·7%,A32·1%,G21·4%,GC含量为42·1%。与35种鲸豚类的55条同源序列比对,去除部分端部序列后得到497个比对位点,包括14个插入/缺失位点和127个变异位点(104个简约信息位点,23个单突变子)。序列比较表明,我国水域的瓶鼻海豚和中华白海豚与国外种存在一定的差异。NJ聚类分析结果与目前的主流观点基本相同,即须鲸亚目形成单系群而齿鲸亚目则为多系群,后者包括海豚总科、抹香鲸总科、喙鲸总科和淡水豚总科。其中抹香鲸总科与须鲸亚目聚合在一起,然后与海豚总科聚合再与喙鲸总科相聚。淡水豚总科为一并系群并处于整个鲸豚类的基部,其中恒河豚科是最早分化的一支。但在海豚总科中,鼠海豚科的江豚则与一角鲸科的白鲸聚合一起,与形态分类不同。     

金枪鱼—海豚案例概述

水产品出口对发展中国家的外贸收入影响很大。这些国家从水产品出口中净赚１６０亿美元（１９９８年），当前世界主要市场上水产品都要依靠进口来满足不断增加的消费需求。尽管如此，进口国关注焦点已从关税转移到进口水产品的标准上。应当特别指出的是：质量安全标准很可能导致新的贸易壁垒。由于这一原因，金枪鱼产品（其它鱼类产品也一样）的出口，既要遵守某些国家的进口规则，又要按照国际贸易协议的规定去做，所以当贸易纠纷发生时，在处理机制上就会产生争议。在乌拉圭回合谈判中，与鱼类贸易最相关的协议是关于动植物卫生检疫协议（…     

Interactions between fisheries and cetaceans in the Thracian sea (Greece) and management proposals

Greek fisheries (purse seine, trawling and small‐scale coastal, by order of importance) mostly operate in the Thracian Sea, which despite its relatively small size relative to the Aegean Sea (≈4.4%) is the most productive region in Greek waters due to its elevated nutrient concentration. The Thracian Sea is also vital to several species of cetaceans, mainly bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu), and common dolphin, Delphinus delphis L. The area has been proposed as a potential cetacean conservation hotspot. For this reason, the interactions between fishing activities and local cetacean populations have been investigated through reports of stranded dolphins, interviews with fishers, surveys and detailed dolphin stomach content analysis. Reports of stranded cetaceans and interviews with fishers revealed cases of cetacean entanglement in fishing nets, as well as frequent dolphin damage to fishing nets. Necropsy stomach analysis of stranded dolphins revealed a preference for fish and cephalopods of low commercial value, indicating a low trophic overlap between cetaceans and commercial fisheries. Recommendations for the management of fisheries–cetacean interactions in the Thracian Sea are provided.     

Using T‐PODs to assess variations in the occurrence of coastal bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises

• 1. Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on cetaceans are often constrained by limited data on the extent to which these species use particular areas.
• 2. Timing porpoise detectors (T‐PODs) are autonomous data recorders for detecting cetacean echolocation clicks, potentially providing cost‐effective opportunities for monitoring cetacean occurrence.
• 3. The performance of T‐PODs was assessed in three areas off the Scottish east coast, where the relative occurrence of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises was known to differ. Land‐based observations in one area compared visual and acoustic detections of dolphins, while direct hydrophone recordings of dolphin echolocation clicks were compared with T‐POD detections during boat surveys.
• 4. Land‐based surveys recorded 89 groups of dolphins within 900 m of the T‐POD. All groups spending >30 min in the area were detected on the T‐POD, and the probability of detection declined in relation to distance from the recording site.
• 5. The number of dolphin clicks recorded on the independent hydrophone system was significantly related to the number detected by a T‐POD. Between pairs of T‐PODs, there was also significant correlation with the numbers of clicks recorded in each hour, both for channels set to detect bottlenose dolphins and for channels set to detect harbour porpoises.
• 6. Year‐round deployments of paired T‐PODs detected significant geographical variation in detections for both bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. This pattern reflected published data from visual surveys, where dolphins occurred most regularly within the Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation, and porpoises were sighted more regularly in offshore waters.
• 7. T‐PODs do not detect all cetaceans in the area, and care must be taken when interpreting data from mixed species communities. Nevertheless, these results confirm that T‐PODs provide an effective method for monitoring the occurrence of bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises, and provide excellent potential for collecting baseline data from poorly studied areas and monitoring long‐term temporal change in key areas of interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Tying up loose ends together: Cetaceans,maritime traffic and spatial management tools in the Strait of Gibraltar

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The role of historical dolphin takes and habitat degradation in shaping the present status of northern Adriatic cetaceans

• 1. Nine cetacean species have been reliably reported to occur in the shallow northern Adriatic Sea since the 17th century. However, only two species were considered regular there until the 1970s: the short‐beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
• 2. Short‐beaked common dolphins have progressively disappeared from the northern Adriatic and are now rare in the region. The systematic culling campaigns and other takes that occurred between the second half of the 18th century and the 1960s, and habitat degradation in subsequent years are the most likely causes of their decline.
• 3. Today, common bottlenose dolphins are the only regular component of the northern Adriatic cetacean fauna; however, they now occur at low densities, and their fragmented groups are facing significant anthropogenic threats.
• 4. The future of northern Adriatic dolphins will depend on precautionary action to prevent further decline and on intensified research effort aimed at identifying the most effective mitigation strategies.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cetacean occurrence,habitat preferences and potential for cetacean–fishery interactions in Iberian Atlantic waters: results from cooperative research involving local stakeholders

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利用环境DNA技术探测南海西沙鲸类物种多样性

本研究通过提取南海西沙海域水体样本的环境DNA,利用鲸类线粒体12S r RNA和16S r RNA通用引物进行扩增和高通量测序,并结合目视观测的结果探讨环境DNA技术在鲸类物种多样性研究中的应用前景。结果显示,4种通用引物在鲸类鉴定方面具有一定的有效性,利用4种通用引物在西沙海域19个站点的样品中检测到5种鲸类,分别为热带斑海豚(Stenella attenuata)、长吻飞旋海豚(Stenella longirostris)、弗氏海豚(Lagenodelphis hosei)、小布氏鲸(Balaenoptera edeni edeni)和短鳍领航鲸(Globicephala macrorhynchus),采样过程中观测到的3种鲸类分别为:热带斑海豚、长吻飞旋海豚和瑞氏海豚(Grampus griseus)。两种方法检获的优势物种一致,利用环境DNA技术检测到了未被观测到的物种。结合引物Cet-12S和Marver3的检测结果可以涵盖所有站点(n=17)和所有鲸类物种(n=5),表明针对不同基因片段的引物结合使用有利于检测效果的提高。对于检出的鲸类序列和物种数,4种引物之间不存在显著...     

Occurrence and present status of coastal dolphins (Delphinus delphis and Tursiops truncatus) in the eastern Ionian Sea

• 1. Boat surveys aimed at studying short‐beaked common dolphins and common bottlenose dolphins in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters were conducted between 1993 and 2003. During 835 survey days, 24 771 km of total effort was distributed within an area of 480 km², resulting in 428 common dolphin and 235 bottlenose dolphin sightings.
• 2. Individual photo‐identification was performed extensively throughout this study, making it possible to monitor the number of animals seen in the study area each year and their long‐term residency patterns.
• 3. Common dolphins declined across the study period, from 2.18 encounters/100 km in 1997 to 0.40 encounters/100 km in 2003. In contrast, there was a relatively stable presence of bottlenose dolphins, some individuals showing high levels of site fidelity and others using the area only occasionally.
• 4. The local decline of common dolphins and the low density of bottlenose dolphins appeared to reflect the general status of these cetacean species in the wider Mediterranean region, where common dolphins were classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List in 2003.
• 5. Based on the available evidence, we infer that the present unfavourable status of common dolphins in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters is largely a consequence of prey depletion.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural and anthropogenic drivers of foraging behaviour in bottlenose dolphins: Influence of shellfish aquaculture

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Comparative external morphology of cetacean spermatozoa

SUMMARY: To compare size and morphology of spermatozoa in cetaceans, sperm and epididymis samples were collected from 10 species in four families and spermatozoa were observed with phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopes. According to the average total length of the spermatozoa, the 10 species examined were classified into the following four groups in order of increasing size: (i) Baird's beaked (Ziphiidae) and Bryde's whales (Balaenopteridae); (ii) Dall's and finless porpoises (Phocoenidae); (iii) common, bottlenose, and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Delphinidae); and (iv) killer and short-finned pilot whales, and Risso's dolphin (Delphinidae). Spermatozoa head length of Bryde's whale and the finless porpoise were shorter than those of the other species. Spermatozoa head width was widest in the killer whale and thinnest in the Baird's beaked whale. The lateral aspects of sperm heads from the 10 species were characterized as the 'anterior region of the sperm head is thin and flat while the posterior region is thick.' The dorsal aspects of sperm heads were 'paddle-shaped' in Bryde's whales, 'bowling pin-shaped' in Baird's beaked whales, 'Japanese fan-shaped' in killer whales, an 'elongated ellipsoid shape' in Delphinidae except for killer whales, and 'ellipsoid shaped' in Phocoenidae. Size and morphology of the spermatozoa showed interspecific differences among the 10 species examined, which correspond to cetacean taxonomic classification.     

Occurrence of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the Gulf of Trieste and the northern Adriatic Sea

1. The Mediterranean common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), considered to have been very common in the past, had undergone a dramatic decline across most of the basin by the end of 1970s. In the northern Adriatic Sea, one of the regions with most available historical information, the common dolphin is thought to have been the most common and abundant cetacean throughout most of the 20th century. However, by the end of 1970s, it had virtually disappeared from the region and is now considered generally absent from the entire Adriatic Sea.
2. This contribution summarizes the occurrence of common dolphins in the Gulf of Trieste and provides a brief review of published records in other parts of the Adriatic Sea.
3. Systematic boat surveys in the wider area of the Gulf of Trieste between 2002 and 2019 confirmed that the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the only regularly occurring cetacean species in this area. Despite this, several records of common dolphins were documented in the Gulf of Trieste between 2009 and 2012, through sightings of live animals or recovery of dead stranded animals.
4. Dorsal fin markings allowed the photo-identification of some of these, suggesting that at least four different live individuals (three adults and one calf) occurred here in recent times. Most cases involved single adult individuals, but one included a mother-calf pair that was temporarily resident in a port for several months, a behaviour atypical for this species. Photo-identification showed that the presumed mother had previously been sighted in the Ionian Sea in Greece, over 1,000 km from the Gulf of Trieste, making this the longest documented movement for this species worldwide.
5. At present, the common dolphin continues to be rare in the region.