浅析禅意景观的“色”与“空”

当今景观设计多追求繁杂的形式、奢华的外表等,而设计的内涵性与原真性保存较少。禅意景观是以"禅宗"为设计指导思想,追求淡泊、意境的景观设计,给场所赋予内涵、精神。本文从禅意景观的内涵意义和禅意景观的"色"与"空"的理念出发,分析了禅境园林"色"与"空"的特征。通过对禅境景观的营造的阐述,探讨园林设计应该多考究、斟酌,去除一些繁琐的形式化东西,寻求禅宗美学的纯粹,在设计之初就赋予场所禅意精神。     

传统文化视角下鄂西南竹编艺术的传承与发展

中国传统文化产生于中国古典哲学沃土之上，蕴含着丰富的人文思想和智慧，是现代艺术设计不竭的创作源泉。文章从中国传统文化的视角，分析了鄂西南民间竹编的文化内涵、造物理念与工艺特征，并从文化传承、持续发展、创新设计、技术革新等4个方面提出了鄂西南竹编传承发展的路径。     

浅析禅宗文化在香港志莲净苑中的表现

禅宗文化集传统文化精髓和崇尚自然的思想于一身,对当今的园林设计具有十分重要的借鉴作用。文章以香港志莲净苑为例,探讨禅宗文化在其寺苑规划、空间格局、建筑艺术、园林造景及植物栽培等方面的应用技法。     

禅宗文化影响下的日本枯山水庭院

文章以禅宗文化的基本观点和美学意境为切入点,逐层分析日本传统园林的艺术理念、空间布局、理山叠水、植物配置;结合日本传统枯山水庭院的具体实例,试从上述四个方面分析日本园林的独特造园手法及其艺术成就。对比不同国家的园林艺术并借鉴其优点,希望对中国环境艺术设计今后的发展起推动作用。     

中国民间美术在非艺术类高校艺术设计专业教学中的应用

中国民间美术作为中华民族的母体艺术,一直给其他艺术以滋养。从中国民间美术与艺术设计专业教学相结合的必要性入手,提出了中国民间美术与艺术设计专业课程教学相结合的途径:首先艺术设计专业的基础课程可以借鉴中国民间美术的造型特点和色彩规律;其次中国民间美术丰富多彩的传统图式可以融入当代艺术设计;第三,中国民间美术中的民宅营造观念可以融入现代艺术设计;第四,艺术设计应借鉴中国民间美术作品的想象力;第五,吸收了中国民间美术元素的优秀艺术设计案例和成果可以开阔学生的视野、培养学生的实践能力。同时指出了中国民间美术与艺术设计专业教学相结合的成果:中国民间美术在非艺术类高校艺术设计专业中得到研究和运用;促进了非艺术类高校艺术设计专业教学向本土文化的回归;体现了办学的独特性和地域特色;开阔了学生的视野,提升了艺术设计作品的民族性。     

宋代美学对新中式家具创新设计的影响研究

宋代家具禅意神韵的美学思想,家具外形简洁儒雅,组合效果彰显艺术魅力,形成新中式家具美学思想。分析了宋代社会背景,简述了宋代美学思想主旨,在此基础上阐明了宋代美学对我国新中式家具创新设计的影响。     

素仁格盆景艺术本体及其禅宗美学思想浅析

通过分析文人画和"文人树"与素仁风格盆景的关系,探讨素仁格盆景美学思想。从中国画论美学角度,结合素仁格盆景艺术特征,提出素仁格盆景归属于"文人树"(画意树)观点,其定义是以陈素仁为代表创立的蕴含禅宗美学思想为主体的画意式盆景。论证了禅是素仁格盆景艺术本体,据此阐述了素仁格盆景的禅宗美学思想是自然之美、空寂之美和素净之美。     

现代景观设计中的禅学源流探讨

阐述了禅学的概念及禅宗思想,分析了禅宗思想对东、西方园林景观设计发展的影响,并探讨了禅宗对现代景观设计的启示。     

浅谈现代艺术设计教学中CG设计的艺术表现力

当今艺术设计领域,随着信息技术应用于设计教育,原有的设计课程的教学模式、教学环境、教材形态、教学方式方法、教学体制以及教学管理均在发生一系列变革。体现高科技的数字化艺术手段,将感性的认识理念,以严密的教学方法组织起来并对艺术设计要素进行理性化控制的电脑美术教学必将给人们带来新的观念,新的思维以及新的设计思想。     

现代景观设计中的园林植物文化研究——青岛“凤栖苑”景观园林植物的寓意与运用

概述了中国传统园林植物造景的文化内涵和审美情趣，借鉴了传统文化和园林植物寓意，在青岛“凤栖苑”的景观设计中，将中国古典园林的设计精粹与现代环境、文化思想、生活方式、价值观念相结合，设计出了具有文化内涵的现代景观园林作品。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.