福建柏混交林生态效益研究

通过对30年生福建柏马尾松混交林、福建柏火力楠混交林与福建柏纯林生长量、林下植被多样性和土壤理化性质的比较分析,进行福建柏不同林分类型生态效益研究。结果表明:福建柏马尾松混交林和福建柏火力楠混交林中福建柏与福建柏纯林相比,树高、胸径和单株材积分别提高了14.6%、13.9%、46.9%和19.2%、11.1%、45.9%,林分总蓄积量增加了70.4%和57.9%,而且生长量和蓄积量的差异达到显著和极显著水平。混交林和纯林植物多样性指数接近。混交林土壤比纯林土壤疏松透气,持水性强,肥力高。     

福建柏木荷混交林生长及生态效益研究

对福建柏木荷混交林、福建柏纯林中的福建柏生长量、林分物种多样性及林地土壤理化性质进行对比研究,结果表明,33年生的福建柏木荷插花混交林与福建柏纯林相比,福建柏胸径、单株材积分别增加20.6%、53.2%,林分总蓄积量增加34.9%,差异达显著水平;植物种类和数量增多,土壤更加疏松透气,养分含量也更高。     

闽南沿海山地福建柏与木荷不同种植模式对生物量的影响

采用样地调查和植物生物量测定方法,对闽南沿海山地福建柏、木荷纯林和混交林不同种植模式的生物量进行分析研究。结果表明,乔木层生物量为福建柏纯林福建柏木荷混交林木荷纯林;灌木层生物量为福建柏木荷混交林木荷纯林福建柏纯林;草本层生物量为木荷纯林福建柏木荷混交林福建柏纯林;凋落物层生物量为福建柏木荷混交林木荷纯林福建柏纯林;各层生物量为福建柏木荷混交林福建柏纯林木荷纯林。表明福建柏-木荷混交林比福建柏、木荷纯林更有利于林分光合产物的积累,增加养分归还量,有利于林分养分循环利用。     

福建柏混交林凋落物持水特性及碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

以福建柏纯林、福建柏与杉木、马尾松、木荷混交的4种福建柏人工林为研究对象，通过典型样地调查和样品测定，分析不同福建柏混交林凋落物蓄积量、持水量和碳、氮、磷含量及化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）凋落物现存蓄积量及持水量分别表现为福建柏马尾松混交林>福建柏杉木混交林>福建柏纯林>福建柏木荷混交林，福建柏马尾松混交林>福建柏纯林>福建柏木荷混交林>福建柏杉木混交林，凋落物现存蓄积量和持水量在4种福建柏混交林类型间均存在显著差异。（2）随着浸水时间的变化，前2 min内，4种福建柏混交林的凋落物吸水均最快，福建柏杉木混交林达到51.07 g/min，吸水最快；福建柏木荷混交林达到34.25 g/min，吸水最慢。在整个吸水过程中，凋落物持水量及饱和时最大持水量为福建柏杉木混交林>福建柏马尾松混交林>福建柏纯林>福建柏木荷混交林。（3）凋落物全碳、全氮、全磷含量均为福建柏杉木混交林>福建柏马尾松混交林>福建柏纯林>福建柏木荷混交林，C/N、C/P、N/P值均为福建柏木荷混交林>福建柏纯林>福建柏马尾松混交林>...     

福建柏木荷混交造林试验

在同样的试验地内，对福建柏木荷苗木采用不同的株行距纯林、混交造林。试验结果表明：15a生的福建柏木荷混交林木平均树高分别比福建柏、木荷纯林高大5．3％、7．3％，平均胸径分别粗10．6％、4．3％，平均树冠分别大12％、6％，每公顷郁闭度大12．5％，每公顷立木蓄积量平均分别多46．4％、26．8％。土壤肥力测定分析：福建柏木荷混交林的土壤养分含量N、P、K，比福建柏及木荷纯林的土壤养分含量N、P、K，平均分别大23％、18％、11％及9％、11％、9％，有机质分别大25．3％、11．6％。     

马尾松纯林改造成混交林效果评价

在马尾松1 a生纯林内补植福建柏、台湾相思,分别形成2树种和3树种的混交林.造林14 a后,对比分析各林分的林木生长量、林分生物量以及林分土壤理化性质.结果表明:马尾松、福建柏、台湾相思3树种的混交林,林分结构合理,林木生长较快,枯枝落叶物多,明显改善了土壤的理化性质及林分内的小环境.3树种混交林比马尾松纯林和2树种异龄混交林的林木蓄积量分别提高12.91％和6.06％、26.88％.     

福建柏混交林水文特征研究

通过对福建柏马尾松混交林、福建柏秃杉混交林、福建柏木荷混交林以及福建柏纯林的地上部分持水量和土壤持水量测定,结果表明,福建柏与木荷、秃杉混交可以增强林分涵养水源和保持水土功能。     

福建柏刨花楠混交林初步研究

对4年生的福建柏刨花楠混交林及福建柏纯林进行了生长量和土壤理化性质研究,结果表明:福建柏刨花楠混交林和福建柏纯林在生长量、蓄积量上差异不明显,但混交林和纯林的土壤理化性质有一定的差别,混交林土壤容重小,而孔隙度、持水量大,同时混交林土壤肥力状况较好,在参试的两种混交林中,以福建柏与刨花楠按1∶4比例混交的林分土壤结构和肥力为佳。     

马尾松混交林生长及生态效应研究

通过马尾松杜英混交林、马尾松闽粤栲混交林和马尾松纯林生长状况、林分植被生物多样性和土壤理化性质的研究,结果表明,马尾松与杜英、闽粤栲混交后,树高、胸径生长量增加明显,蓄积量增大;马尾松混交林下植被种类和数量都增多,生物多样性比马尾松纯林丰富;马尾松混交林土壤理化性质得到较大改善。     

40年生福建柏不同混交林生长比较

为探索培育福建柏大径材的最优混交模式,对安溪竹园国有林场40年生福建柏不同的行间混交林(福建柏×杉木×马尾松(混交比例为3∶1∶1)、福建柏×柳杉(5∶4)、福建柏×火力楠(2∶1)、福建柏×木荷(3∶2),福建柏纯林(对照组)的生长进行比较分析。结果表明:福建柏单株材积量大小排序为福建柏×杉木×马尾松混交林(0.2702 m~3·株~(-1))>福建柏×柳杉混交林(0.2620 m~3·株~(-1))>福建柏×火力楠混交林(0.2125 m~3·株~(-1))>福建柏纯林(0.1986 m~3·株~(-1))>福建柏×木荷混交林(0.1196 m~3·株~(-1));木材总蓄积量大小排序为福建柏×杉木×马尾松混交林(336.19 m~3·hm~(-2))>福建柏×火力楠混交林(261.73 m~3·hm~(-2))>福建柏×柳杉混交林(241.84 m~3·hm~(-2))>福建柏纯林(192.77 m~3·hm~(-2))>福建柏×木荷混交林(128.37 m~3·hm~(-2))。综合比较分析,初步得出福建柏×杉木×马尾松为最优混交模式,与福建柏纯林相比,其福建柏单株平均胸径、树高、材积分别提高13.32%、20.58%、36.05%,林分总蓄积量增加74.40%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.