呼伦贝尔草原针茅属植物及土壤 CNP 的化学计量特征

为了研究呼伦贝尔3种典型草原的生态化学计量学特征,以兰旗庙克氏针茅、呼伦镇大针茅和克尔伦苏木小针茅为研究对象,综合研究了3种植物地上地下及土壤的C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量比特征。研究表明：全碳含量除大针茅之外,其他两种植物地上养分均低于地下养分,全氮含量和全磷含量恰好与全碳相反;3种不同针茅群落的植物地下养分含量特征与其土壤养分特征基本一致,而植物地上养分含量特征与其土壤特征却没有明显的相关性;3种针茅和它们所生长土壤的氮磷化学计量比值均小于14;3种针茅和它们所生长土壤（除小针茅外）的碳氮化学计量比值均大于25。     

摩天岭北坡低海拔区草本植物生物量及根C、N、P化学计量学特征

为了阐明摩天岭北坡低海拔区草本植物生物量及其根部C、N、P化学计量学特征,对该地区草本植物生物量及其根部C、N、P进行测定,结果如下:(1)草本植物地上、地下生物量均随着海拔梯度的升高而降低,其中地上生物量最大值为149.74 g/kg,最小值为20.84 g/kg,地下生物量最大值为110 g/kg,最小值为16.05 g/kg。(2)草本植物地下部分中,C的含量显著高于N和P的含量,其平均值为354.60,而N的含量也高于P的含量,平均值分别为12.46和2.59。根部3种元素含量的差异导致N/P、C/N、C/P的平均值分别为93.49、29.39和2 769.89。且上述指标的最大值与最小值均有数倍以上的差距。(3)地上地下生物量,根部中C、N、P及其比值之间均具有一定的相关性。     

氮沉降和降水增加对榆树幼苗不同器官碳氮磷分配格局的影响

【目的】研究榆树幼苗C、N、P分配格局对氮沉降和降水增加的响应特征,为明确榆树对水氮环境变化的适应策略、培育高质量苗木提供参考。【方法】2015年4月末,将榆树幼苗(株高37.76 cm,茎粗0.44 cm)盆栽于风沙土(全C、N、P含量分别为4.52、0.31和0.11 g·kg~(-1))中。采用两因素(氮素和水分)随机区组设计,设置4个施氮处理梯度(施不施氮及添加5、10和15 g N·m~(-2)a~(-1))以及3个水分处理水平(自然降水、自然降水增加50%和增加100%),分析不同水氮处理下榆树幼苗叶、枝、茎、粗根和细根的C、N、P含量及计量比变化特征,探讨C、N、P元素含量的稳定性及其异速生长关系。【结果】施氮和增加降水对榆树幼苗不同器官N、P含量及比值均具有显著交互作用。随着施氮量增加,叶和细根C含量增加,枝、茎和粗根C含量保持稳定;各器官N含量及N∶P升高,C∶N降低;叶和茎P含量降低,叶、茎和细根C∶P增加。随着降水增加,叶和细根C含量下降,枝、茎和粗根C含量保持稳定;枝和茎P含量下降,C∶P和N∶P上升。而在不同氮沉降水平下,降水增加对各元素分配影响不同。当不施氮时,随着降水增加,叶N含量及N∶P增加,C∶N下降;叶、粗根和细根P含量先增加后减少,C∶P先降低后升高;细根N∶P先增加后降低。当施氮量为15 g N·m~(-2)a~(-1)时,随着降水增加,叶N含量下降,C∶N增加,N∶P无显著变化;叶、粗根和细根P含量下降,C∶P增加;细根N∶P逐渐增加。水氮添加处理下,幼苗C含量顺序为茎、枝和粗根叶和细根,N和P含量顺序为叶细根枝、茎和粗根。各器官元素含量及比值的变异系数不同,C含量变异系数为叶和细根枝、茎和粗根;N含量变异系数在叶和粗根中最大,在细根中最小;P含量变异系数在茎中最大,在叶中最小;C∶N变异系数为粗根叶、枝和茎细根,C∶P和N∶P变异系数为茎粗根和细根叶和枝;且各器官N∶P变异系数均高于N、P含量变异系数。幼苗叶、枝、粗根和细根中C与N含量具有显著异速生长关系,C与P含量在叶和粗根中呈显著负相关。各器官N与P含量间均呈显著负相关,异速生长指数在-0.534～-1.224之间。【结论】氮沉降可提高榆树幼苗叶和细根C含量、各器官N含量及N∶P、叶、茎和细根C∶P,降低叶和茎P含量、各器官C∶N。降水增加可提高枝和茎C∶P和N∶P,降低叶和细根C含量、枝和茎P含量,同时N利用效率降低,P利用效率提高。N含量稳定性在细根中最强,P含量和N∶P稳定性在叶中最强,N和P含量稳定性在各器官中均高于N∶P。     

广东莲花山不同海拔梯度下森林土壤养分和化学计量特征

为探究广东莲花山土壤有机碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）含量垂直分布特征，阐明土壤C、N、P、K生态化学计量学特征对海拔梯度的响应规律，在广东莲花山500~1 000 m区域以100 m海拔间隔进行研究。结果表明：（1）不同海拔下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾变化范围分别是38.72~68.17、0.90~1.32、0.011~0.022、5.19~7.08 g·kg-1，土壤全氮、全磷含量随海拔梯度升高而增加，土壤有机碳、全钾含量随海拔梯度的变化，差异不显著。（2）土壤的C/N和N/P分别介于40.12~50.76、43.06~90.86间。不同海拔梯段下土壤C/N无显著差异;整体来看，土壤N/P随海拔梯度的增加呈降低趋势。（3）500~1 000 m海拔土壤速效氮含量介于0.81~2.01 mg·kg-1，均值为1.19 mg·kg-1，其中，500 m海拔下土壤速效氮含量最高，1 000 m海拔下，土壤速效氮含量值达到最小。土壤速效氮含量与土壤速效氮含量的关系呈负相关。土壤速效钾、速效磷含量在500~800 m海拔间变化幅度较小，至900 m海拔下最大。莲花山土壤养分空间分布具有一定的异质性，全氮、全磷、速效氮含量、N/P的空间变化强烈。     

大兴安岭不同退化阶段土壤和植物C、N、P浓度及其化学计量特征

在大兴安岭加格达奇地区,选择处于不同退化阶段的蒙古栎林、灌丛、灌草丛和草丛,进行土壤和植物叶片C、N、P浓度及其化学计量比分析。结果表明,土壤全N、全P浓度随植被退化逐渐下降,而土壤全C浓度在灌丛达到最高。随着植被退化,各退化阶段植物群落的叶片C、N、P浓度逐渐降低,而N/P比值则逐渐增加。蒙古栎林、灌丛、灌草丛和草丛植物群落的叶片N/P比值分别为：7.35、8.04、9.36和13.61,均小于14。各退化阶段9个共有物种的叶片N/P比值,在蒙古栎林和灌丛群落中均小于14;在灌草丛群落中小于14的共有物种8个,在14～16之间的共有物种1个;在草丛群落中小于14的共有物种7个,大于16的共有物种2个。根据以往对N/P临界值的确定,可以认为该区各退化阶段的植物生长主要受N素的限制。     

滇中亚高山森林林下植被和凋落物生态化学计量特征

[目的 ]了解磨盘山区域森林生态系统典型林分林下植被层和凋落物层各组分的C、N、P化学计量比格局,探究物种与器官对林下植被层和凋落物层C、N、P化学计量特征的影响,以期为森林生态系统养分再分配提供理论参考。[方法 ]选取滇中亚高山5种典型森林为研究对象,通过野外采集不同森林林下植被和凋落物样品,对其林下植被层各器官和凋落物层各组分C、N、P生态化学计量特征进行研究。[结果 ]5种林分的林下植被层(灌木叶、茎和根,草本地上和地下部分)和凋落物层(未分解层、半分解层、完全分解层)的C含量变幅分别为410.17～561.08、81.47～625.80 mg·g~(-1),N含量分别为3.07～15.89、9.87～17.50 mg·g~(-1),P含量分别为0.35～0.90、0.37～0.93 mg·g~(-1)。灌木层C、N、P含量除云南松林外均表现为叶根茎,草本层的C、P表现为地下部分地上部分,N含量则相反;凋落物层N、P含量表现为完全分解层半分解层未分解层,C含量与之相反。[结论 ]滇中亚高山典型森林中5种林分林下植被层生长比较缓慢,受到N和P的同时限制;凋落物分解速率偏慢,养分循环能力较低。因此,在森林抚育措施中,可考虑适当保护林下植被,提高土壤肥力,维持其长期稳定生产力。     

雅安不同海拔地区的珙桐群落土壤养分特征

为了探究珙桐群落在雅安不同海拔地区的梯度土壤的化学计量特征,阐明珙桐群落土壤性质对海拔变化的响应规律,进而有效指导珙桐群落的保护,在雅安的珙桐群落分布带上选取了1 000 m-1 500 m、1 500 m-2 000 m和2 000 m-2 500 m 3个海拔梯度,测定海拔1 000 m^2 500 m范围内土壤pH值和养分含量,计算并分析土壤C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K和P∶K。结果表明:(1)雅安的珙桐群落土壤中有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾变化范围分别为7.08 g·kg^-1~86.26 g·kg^-1、0.73 g·kg^-1~5.74 g·kg^-1、0.27 g·kg^-1~1.77 g·kg^-1和20.56 g·kg^-1~70.37 g·kg^-1,且随着海拔梯度的增加土壤中有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾含量增加。(2)土壤中C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K和P∶K范围分别为8.91~33.98、22.25~78.06、0.17~3.53、1.47~5.80、0.02~0.23和0.01~0.06。随着海拔梯度的增加,土壤中C∶N、C∶P和N∶P变化趋势类似,随着海拔梯度的增加先增加后降低,土壤中C∶K、N∶K随着海拔梯度的增加而增加,土壤中P∶K在不同海拔梯度下变化趋势不大。     

贵阳花溪石灰岩、石灰土与定居植物化学元素含量特征

对贵州化溪区石灰岩、石灰土及定居植物中化学元素含量进行研究.结果表明:石灰岩的pH值为9.38,全P和全K含量低,全Ca和全Mg含量较高,微量元素含量表现为Fe＞Pb＞Ni＞Mn＞Co＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd;石灰土的pH值为7.53～7.98,有林地的有机质、全N及全P含量高于无林地,N素和P素有效率很低,速效N仅占全N含量的0.47%～1.18%,速效P仅占全P的0.8%～1.5%,全K含量亦不高,但有林地速效K含量(251.81 mg·kg-1)超过土壤速效K含量对应的富K(＞155 mg·ks-1)水平等级,属富K型土壤,无林地全Ca及全Mg含量高于有林地,微量元素含量表现为Fe＞Mn＞Pb＞Zn＞Ni＞Cu＞Co＞Cd,全Pb,全Zn及全Cu含量均未超过国家规定的3级标准;定居植物体内不同元素含量的差异很大,同一元素在不同植物体内含量的变化范围亦很大.     

洱海沉水植物碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征

指出了目前对于沉水植物碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)化学计量学的野外研究主要集中平原湖泊,而对于中富营养初期变化的洱海研究鲜见报道,为此,对洱海7种常见沉水植物的C、N和P的化学计量学特征进行了研究,结果表明:洱海沉水植物地上部分C、N和P含量平均值分为:320.6 mg/g、17.6 mg/g、2.84mg/g;洱海沉水植物地上部分C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比平均值分别为:19.89、129.17、6.51;沉水植物C、N和P含量之间呈显著相关,N与P含量的相关性要大于C与N及C与P含量的相关性。     

华北落叶松人工林主要草本植物N,P生态化学计量特征研究——以燕山北部山地为例

氮(N)、磷(P)元素是生物体和生态系统所需的基本元素,通过对华北落叶松人工林内主要22种草本植物各器官的N,P含量进行测定及比较研究,得出:1)该地区草本植物整株植株的N元素含量范围为18.10～42.87 mg/g,P元素含量范围为1.87～4.92 mg/g,其中黄芪各器官的N含量最高,垂芥的叶、茎中P含量最高,整株植株的N∶P值范围为6.26～18.95,除紫花地丁植株的N∶P值大于16外,其它植株N∶P值都小于14;2)草本植物叶中的N与P元素含量要显著高于茎和根,地上部分大于地下部分;3)5个科类中豆科的N元素含量最高,伞形科的P元素含量最高,5个科类的N∶P值均小于14。     

便携式测定仪在测定叶片衰老过程中氮和叶绿素含量上的应用

选取哈尔滨地区本地植物华北紫丁香和山槐,以及华北引进种紫穗槐为研究材料,于2003年秋季对3种植物叶片从夏末叶片盛期到秋末叶片脱水变干脱落全过程进行了连续测定.结果表明:1)2种仪器对于表征单位叶面积上叶绿素和N含量的有效性明显高于表征单位鲜质量上叶绿素和N含量.2)尽管PPW-3000和SPAD-502对于表征单位叶面积N含量和各种叶绿素含量具有一定的普适性(R2=0.51～0.65),但不能有效表征不同植物的种间差异性.因此,使用2种便携式测定仪准确估计N和叶绿素含量需要首先确定每种植物的标准校正曲线.3)当表征同一种植物不同生长时期叶绿素和N含量变化时,2种仪器都适用于表征本地种华北紫丁香和山槐叶片衰老过程的变化(R2＞0.82);而对于外地引进种紫穗槐,叶片衰老脱水过程中叶绿素并未同时分解,表征效果欠佳(R2＜0.66),甚至相关性不显著.可见,便携式仪器更适用于适应本地气候的正常衰老种的相关测定.4)2种仪器比较而言,PPW-3000对于表征叶片N含量变化,尤其是对于叶片衰老脱水过程叶绿素并未同时分解的叶片(如紫穗槐),效果较SPAD-502好;而对于叶片衰老过程中叶绿素同时降解的叶片(如华北紫丁香和山槐),2种仪器效果没有明显区别.     

氮、硫沉降下凋落物分解失重规律

采用二次正交回归旋转设计,分析了邓恩桉人工林幼龄林凋落物分解失重率与N、S沉降之间的数量关系,并建立了失重率与N、S两因素的回归模型.结果表明:S沉降在编码范围[-1.414,1414]内促进凋落物分解,N沉降在低水平[-1414,0]促进凋落物分解,而在N沉降增加到编码值0水平后[0,1.414]抑制凋落物的分解,S沉降对凋落物失重率增加的影响比N沉降大;硫x1∈[-0.5,1.414]与氮x2∈[-1,1.414]编码范围内,x1与x2相互增效.     

Nitrogen use by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis> trees growing on a Mt. Fuji lava flow

To quantify the nitrogen (N) use by Pinus densiflora trees growing on an infertile lava surface, N pools, N requirement and N uptake through fine roots and N deposition from the atmosphere were estimated. The N requirement and the N uptake of fine roots were 55.5kgNha^–1year^–1 and 39.7kgNha^–1, respectively. Thus, the ratio of N uptake to N requirement of the fine roots was 71.5%. Including fine-root contribution, the total N requirement of the P. densiflora trees was 98.6kgNha^–1year^–1, and the total N uptake was 64.2kgNha^–1year^–1. Thus, the N uptake of the P. densiflora trees was 64.1% of the N requirement, indicating that P. densiflora trees growing on an infertile lava surface obtain some of their N from below-ground organic material layers every year and the contribution of N storage in trees for their growth is not any higher than indicated in previous reports that excluded fine-roots contribution. The wet N deposition of our research forest was only 5.8% of the N requirement of the P. densiflora trees and only 8.9% of the N uptake. Movement of the below-ground organic material layer N concentrations in the F- and L-layers coincides with needle development and fine-root growth, suggesting the possibility that P. densiflora trees extract N from the organic N of those layers for growth.     

中亚热带4种森林类型土壤碳密度和碳贮量研究

研究了地处中亚热带的都江堰灵岩山的4种森林类型土壤的有机碳(SOC)密度、碳贮量及其相关规律。结果表明:4种森林类型及不同土层SOC含量和SOC密度均差异显著。随土层深度增加,SOC含量和密度逐渐减小。柳杉林、银杏林、杉木 喜树混交林和楠木林土壤的SOC含量分别为12.26、12.40、11.88和9.33 g.kg-1,SOC密度分别为15.59、15.20、15.03和8.11 kg.m-2。4种林地碳贮存较高,平均碳贮量134.83 t.hm-2,说明灵岩山土壤有机碳累积丰富,而不同林分差异较大。SOC含量与全N含量呈极显著相关,线性回归拟合较好,说明土壤中碳素的贮存与氮素密切相关。     

早竹覆盖栽培的衰老生理机制

研究不同覆盖时间不同年龄竹林的内源激紊、营养和C/N的变化,揭示早竹覆盖栽培衰老生理机制,丰富植物衰老理论和指导退化竹林更新复壮.结果表明:1)覆盖促进早竹衰老是从竹鞭衰老开始的,与竹叶关系不大.2)根部GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA、(GA3+IAA)/ABA激素比值调控竹子衰老,(GA3+IAA)/ABA降低到一定阚值时触动竹鞭的衰老,反之,比值高抑制衰老;且以GA3/ABA为主,IAA/ABA为辅;而不是一般植物根部CTK合成量减少和向地上部分运输减少所致,CTK不是主要的衰老抑制型激素,没有参与早竹激素衰老调控,显示早竹衰老激素调控机制的特殊性,这是由竹子的生物学特性所决定的.3)早竹衰老不是由于营养亏缺和C/N比值的升高所引发,C/N比值的升高是激素调控的结果,而不是导致竹子衰老的原因,竹子的衰老是由激素调控.     

施N肥对会同杉木人工林N、P含量的影响

以湖南会同杉木基地Ⅱ号集水区杉木人工林为研究对象,对其进行施N肥实验,并进行一年期采样,测定不同施肥处理下N肥对杉木林N、P含量的影响及杉木器官与土壤N、P含量之间的相关关系。结果表明:施肥能够提高杉木土壤、细根、叶片的N和P含量,其中施N肥25 g/m~2能提高土壤的N、P含量,施N肥25g/m~2比施N肥5 g/m~2和15 g/m~2更能提高土壤中细根的N、P含量,施N肥5 g/m~2比施N肥15 g/m~2和25 g/m~2对提高叶片中的N含量的效果好,施N肥并未提高凋落物N含量。会同杉木人工林氮磷含量的增加说明施肥能够促进杉木林的生长。     

Effects of root zone trenching on soil nitrogen dynamics in Japanese cedar and cypress plantations

The effects of root exclusion and planted tree species on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics were examined at two plantations, one planted with Japanese cedar and the other with Japanese cypress. We set up ten 1 × 1 × 0.2-m-deep trenched sites and ten untrenched control sites at each plantation. We measured the pool size and leaching of inorganic N at each site for 2 years and the net N mineralization 1 and 2 years after trenching. Despite similar soil conditions, the cedar plantation showed higher net N mineralization than the cypress plantation. Stopped tree uptake of N was expected to cause an increased pool size and leaching of inorganic N at the trenched sites. Nevertheless, we found no significant increase in those variables at both plantations. The trenched cypress sites showed no decrease in the net N mineralization during the 2 years after trenching. However, the net nitrification at the trenched cypress sites increased remarkably at the deeper horizons in comparison with that at the control sites. Enhanced nitrification might result from improved ammonium availability through root exclusion. Net N mineralization at the trenched cedar sites decreased more than 60% compared with that at the control sites 2 years after trenching. Higher nitrification potential at the cedar plantation and enhanced nitrification potential at the trenched cypress sites never resulted in increased leaching of N, due to added fine root litter which acted as an immobilization agent for excess N, thus preventing N loss.     

樟树—马尾松混交林不同林龄土壤有机碳氮贮量及分布特征

对湖南省天际岭国家森林植物园立地条件基本一致的3个林龄阶段樟树(10、24、45年)-马尾松(10、24、45年)混交林土壤有机碳、氮含量、贮量及土层分布进行研究。结果表明:不同林龄,同一林龄的不同土层土壤有机碳、氮含量和贮量均存在显著性差异(P0.05)。樟树-马尾松不同林龄各土层有机碳含量的变化分别为10年生3.73~18.04 g/kg,24年生6.84~21.12 g/kg,45年生5.36~21.46 g/kg。土壤氮含量的变化范围分别为10年生1.08~1.56 g/kg,24年生0.94~1.47 g/kg,45年生1.34~2.12 g/kg。樟树-马尾松混交林3个林龄阶段林地有机碳和氮含量均随土层深度增加而逐渐下降。樟树-马尾松混交林3个林龄阶段森林土壤有机碳贮量差异性显著(P=0.001),氮贮量差异性不显著(P=0.157)。3个林龄阶段林地土壤有机碳含量与氮含量存在极显著相关性(P0.01),除林龄为45年外,10年生和24年生混交林土壤有机碳含量与碳氮比相关性均不显著。10年时,樟树-马尾松混交林土壤氮与碳氮比之间呈现极显著相关(P0.01),24年和45年时樟树-马尾松混交林土壤氮与碳氮比之间的相关性不显著。     

Comparing indicators of N status of 50 beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northeastern France

We compared different potential indicators of nitrogen (N) availability across 50 beech forests growing on a wide range of soils in northeastern France. Among the 50 sites measured, high elevation acidic soils had the highest potential net N mineralization in the A horizon (PNM_0–5 cm), while low elevation neutral and calcareous soils had the lowest (PNM_0–5 cm). We found that (PNM_0–5 cm) was negatively correlated with soil pH (R² = 0.47***) and positively correlated with microbial C/N (R² = 0.34***). However, when high elevation sites were excluded from analyses, the relationship between PNM_0–5 cm and soil pH as well as microbial C/N became weaker (R² = 0.23*** for both variables). We found no relationship between PNM_0–5 cm and organic N concentration, soil C/N, or vegetation-based indices for N availability (Ellenberg N and Ecoplant C/N). Bivariate linear regression analyses showed that 69% of the variability in percent nitrification (%Nitrif) was explained by both soil pH (0–5 cm) and soil C/N. Percent nitrification was strongly correlated with vegetation-based indices for N availability. The Ellenberg N and R (pH index) values together explained 74% of the variation in %Nitrif. No relationship was found between %Nitrif and soil δ¹⁵N (natural abundance in ¹⁵N). Of the 76 plant species evaluated, the probability of presence of 61 plant species was significantly correlated with %Nitrif while the probability of presence of 27 plant species only was correlated with PNM_0–5 cm. From these results, we believe that the use of plant community composition or the combination of soil pH and C/N are robust indicators of N availability.     

One-day rate measurements for estimating net nitrification potential in humid forest soils

Measurements of net nitrification rates in forest soils have usually been performed by extended sample incubation (2–8 weeks), either in the field or in the lab. Because of disturbance effects, these measurements are only estimates of nitrification potential and shorter incubations may suffice. In three separate studies of northeastern USA forest soil surface horizons, we found that laboratory nitrification rates measured over 1 day related well to those measured over 4 weeks. Soil samples of Oa or A horizons were mixed by hand and the initial extraction of subsamples, using 2 mol L⁻¹ KCl, occurred in the field as soon as feasible after sampling. Soils were kept near field temperature and subsampled again the following day in the laboratory. Rates measured by this method were about three times higher than the 4-week rates. Variability in measured rates was similar over either incubation period. Because NO₃⁻ concentrations were usually quite low in the field, average rates from 10 research watersheds could be estimated with only a single, 1-day extraction. Methodological studies showed that the concentration of NH₄⁺ increased slowly during contact time with the KCl extractant and, thus, this contact time should be kept similar during the procedure. This method allows a large number of samples to be rapidly assessed.