日本主要城市园林调研分析

笔者在日本访学期间,实地调研了日本的大阪、神户、京都、东京等主要城市的传统园林和现代园林景观,结合日本园林文献研究,梳理总结了日本园林的特点,为中国园林的发展提供参考。     

中日古典园林意境差异探析

以中国古典园林和日本古典园林为对象,从自然、文化、哲学三方面分析两者对于意境的不同追求。在自然方面,中国园林的意境表达重山水性而日本园林重海岛性;在文化方面,中国传统的山水诗画对园林意境带来了深远的影响,而日本则以其茶道文化影响最为突出;哲学作为决定性的因素作用于园林意境营造,儒家思想和道家思想主要影响中国古典园林,而日本则以禅宗思想为核心。     

风景园林设计师 沈悦:注重自然与人文交融的日本园林

<正>风景园林设计师沈悦汲取过中国园林的精华,担纲过日本知名的风景园林设计项目,他眼中的日本园林到底如何实现自然与社会的融合?留白和冥想是日本造园师的精神遗产,在园林项目中如何体现?讲究慢而认真的日本园林匠人精神哪里值得学习?本刊记者独家对话风景园林设计师沈悦,从园林项目开始揭开日本园林的面纱。     

皇家园、私家园和寺社园

按隶属关系来分,日本园林也是分为皇家园林、私家园林和寺社园林。但是,在日本园林界,很少有私家园林和寺社园林的称法,而是把私家园林中的武家园林(有时称大名园林)     

日本园林的风格漫谈(四) 坐观式、舟游式、回游式

坐观、舟游和回游是在交通意义上不同的园林游览方式。三者在中国园林和日本园林中的意义还是有所区别的。而且,中国园林和日本园林在这三者上侧重点也是不同的。总体说来,     

浅析适合城市景观营造借鉴的日本古典造园手法

日本古典园林是属于东方园林体系的自然山水园,是在中国古典园林及文化影响下发展起来的,并逐步发展形成了自己民族的造园特点与精神内涵。本文力求从布局方式、构成要素等方面分析日本古典园林的特点,并阐述当代城市景观及园林营造可以借鉴的造园手法。     

浅谈对日本枯山水石景艺术认识

指出了日本枯山水园林借鉴于中国古典园林,并且融合了佛教中的禅宗思想意境,自古以来就有"无石不园"的说法。搜集了大量资料,对日本枯山水园林石景相关概念作了总结归纳,列举且分别阐述了六个枯山水园林中经典的石景现状及它们各自的设计手法,最终总结归纳了其对我国现代园林石景营造的启示,以期对中国现代古典园林石景设计起到一定的借鉴作用。     

古歌余韵——日本京都桂离宫景观特色

京都桂离宫是日本最著名的园林之一，是日本三大皇家园林的首席，也是日本古典第一名园。桂离宫属于江户时代的建筑，江户时代是佛法、荼道、儒意综合期的时代。因此，从造园风格上看，桂离宫也是多种风格的综合体，处处渗透着禅意和诗意，它的古朴、优雅、娴静完美地体现着日本文化的精神，表现了日本民族内心对山石草木的感知方式。体现了清、静、和、寂的日本园林意境。     

具有东方特色的日本园林绿化

近年，日本城市的园林绿化有了很大发展。日本的城市园林绿地主要由国产公园、县立 公园、海湾绿地、深河绿地、宗教绿地和分布在居住区间的小游园等组成。日本政府十分重 视各类园林绿地的发展。全国有各种造景协会７个，并制订了五年计划，从技术、资金上下 达指标，批拨款项。 日本的园林思想受中国传统园林的影响较深，其主要设计思想的脉络是追求自然、崇尚 自然，向往返璞归真的艺术境界。其设计思想在各类性质的园林绿地中得以体现。 日本是一个多山的国家，奇岩怪石，比比可见。日本人民充分利用这一自然资源，在城 市园林绿地中大…     

日本古典建筑与园林

日本古典建筑与园林付凡日本园林是以中国为核心的东亚园林体系的重要组成部分。日本人十分珍爱他们所处的自然环境，这种优良的民族传统使他们在生活居所和周围环境之间达成一种和谐。日本建筑与自然世界之间的这种和谐的空间关系，还应回溯到平安时代（７９４—１１８５...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.