黔阳水稻害虫天敌调查

近年来,随着综合防治的开展,保护天敌,控制虫害,在黔阳县获得成效。1979～1982年,据20多个乡(镇)系统调查,经鉴定:水稻害虫天敌有144种,隶属于7个目36科。 寄生性天敌 寄生性昆虫83种,分属2目19科;还有寄生性线虫和白僵菌,共85种。其中:卯寄生天敌9种;幼虫寄生天敌38种;蛹寄生天敌19种;成、若虫期寄生天敌7种;重寄生昆虫10种。 捕食性天敌 有59种,分属5目17科。其中:捕食蚜虫的天敌14种;捕食稻飞虱、叶蝉的天敌6种;稻田蜘蛛26种;捕食多种害虫的天敌有13种。(害虫、天敌名录从略)     

浙江茶树黑刺粉虱的发生危害及天敌的研究

本文报道了浙江省茶树害虫黑刺粉虱天敌的调查结果，共发现天敌昆虫27种，其中捕食性天敌19种，寄生性天敌8种；捕食性蜘蛛9种；寄生性真菌7种。     

广西忻城县山银花病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类调查

为明确广西忻城县山银花病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类,为当地山银花病虫害防治和天敌的保护利用提供参考,2008年-2010年系统调查了广西忻城县山银花病虫及主要病虫天敌发生情况,并进行了种类鉴定.结果表明,广西忻城县山银花害虫有35种,病害11种,天敌昆虫28种,其中主要害虫的捕食性天敌有24种,寄生性天敌2种,取食白粉菌的瓢虫有2种.此外,本文还综述了广西忻城县山银花主要病虫害‘三虫一病’的特征、发生规律及防治方法.     

我国松叶蜂天敌研究

本文记述了我国松叶蜂类昆虫天敌５２种，其中寄生性天敌２４种，捕食性天敌２２种，病菌６种。对各类天敌对叶蜂的作用和对叶蜂种群动态的影响进行了概述，并对天敌的应用前景及研究的方向进行了讨论     

甘肃陇南核桃病虫害及其天敌昆虫的调查初报

为明确甘肃陇南核桃病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类,为当地核桃病虫害防治和天敌的保护利用提供参考,笔者于2013—2019年系统调查了陇南市8县1区核桃病虫及主要天敌昆虫的发生分布情况。查明陇南市核桃病害11种,害虫62种,天敌昆虫12种。其中,甘肃新报道核桃害虫2种。为今后陇南核桃病虫害的深入研究及有效防治等工作提供了基础性资料。     

柳州市仓储物害虫调查

柳州市仓储物害虫调查为了摸清柳州市仓储物害虫种类、了解疫情，为口岸植物检疫提供和积累资料。柳州动植物检疫局从１９９５～１９９６年，对柳州市周围３０ｋｍ内各类仓库进行了调查。调查结果已鉴定出仓虫２纲１０目４５科１１５种，其中天敌昆虫２纲６目８科１０种，...     

日本龟蜡蚧天敌昆虫调查简报

1978～1980年,我们通过野外调查与室内观察,对日本龟蜡蚧的天敌昆虫进行了调查,发现其寄生性天敌30多种,捕食性天敌昆虫4种。现将经鉴定的几种主要寄生蜂和瓢虫分列如下。 1.长盾金小蜂一年发生2代,以初孵幼虫在雌蚧腹下越冬。越冬代寄生率一般为10％左右,第一代寄生率可达50％以上。     

我国天敌昆虫产品产业化的前景分析

天敌昆虫的扩繁及其利用是害虫可持续综合治理的手段之一。农业生产的精品化、无公害化的发展趋势对天敌昆虫产品有强烈的市场需求。国际上天敌昆虫扩繁、商品化的生产成就极其显著。规模较大的天敌公司已发展到 80余家 ,其中欧洲 2 6家、北美 10家。北美已经商品化生产的天敌昆虫有 130余种 ,主要种类为赤眼蜂、丽蚜小蜂、草蛉、瓢虫、中华螳螂、小花蝽、捕食螨等 ,经销商 14 3家 ;英国的 BCP天敌公司年创汇 10 0万英镑 ;荷兰 Koppert公司生产的天敌昆虫商品已占据欧洲大部分市场 ,广泛应用于果园、大田、温室以及园艺作物。我国天敌昆虫…     

分子标记技术在寄生性天敌昆虫研究中的应用

本文对常用的分子标记技术的特点及其在寄生性天敌昆虫分类学鉴定、系统发育学、种群遗传学和寄生性天敌昆虫对靶标生物控害效果的评价等研究方面的应用进行了综述。     

寄生性天敌昆虫寄生情况简介

上篇笔者已将捕食性天敌昆虫的所属自、科，作了简介，本文拟再就寄生性天敌昆虫的寄生情况，加以概述，这样在农林害虫的综防中，对那些昆虫应予保护利用，就可了解得较全面了。现分下列几项内容来谈：一、那些目、科昆虫中有寄生性天敌膜翅目中包含寄生性天敌最丰富，防效亦较明显，其中最引人注意的是赤眼蜂，次有姬蜂，茧蜂、蚜茧蜂、蚜小蜂、黑卵蜂、姬小蜂、跳小蜂、金小蜂、肿腿蜂、螫蜂、长尾小蜂、平腹小蜂等科，其中多数科全部种均属寄生性，有些科以寄生性为主或各占一定比重，前者如长尾小蜂，后者如广肩小蜂，也有个别科寄生性…     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.