大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中几种激素水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、生长抑素(SS)水平的影响。结果表明：1)大豆黄酮能明显提高血清及乳中特异性抗体水平,表明奶牛整体和乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强。2)奶牛血清及乳中GH、PRL含量明显高于对照组,而血清SS含量显著低于对照组。本实验结果提示垂体GH、PRL和体内SS可能参与了大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能的调节过程。     

大豆异黄酮对奶牛泌乳后期泌乳性能、免疫功能和乳腺肥大细胞白介素-4水平的影响

本试验旨在研究大豆异黄酮对泌乳后期中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能、免疫功能和乳腺肥大细胞白介素-4水平的影响.选择12头泌乳后期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组3个重复.对照组和A、B、C组分别添加不同水平的大豆异黄酮(0、10、20、30 mg/kg).分离采自奶牛乳腺的肥大细胞,并分别与0、0.25、0.50、0.75 mg/mL的大豆异黄酮共育.结果表明:1)大豆异黄酮可显著减缓泌乳后期奶牛产奶量下降趋势(P<0.05),其中A、B和C组奶牛的产奶量比对照组提高7.29%、12.66%和10.13%;2)B和C组乳蛋白质率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3)大豆异黄酮可提高血清和乳中生长激素(GH)和催乳素(PRL)的含量,B和C组效果显著(P<0.05),显著降低生长抑素(SS)含量(P<0.05);4)大豆异黄酮可显著提高血清(P<0.05)、乳(P<0.01)和乳腺组织(C组,P<0.05)中白介素-4(IL-4)的水平;5)0.25 mg/mL大豆异黄酮能够极显著增加奶牛乳腺肥大细胞的IL-4表达量(P<0.01).由此可知,大豆异黄酮能够通过对乳腺免疫指标表达量的调控,提高奶牛泌乳性能,增强奶牛的免疫功能,可促进乳腺肥大细胞IL-4的分泌.     

大豆黄酮对奶牛泌乳及相关激素的影响

为了研究大豆黄酮对奶牛泌乳性能的影响及其可能的作用机制,选用14头产奶水平相近的泌乳后期奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验组。试验组日粮添加10ppm的大豆黄酮,持续30天。结果发现：大豆黄酮能缓解泌乳后期奶牛产奶量下降的趋势,并在一定程度上提高产奶量。与对照组相比,乳蛋白有所升高,乳脂率有所下降。试验第30天血浆中GH（P〈0.05）和PRL（P〈0.01）的含量显著升高,E2、T3和T4的含量均有升高的趋势。提示大豆黄酮可能通过调节内源性激素水平而间接地影响奶牛泌乳量和乳成分。     

大豆异黄酮类植物雌激素对奶牛内分泌水平的影响

采用单因素随机分组试验设计,将15头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组,每组5头,进行为期60 d的饲养试验.每组奶牛分别饲喂不同日粮:Ⅰ组(基础日粮)、Ⅱ组(基础日粮+200 mg大豆黄酮/d)、Ⅲ组(基础日粮+200mg染料木素/d),试验期60 d内每隔15 d晨饲前空腹颈部采集血样,进行血液内分泌指标分析.结果表明,大豆黄酮和染料木素对泌乳中期奶牛血清胰岛素(INS)、甲状腺激素T3、T4含量虽有一定的增高趋势,但均没有达到显著水平(P>0.05).血清中生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、雌二醇(E2)各组间均存在显著影响(P<0.05).结论:大豆黄酮和染料木素具有提高奶牛GH、PRL和E2水平的作用,但对INS、T3、T4无影响.     

大豆黄酮对奶牛血清抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

40头健康中国荷斯坦奶牛按胎次、产奶量、泌乳期相近的原则随机分成4组(n=10),试验组日粮中分别添加45、60、70mg/kg的大豆黄酮,对照组饲喂基础日粮。在试验前及试验后10、30、60d颈静脉采血,测定4组奶牛血清中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性,MDA含量、T淋巴细胞转化率和T细胞数,探讨大豆黄酮对奶牛血清抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比较,试验组GSH-Px、CAT和SOD活性显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);MDA含量明显低于饲喂大豆黄酮前(P<0.01);大豆黄酮60、70mg/kg添加组淋巴细胞转化率和T细胞数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡内分泌激素与免疫机能的影响

选用240只1日龄艾维菌肉鸡,分别随机分为四个组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加5 mg/kg、10 mg/kg、15 mg/kg大豆黄酮。研究结果表明:(1)日粮添加大豆黄酮对肉公鸡免疫器官重量有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),(2)添加大豆黄酮仅49日龄公鸡T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率差异显著,而其余差异均不显著(P>0.05);(3)添加大豆黄酮对肉用母鸡血清尿素氮含量影响不大,而公鸡血清尿素氮水平均显著降低,(4)添加大豆黄酮对肉用公鸡血清GH、IGF-1、睾酮匀有显著影响,而对母鸡血清GH、IGF-1无显著影响。     

大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡生长相关激素水平与免疫机能的影响

将640只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡公母分养,分别随机分为4组,分别饲喂添加大豆黄酮0、5、10、15mg/kg的4种饲粮,于试验28、49d采血和屠宰,探讨了日粮中添加不同水平大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡生长相关激素水平及免疫机能的影响。结果显示,日粮中添加大豆黄酮28、49d,均可显著提高公鸡血清生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、睾酮(TESTO)的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著降低公鸡血清尿素氮水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),而对母鸡血清GH、IGF-1、尿素氮水平无明显影响;添加大豆黄酮49d,显著提高公鸡T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率(P<0.05或P<0.01),添加大豆黄酮28d,显著提高公鸡NDV抗体效价(P<0.05),而对母鸡无明显影响(P>0.05);添加大豆黄酮28、49d,对公母鸡免疫器官重量有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

围产期添加刺五加对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验以围产期奶牛为研究对象,刺五加水提取物为试验材料,采用完全随机化设计,随机分为2个处理组,每个处理组5个重复,每个重复2头,从奶牛分娩前2周饲喂刺五加水提取物(0、50 mg/kg),研究其对奶牛产奶量及血液生化指标及血清中激素的影响。结果表明:试验组奶牛产乳量大大提高,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05);刺五加水提取物添加组中血清血糖、白蛋白及血浆总蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血清胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮及甘油三酯与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清中生长激素(GH)和催乳素(PRL)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-Ⅰ)含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验结果说明,添加刺五加水提取物可以提高奶牛的产奶量并可改善乳品质,并对奶牛机体健康无不良影响。     

大豆黄酮对奶牛产奶量和乳中常规成分的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对不同泌乳期奶牛产奶量和乳中常规成分的影响。结果表明,1)大豆黄酮能明显提高泌乳中期奶牛的产奶量;2)大豆黄酮可显著提高泌乳晚期奶牛乳蛋白含量和乳脂率;另外对乳糖的影响是泌乳早期和泌乳晚期上升,而泌乳中期有所下降。     

胎次和泌乳阶段对荷斯坦奶牛血液乳成分前体物及泌乳相关激素含量的影响

本文旨在研究胎次和泌乳阶段对荷斯坦奶牛血液乳成分前体物及泌乳相关激素含量的影响。选取不同泌乳阶段的1~4胎奶牛60头荷斯坦奶牛饲喂相同全混合日粮,每15 d采集血液。血液检测参数有葡萄糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、总氨基酸(T-AA)5种乳成分合成前体物及甲状腺素(T4)、生长激素(GH)、皮质醇(COR)、胰岛素(INS)、催乳素(PRL)、孕酮(PRG)6种激素的含量。利用SAS 9.2中Proc Univeriate程序进行正态分布检验,利用Proc Mixed线性模型评估胎次、泌乳阶段的固定效应。结果表明:1)胎次可显著影响泌乳奶牛血液INS及PRL含量(P0.05),而对血液COR、GH、PRG、T4及5个乳成分前体物含量无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着泌乳时间延长,血液GLU含量逐渐递增,且泌乳早期(0~21 d)显著低于其他泌乳阶段(P0.05),而泌乳早期血液BHBA和NEFA含量显著高于其他泌乳阶段(P0.05),同时血液T-AA含量在泌乳中期(22~100 d)显著高于其他泌乳阶段(P0.05);泌乳阶段对奶牛血液COR、GH、PRG、T4和INS含量均有显著的影响(P0.05),但对血液PRL含量无显著影响(P0.05),其中泌乳前期COR含量显著高于泌乳中期和后期(201~305 d)(P0.05),而泌乳后期的GH、PRG和T4含量均较高。本方法能提高利用生化检测指标评估泌乳荷斯坦奶牛代谢状态的准确性,可以作为奶牛养殖者监测奶牛健康状态的工具。     

半胱胺对奶牛产奶量及血浆生长抑素、生长激素水平的影响

选用１０ 头处于泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛进行自身对照试验。对照期饲喂基础日粮,试验期在基础日粮中添加半胱胺。每隔５ 天一次,剂量为１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ 体重,共喂３ 次。结果表明,试验期奶牛日产奶量比对照期提高７ ．６ ％ （ 对照期１４ ．５ ±３ ．９ｋｇ／ 头,试验期１５ ．６ ±４ ．３ｋｇ／ 头Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;奶牛采食量无明显变化,试验期饲料转化率比对照期明显提高（ 对照期０ ．３２ ±０ ．０１ ,试验期０ ．３０ ±０ ．０２ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ;与对照期相比,试验期奶牛血浆生长抑素（ＳＳ） 水平明显下降（ 对照期１ ．２１ ±０ ．３４ｎｇ／ｍｌ,试验期０ ．１４ ±０ ．０５ｎｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ（ ＜ ０ ．０１） ,生长激素含量显著提高（ 对照期１ ．３３ ±０ ．２６ｎｇ／ｍｌ,试验期１ ．７７ ±０ ．２９ｎｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;半胱胺对牛乳脂率无明显影响（ 对照期２ ．１６ ±０ ．５８ ,试验期２ ．５３ ±０ ．０６） 。以上结果表明,半胱胺能明显提高奶牛产奶量,而抑制体内生长抑素,提高内源性生长激素水平,可能为其主要的作用机制。     

Immune response and milk production of dairy cows fed graded levels of rumen-protected glutamine

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with glutamine on the immune function and milk production of dairy cows. The experiment involved 24 Friesian cows, divided into three groups of eight each, according to the level of rumen-protected glutamine supplementation: a diet with no supplementation (Control), a diet supplemented with 160 g/day/cow (G160) and a diet supplemented with 320 g/day/cow (G320). At 0, 30, and 60 days of the experiment, lymphocyte response to phytohemoagglutinin (PHA) was determined in vivo for each animal. Humoral response to chicken egg albumin (OVA) and interleukin - (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Results demonstrate that supplementing 160 g/day/cow of glutamine can modulate immune responses of dairy cows and enhance the amino acid profile of cow milk.     

Metabolic profiles in ovulatory and anovulatory primiparous dairy cows during the first follicular wave postpartum

Metabolic hormones affect ovarian function in the cow. However, the relationship between metabolic factors and ovarian function is not clear in the postpartum primiparous cow because they are still growing. The aim of the present study was to investigate in detail the time-dependent profile of the metabolic hormones, metabolites, and milk yields of ovulatory and anovulatory primiparous cows during the first follicular wave postpartum. We used 16 primiparous Holstein cows and obtained blood samples for the profiles of metabolites (glucose; non-esterified fatty acid, NEFA; ketone body; total cholesterol; and aspartate aminotransferase), metabolic hormones (growth hormone, GH; insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF-1; and insulin), and progesterone every other day from 1 to 21 days postpartum. In addition, all ovaries were observed using ultrasound. Dairy milk yield was recorded during the experimental period. In all cows, the first follicular wave postpartum was observed and 6 of the cows ovulated. The plasma glucose (P<0.0001) and IGF-1 (P<0.001) concentrations were lower and the plasma NEFA (P<0.0001) and ketone bodies (P<0.0001) concentrations and daily milk yield (P<0.0001) were higher in the anovulatory cows compared to the ovulatory cows. However, the GH levels, which enhance lipolysis for milk production, insulin and other metabolites did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, the present study suggests that anovulation of the dominant follicle during the first follicular wave postpartum in primiparous cows is induced by low IGF-1 levels that are similar to those of multiparous cows. In addition, anovulatory cows are likely to mobilize body fat stores for milk production more easily than ovulatory cows.     

Daidzein enhances immune function in late lactation cows under heat stress

Heat stress decreases natural immunity making cows more vulnerable to diseases. A previous study reported that daidzein can enhance animal resistance to heat stress and regulate animal immunocompetence. However, it is unclear whether daidzein regulates the immune performance of late lactation cows under heat stress. In this study, late lactation cows in four groups were raised in hot weather and fed with basic diet, basic diet plus 200, 300, 400 mg/day daidzein, respectively, and the experimental period was 60 days. Blood was collected to examine the changes of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). We found the levels of serum IgG and INF‐α were significantly higher in late lactation cows after 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment compared to those in the control group and 200 mg/day daidzein treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment markedly increased serum IL‐2 (P < 0.01), while the levels of serum TP and ALB were not changed by any concentration of daidzein treatment (P > 0.05). Daidzein can enhance the immunocompetence of late lactation cows and strengthen cow resistance to heat stress.     

Comparison of blood and milk non-specific immune parameters in heifers after calving in relation to udder health

A practical protocol to study udder immune status in field conditions was planned with the aim to assess different non-specific immune parameters in milk samples from dairy heifers during the periparturient period. Five herds located in northern Italy were selected and overall 39 heifers were enrolled in the trial. Milk samples were taken at 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, 60, and 75 days after calving. The parameters assessed were N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase), lysozyme, respiratory burst (RB), somatic cell counts (SCC) and serum protein profile. SCC and NAGase were higher in the first sampling after calving, while lysozyme showed large variations during the observation period without a definite trend. The levels of RB observed in the first two weeks after calving, even if lower, were not statistically different from the values observed in samples taken over the following weeks. This study confirmed that the levels of immune components in milk are different from what is observed at blood level in the same cow. A significant decrease in RB in milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) post-calving was not observed; milk PMN from healthy cows showed low RB levels, while the values from infected quarters were significantly higher. Significant differences between healthy and infected animals were also observed for milk NAG, lactoglobulin and albumin. These data suggest that udder immune response could be influenced both by the cow immune status and by external factors such as pathogens and management. Therefore, the reduction in immune defences, particularly in heifers, is not unavoidable and methods to boost PMN activity should be explored.     

王不留行提取物对泌乳中期奶牛血清生化指标、泌乳相关激素及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究王不留行提取物对泌乳中期奶牛血清生化指标、泌乳相关激素及免疫功能的影响。选用胎次(2~4胎)、体重、产奶量均相近的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛32头,随机分为4组,每组8头,分别饲喂王不留行提取物添加水平为0(对照组)、5.7 g/(头·d)(低剂量组)、19 g/(头·d)(中剂量组)、38 g/(头·d)(高剂量组)的试验日粮。预试期7 d,正试期35 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,各剂量组血清中总蛋白、白蛋白含量均无明显变化(P>0.05),其中在第30天时,血糖含量呈升高趋势,甘油三酯、尿素氮含量呈下降趋势,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,各剂量组血清中催乳素和生长激素水平有一定程度的提高,其中中、高剂量组在第30天时差异显著(P<0.05);与对照组相比,各剂量组血清中IgA、IgG含量呈升高趋势,而IgM含量呈下降趋势,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加王不留行提取物可改善奶牛机体的能量代谢水平及蛋白质的利用率,促进体内脂类代谢,提高产奶量,建议泌乳中期奶牛日粮中王不留行提取物添加量为19~38 g/(头·d)。     

饲粮粗蛋白质水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮粗蛋白质（ＣＰ）水平对中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、氮利用及血液激素的影响。采用重复 ４×４拉丁方设计,８头经产中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为 ４个处理。４个处理的饲粮 ＣＰ水平分别为 １２．５６％、１３．９６％、１５．５３％和 １６．９３％。试验分为 ４个周期,每个周期１８ｄ。在 ４ｄ收集期内,全量收集粪、尿,每天测量产奶量、乳成分和干物质摄入量（ＤＭＩ）,并在收集期最后 １ｄ采集血样。结果表明：４个饲粮处理的 ＤＭＩ基本相同（Ｐ＞０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平１２．５６％的产奶量和能量校正奶（ＥＣＭ）明显低于饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％至 １６．９３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％至 １６．９３％的产奶量和 ＥＣＭ 基本相同,其中饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １３．９６％和１６．９３％的产奶量分别为２８．１８和２８．７２ｋｇ／ｄ,ＥＣＭ分别为３２．６４和３２．０４ｋｇ／ｄ;乳成分中仅乳蛋白率随着饲粮 ＣＰ水平增加而提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １２．５６％和 １３．９６％的乳氮效率明显高于饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １５．５３％和 １６．９３％（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）;随着饲粮 ＣＰ水平的提高,尿氮排出量不断增加,乳氮排出量也缓慢上涨,体内氮沉积显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５或 Ｐ＜０．０１）,只有饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １６．９３％的粪氮排出量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １２．５６％的血液瘦素浓度最高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,催乳素（ＰＲＬ）、生长激素（ＧＨ）、胰岛素样生长因子 １（ＩＧＦ １）、血糖、非酯化脂肪酸（ＮＥＦＡ）和 β－羟丁酸（ＢＨＢＡ）浓度较高;而饲粮 ＣＰ水平 １６．９３％的血浆尿素氮（ＰＵＮ）浓度最高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,胰岛素和 ＧＨ浓度较高,ＩＧＦ １浓度较低。由此可见,饲粮 ＣＰ水平１３．９６％适合中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量２８ｋｇ／ｄ或 ＥＣＭ３２ｋｇ／ｄ的泌乳性能、氮利用和内分泌调节。     

Lactation Biology Symposium: effects of photoperiod on mammary gland development and lactation

Photoperiod, or the daily sequence of light and dark, has dramatic effects on many physiological systems across animal species. Light patterns alter melatonin secretion profiles and, subsequently, the release profiles and circulating concentrations of several hormones that influence a variety of physiological responses. Although the impact of photoperiod on reproductive processes is perhaps the most common example, it is often the seasonal aspects of ovulation and anestrus that are considered. However, in cattle, the final phase of reproduction, that is, lactation, is significantly influenced by photoperiod. In contrast to short days (SDPP; 8 h light:16 h dark), exposure to long days (LDPP) of 16 to 18 h of light and 6 to 8 h of darkness increases milk yield 2 to 3 kg/d, regardless of the stage of lactation. There is evidence that this LDPP effect is due to increased circulating IGF-I, independent of any effect on GH concentrations. Cows that are housed under SDPP during the dry period have increased mammary growth and produce 3 to 4 kg/d more milk in the subsequent lactation compared with cows on LDPP when dry. While cows are on SDPP, circulating prolactin (PRL) diminishes but expression of PRL receptor increases in mammary, liver, and immune cells. Moreover, PRL signaling pathways within those tissues are affected by photoperiod. Further, replacement of PRL to cows on SDPP partially reverses the effects of SDPP on production in the next lactation. Thus, effects on dry cows are mediated through a PRL-dependent pathway. Before maturity, LDPP improve mammary parenchymal accumulation and lean body growth, which lead to greater yields in the first lactation. The accumulated evidence supports the concept that photoperiod manipulation can be harnessed to improve the efficiency of production across the life cycle of the dairy cow.     

Effect of genetic selection for milk yield and increased milking frequency on plasma growth hormone and prolactin concentration in Holstein cows

Fifty Holstein cattle, either second to fourth generation daughters of cows randomly bred to non-commercial sires originating in the Virginia Tech dairy herd (estimated mean PDM84 = -455 kg, control animals), or daughters of cows bred to commercially available sires (mean PDM84 = +368 kg, selection animals), were randomly assigned to be milked twice or thrice daily starting at parturition. Serial blood samples were collected via jugular cannulae at 30, 90 and 200 d post-partum (DPP) during both the first and second lactations. Blood samples were collected for 3 h prior to and 4 h following thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration, and were analyzed for growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. Dry matter intake, body weight and milk yield and fat content were used to calculate net energy balance (NEB) of animals at each DPP sampling period. Mean plasma GH concentrations were greater (P less than .01) in selection vs control animals both before and after TRH administration, and decreased (P less than .01) with advancing lactation (30 greater than 90 greater than 200 DPP). However, NEB was not influenced by genetic merit, implying that observed differences in GH concentrations were not due to that trait. Plasma PRL concentrations were not affected by genetic merit or DPP, but were greater (P less than .01) in the second vs first lactation. Neither PRL or GH concentrations were affected by frequency of milking. The results support the contention that increased plasma GH concentrations are associated with selection for increased milk yield.