淡紫灰链霉菌株xjy活性产物的抑菌作用及对蔬菜病害的防治效果

拮抗性微生物是生物农药的重要来源之一,加强拮抗菌的应用基础研究对于发展生物农药具有促进作用.在植物病害生物防治中拮抗性微生物主要是链霉菌属及其相关类群[1].     

植物病原菌的生物控制

植物病害的生物防治,对保证充分利用各种防治方法具有广泛的意义。生物防治策略包括三项关键措施,即控制害虫种群数量、排除害虫及作物的自身防御。这些措施为植保工作者进行生物防治研究提供了重要的理论依据。植物、昆虫与微生物之间相互联系的生态学,是生物防治的一个重要领域,更深刻地理解这些生物的生态学有助于发现更实际的生物控制因子。     

宏基因组学及其在植物病害生物防治中的应用

利用微生物及其代谢产物来控制有害生物是生物防治的主要方法之一,目前使用的生防菌株大多来源于培养基筛选。然而由于受到技术的限制,现在能够利用培养法获得的微生物种类不足自然环境中的1%。宏基因组学技术(metagenomic technology)是完全不依赖于人工分离培养直接获得环境中理论上所有微生物基因组信息的一种有效手段,为发掘这些尚不能被纯培养的微生物资源提供了良好的契机。本文综述了宏基因组学的概念、研究策略及其在植物病害生物防治中的应用前景,以期为开发和使用新型植物病害微生物生防菌剂提供思路。     

植物病害生物防治研究进展

近20年来,植物病害生物防治研究发展迅速,它的应用日益受到农业和环保的重视。本文综述了植物病害生物防治的发展概况及研究进展,指出了持续农业中生物防治的发展方向。1植物病害生物防治的发展概况植物病害生物防治的科学记载是从ffenford（1926）报道土壤中某些拈杭性微生物对于上传病原菌的抑制性开始的‘14‘。因为当时美国马铃薯上发生一种放线菌（ShePOI,llrsSsrrnes）31起疮痴病。Millard1921年报道施用绿肥可减轻这种病害,而经Sanford分析证明是由于绿肥促使土中抬抗性放线菌增长所致,并指出其生物学防治的实质。这一发现…     

植物病害生防因子的作用机制及应用进展

应用植物病害生防因子是解决化学农药3R问题、促进农业绿色发展的有效途径。本文概述了拮抗微生物、抗生素、植物诱导子等生防因子控制植物病害的作用机制和应用研究进展,分析了生防因子应用存在的问题,并对植物病害生物防治的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

链格孢属(Alternaria)真菌病害的生物防治研究进展

综述了近年来国内外利用微生物制剂、植物源制剂及诱抗剂等对链格孢属真菌引起的植物病害进行生物防治的研究进展,并对目前生物防治中存在的问题和应用前景作了评述。     

木霉菌生物防治作用机理与应用研究进展

木霉菌Trichoderma是国际上应用非常普遍的生防真菌.随着植物免疫的MAMPs(微生物互作分子模式)理论的发展,利用木霉菌防治病害和提高作物抗逆性机理研究进入了一个新阶段,尤其是系统生物学方法的应用,使得人们在"组学"尺度上认识木霉菌与植物和病原菌互作的本质成为可能,这将极大丰富木霉菌生物防治植物病害的理论基础.在我国建立木霉菌多样化应用技术途径是发挥木霉菌在农业可持续发展中作用的重要发展方向.本文重点介绍木霉菌生物防治分子机理研究的新进展.     

烟草青枯病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 植物体内的大量微生物,在进化的过程中,由于长期生活在植物特定部位,因而与植物形成了一种特殊的关系,这些微生物在植物体内大量繁殖和扩散,有望成为生物防治有潜力的微生物。内生细菌是植物体内大量存在的微生物之一,具有在植株体内分布广、定殖能力强、防效好以及增殖和扩散快等优点,因而成为发展前景很好的植物病害生防菌。     

灰霉病生物防治研究进展

本文概述了国内外用于灰霉病生物防治的微生物种类及其生防机制的研究进展,同时提出了目前灰霉病等植物病害生防工作存在的主要问题及今后研究的重点。     

木霉菌诱导植物抗病性研究新进展

木霉菌是广泛应用于植物病害生物防治的微生物,具有多重植物病害生物防治机制,其中关于诱导抗性的研究取得明显进展。木霉菌能产生20余种微生物相关分子模式/损伤相关分子模式(MAMPs/DAMPs)分子,植物根系有相对应的大约30种受体或响应基因。木霉菌通过定殖植物根系使MAMPs/DAMPs与植物根系受体或响应基因互作,触发水杨酸、苿莉酸/乙烯等防御反应信号长距离传导至植物叶片,诱导植物叶片防御反应基因表达。将木霉菌诱导的植物转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组变化的信息相结合,能全面反映木霉菌?植物有益互作所激发的诱导抗病性的分子机理。     

Recent studies on biological control of plant diseases in Japan

Microorganisms play an enormously important role in plant disease control. Research on biological control of plant pathogens has received major impetus and attracted many researchers during the past few decades due to the increased public concern on hazards associated with the use of synthetic pesticides. From research on utilizing specific antagonistic microorganisms, many effective biological control agents (BCAs) have been found and are increasingly implemented in integrated pest management strategies to control plant diseases. Here current research results on biological control against plant diseases carried out in Japan are reviewed by focusing on major categories of BCAs: fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes and attenuated viruses.     

Microbial control of soil-borne pathogens in Hungary1

Biological control of soil-borne pathogens has been the aim of the Biological Control Laboratory in Hódmezövásárhely since 1982. In Hungarian glasshouses (this means areas both under glass and plastic foil cover), the growing medium is still the natural soil or mixtures based on soil. This is the reason why soil-borne pathogens, such as species of Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Pythium, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria, cause increasing problems, especially at sites where there has been intensive continuous cropping for many years. Soil steaming is very expensive, while methyl bromide and other soil disinfectants are harmful for the environment and especially for the soil microflora. All this favours the introduction of biological control against soil-borne plant diseases. After laboratory tests, experiments have been carried out over a 9-year period, with good results, on several Trichoderma species and strains in relation to practically all glasshouse crops (capsicum, lettuce, tomato, ornamentals, etc.) and in some field crops also. Since 1986, experiments have been done with Finnish-originated strains of Streptomyces griseoviridis, then with the preparation Mycostop which was developed from this actinomycete. These were carried out on ornamentals, on vegetables and on some cereals. The preparation was especially effective against Fusarium spp. but also against other pathogens.     

Biological control in Hungary: present situation and possibilities1

Biological control has already achieved certain results in Hungary, especially against soil-borne fungi and glasshouse pests. Nevertheless, experience has shown that locally found biological agents, however effective, could not be developed into registered, ready-for-sale plant protection products because of the lack of companies willing to invest. Biological control in Hungary is therefore limited to the conservation of natural antagonistic flora and fauna and to the application of imported biopesticides and bioagents, which are subject in Hungary to a registration procedure similar to that for chemical plant protection products. Current work includes the development of an anti-nematode product from a local strain of Arthrobotrys oligospora, application techniques for a local mirid Dicyphus hyalinipennis against insect pests, studies with native and imported strains of the nematodes Steinernema and Heterorhabditis against soil-borne insect pests, and introduction techniques for the chrysomelid Zygogramma sutularis against the weed Ambrosia elatior.     

Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Present Status and Perspectives in Italy

Interest in the biological control of plant pathogens has been increasing in Italy in the last few years. Current or completed research programmes at some University and/or CNR (National Research Council) Institutions concern the following topics: a) biological control of crown gall with Agrobacterium radlobacter strain 84; b) biocontrol of some forestry diseases caused by fungi; c) integrated biological control of grey mould on grapevine; d) biocontrol of Fusarium dry rot on maize and sorghum and of Rhizoctonia rot on eggplant and tomato with Trichoderma viride; e) seed and root≪ bacterization ≫ as a means of biological control of some fungal diseases of horticultural plants; f)≪ suppressive ≫ effect of some Italian soils to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi : g) biologically induced resistance against bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. In this contribution, the results obtained are reported, together with comments on the prospects for practical application of each type of biological control. Evaluation of the reduction in the use of pesticides against the same pathogens is not currently possible, owing to lack of data (except for programmes b) and c) above). Biological control will only become a common and widespread agricultural practice if a number of conditions are satisfied, including the establishment of registration guidelines for microbial and viral pesticides. The criteria for the evaluation of biological control organisms in the agricultural environment must be revised and the technical-legislative problems must be solved. A Commission in the European Community is currently examining the question.     

Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field

Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.     

Biological Control of Plant Diseases: The European Situation

The most common approach to biological control consists of selecting antagonistic microorganisms, studying their modes of action and developing a biological control product. Despite progress made in the knowledge of the modes of action of these biological control agents (BCAs), practical application often fails to control disease in the fields. One of the reasons explaining this failure is that the bio-control product is used the same way as a chemical product. Being biological these products have to be applied in accordance with their ecological requirements. Another approach consists of induction of plant defence reactions. This can be done by application of natural substances produced by or extracted from microorganisms, plants, or algae. Since they do not aim at killing the pathogens, these methods of disease control are totally different from chemical control. Although promising, these methods have not been sufficiently implemented under field conditions. A third approach consists of choosing cultural practices that might decrease the incidence or severity of diseases. These methods include the choice of an appropriate crop rotation with management of the crop residues, application of organic amendments and the use of new technology such as the biological disinfestation of soils. Biological control practices need an integrative approach, and more knowledge than chemical control.     

Results of seven years of biological control of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Spain1

Biological control of Agrobacterium tumefaciens using the K84 strain of A. radiobacter has been practised in Spain since 1979. Strain K84 is produced in Sevilla by the Agricultural Research Service and is mixed with peat. This formulation is authorized for use on stone fruits and roses, since results of various trials on rootstocks of these crops have shown that K84 is effective in controlling the disease in naturally infected nursery soil, as well as in experimental tests carried out on artificially inoculated soil. Results of biological control trials have shown that K84 has some effect on A. tumefaciens strains resistant to agrocin 84. Factors other than susceptibility to agrocin 84 influence the efficacy of biological control. This was demonstrated by using a K84 agrocin non-producer strain which proved effective against both resistant and susceptible strains. Biological control on apple or pear is not yet authorized in Spain due to a paucity of data on field trials. However, initial pot tests showed good K84 activity on these hosts, against Spanish strains of A. tumefaciens. On grapevine, most of the A. tumefaciens strains that were isolated belong to biotype 3 and are resistant to agrocin 84. Because the disease is systemic on this species the use of K84 is not authorized.     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of N-2-(3-methoxy-4-propargyloxy) phenethyl amides. Part 3: stretched and heterocyclic mandelamide oomyceticides

Novel analogues of mandipropamid have been designed and prepared. The synthetic approach to these stretched and heterocyclic mandelamides is outlined. Biological data demonstrate their high efficacy against important plant diseases like tomato and potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans De Bary) and grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola Berliner & de Toni). Structure-activity relationship studies are discussed.     

木霉菌对植物寄生线虫防治作用机制

生物防治不仅作为植物寄生线虫病安全有效的防治措施，而且其具有降低化学农药施用量和减少环境污染的作用。木霉菌作为一种生防潜力巨大的线虫病防治真菌，已被广泛研究并应用于植物寄生线虫病的防治。本文主要从木霉防治植物寄生线虫病的直接和间接生防机制的视角，综述了木霉对线虫的重寄生作用、毒杀作用以及木霉对植物的诱导抗性、促生作用等多种协同防治植物寄生线虫的机制，展望了今后需要继续扩大对杀线木霉资源种类的调查和挖掘、木霉菌对植物寄生线虫的作用机理以及从分子水平上加深对木霉防治线虫病机制的研究，旨在为科学利用木霉菌防治植物线虫病提供参考。     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of N-2-(3-methoxy-4-propargyloxy)phenethyl amides. Part II: anti-oomycetic mandelamides

Novel types of anti-oomycetic compounds have been designed and prepared. The synthetic approach to these mandelamides is outlined. Biological data demonstrate their high efficacy against important plant diseases such as tomato and potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans De Bary) and grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola Berliner & de Toni). Structure-activity relationship studies are discussed. The new development product mandipropamid is presented.