芳香油用桉树引种开发综述

桉属（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ）树种繁多,共７００多种,其中绝大多数为澳大利亚原有树种［１］。桉树具有速生丰产,适应性广及多种用途的特点。因而,近年来在世界人工造林中,桉树已逐渐跃居第二大造林树种,仅次于松类。现有１２０多个国家和地区引种栽培。中国引种桉...     

浅议江苏发展桉树的取向

桉树原产地绝大部分在澳大利亚,是热带、亚热带地区著名速生树种之一,全世界有120多个国家和地区引种栽培。我国引种桉树已超100年历史,尤其近20多年来是我国桉树发展的鼎盛时期,随着桉树从引种观尝(家庭绿化)、美化环境到产生较大社会经济效益,引种栽培发展迅速。目前已有17个省(区、市)的600多个县栽植桉树,全国桉树面积已发展到67万多公顷,四旁栽植达18亿株,其面积仅次子巴西居世界第二位。我国的海南、     

“桉树珍贵仍材树种引进”课题组赴澳采购及考察报告

1 基本情况介绍桉树主要原产于澳大利亚,是一个重要的工业用材树种,由于它速生、优质和丰产的特点,世界100多个国家和地区竞相引种,我国引种桉树始于1890年,迄今已有100多年的历史了。近年来,华南桉树人工林发展迅速,面积已达到90多万公顷,“四旁”植树超过18亿株,在世界上,中国桉树栽培面积仅次于巴西和印度,     

浙江及皖东丘陵地区火炬松生长分析*

浙江及皖东丘陵地区火炬松生长分析迟健，李桂英，李春发，曾文胜，陈学堂，张建中关键词火炬松，生长分析，密度我国引种美国南方松已有４６ａ历史，大规模引种在７０年代中期开始，这些树种在我国南方丘陵地区生长通常良好［１，２］。其中浙江引种南方松５０００多ｈｍ...     

桉树抗青枯病筛选的新技术

桉树（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ）青枯病（ＰｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓＳｏｌａｎａｃｅａｒｕｍＥＦ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ）是青枯假单孢菌引起的。我国引种桉树已有百年历史 ,由于当时引种的桉树种类抗性强 ,又多为零星分散种植 ,青枯病没有造成危害。近年引种速生丰产、砍伐期短的尾叶桉、巨桉及其杂交种巨尾桉和尾巨桉等。这些桉树种类极易感染青枯病。在种植面积较大的广东、广西、海南等省区的桉苗期、幼林期青枯病严重危害 ,发病株率由２０%到５０ %不等 ,少数严重发病的１～２年生的桉幼林 ,一片青枯死亡 ,需要重新造林。因此桉树青枯病亟待解决。…     

一个具有重要经济价值及多用途树种——刺槐

刺槐（ＲｏｂｉｎｉａＰｓｅｕｄｏａｃａｃｉａＬｉｎｎ）原产美国，因其较强的适应性、生长的速生性和用途的多样性被许多国家广泛引种栽培，与杨树、桉树一起被称为世界上引种最成功的三大树种之一。我国早在二十年代便从国外引种刺槐，主要栽培于黄河、淮河流域的黄土高坡、河漫滩等多种立地条件。解放后刺槐造林面积迅速扩大，并逐渐向北方扩展，现全国刺槐林面积已达１０００多万ｈｍ２。南方部分省目前已选育出几十个适于不同用途的刺槐良种，近几年又从国外引进四倍体刺槐，二十一世纪将是我国刺槐造林良种化的时代。我省有的地方在…     

江苏引种桉树浅析

桉树原产地绝大部分在澳大利亚,是热带、亚热带地区著名速生树种之一,全世界有120多个国家和地区引种栽培。我国引种桉树已有100多年的历史,最初主要作为庭园绿化。由于它生长快、适应性强、用途广、有较高的经济价值,引种栽培发展较快。目前已有17个省(区、市)的600多个县栽植桉树,用于生产性大面积造林的桉树有10多种。全国桉树面积已发展到67万多公顷,四旁栽植达18亿株。我国已有一定量的桉木片和相当数量的桉油出口创汇。一、引种情况江苏有关单位从50年代初开始曾几度引种桉树,     

27种引种桉树的园艺观赏价值

从澳大利亚引种的桉树在我国已成为重要的造林树种，种植面积和规模较大。但对桉树的开发利用目前主要集中在用材和桉叶油提取上，桉树另一种重要的园艺观赏价值却被忽略了。从园艺观赏价值出发，对引种的27种澳大利亚桉树，从树形、叶形、花朵形态、奇香异味上进行了分析研究，提出了桉树的4种园艺观赏价值类型，对桉树在园艺生产中的开发利用价值作了初步探讨，为我国桉树的引种工作开辟了一条新途径。     

27种引种桉树的园艺观赏价值

从澳大利亚引种的桉树在我国已成为重要的造林树种 ,种植面积和规模较大。但对桉树的开发利用目前主要集中在用材和桉叶油提取上 ,桉树另一种重要的园艺观赏价值却被忽略了。从园艺观赏价值出发 ,对引种的 2 7种澳大利亚桉树 ,从树形、叶形、花朵形态、奇香异味上进行了分析研究 ,提出了桉树的 4种园艺观赏价值类型 ,对桉树在园艺生产中的开发利用价值作了初步探讨 ,为我国桉树的引种工作开辟了一条新途径。     

中国桉叶油的开发与利用

桉树是自然分布在澳大利亚等国家的重要经济树种，也是生长最快的材用树种之一，至今已有120多个国家和地区引种栽培。全世界现有桉树人工林面积600余万hm2，年产木材6000多万m3。中国引种桉树已有106年的历史，至今中国已有20个省、自治区、直辖市的600多个县种植了桉树人工林80万公顷，四旁种植18亿株，种植面积仅名次于巴西，年产桉树木材约200多万m3，桉叶油3000吨。桉叶油是桉树（Eucalyptus）叶油腺细胞分泌出来的芳香精油。中国桉叶油工业体系的建立是最近二十多年的事。由于生长快，栽种后短期内即可生产桉叶油，取得了良好的经济…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.