Nutritional value of quality protein maize and food corn for starter and growth pigs

Growth traits with starter and grower pigs and a digestion trial were conducted to compare the nutritional value of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), food corn and conventional feed corn. The QPM, food and feed corn contained .45, .31 and .29% lysine, respectively. The growth trials evaluated a QPM-soybean meal diet formulated on a lysine basis (.96% in starter and .7% in grower diets) and four diets arranged in a 2 (food corn vs feed corn) X 2 (low vs high soybean meal) factorial. Soybean meal was either added in the same amount as in the QPM diet or was added to provide the lysine content of the QPM diet. Performance was similar for pigs fed food corn and feed corn in both trials. The QPM diets resulted in greater performance than food and feed corn diets containing the same level of soybean meal supplementation; starter pigs were more (P less than .10) efficient and grower pigs had a higher (P less than .01) rate and efficiency of gain. However, performance of pigs fed the QPM diets was not equal to that of pigs fed isolysinic food and feed corn diets; growth rate was lower (P less than .05) in starter pigs and gain:feed was lower (P less than .05) in grower pigs. Diets in the digestion trial consisted of the corns plus 3.25% casein. Energy digestibility was similar for all diets. Ileal N and amino acid digestibilities were highest for QPM, intermediate for food corn and lowest for feed corn. In most instances, these differences were significant (P less than .05). Apparent biological value was highest (P less than .05) for QPM. These trials indicate that food corn and feed corn have similar nutritional value, and that starter and grower pigs can benefit from the higher protein quality of QPM.     

Nutritional evaluation and utilisation of quality protein maize, Nityashree hybrid maize, and normal maize in broiler chickens

1. Three experiments were conducted to determine the apparent metabolisable energy, apparent digestible amino acid values, and utilisation of three maize varities in chickens: quality protein maize (QPM), hybrid maize Nityashree (HMN) and normal maize (NM).

2. There was no significant difference in the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content amongst the three varieties of maize.

3. Lysine and threonine digestibilities were significantly higher in QPM compared to either HMN or NM. No difference in the digestibilities of other amino acids occurred among the three different maize varieties.

4. There was no difference between diets containing NM or HMN for body weight gain (21 and 40?d of age) and overall feed conversion ratio (0–40?d), but values were significantly higher for QPM (and Lys-supplemented NM) diets. The relative weights of dressed meat yield and giblets were unaffected by dietary replacement of NM with QPM, HMN, or Lys supplementation of the NM diet. However, abdominal fat content decreased and breast meat yield increased with both dietary replacement of NM with QPM and Lys supplementation of the NM diet.

5. The concentration of protein in serum was significantly increased by dietary replacement of NM with QPM. Adding Lys to the NM based diet significantly increased the Ca concentration in serum compared with NM or HMN diets. However, the highest concentration of Ca in serum was found in the QPM diet. The concentration of total cholesterol in serum significantly decreased by either replacing NM with QPM or adding Lys to the NM based diet, compared with the NM diet.

6. These results suggested that the feeding value of quality protein maize was superior to normal maize, while the feeding value of hybrid maize Nityashree was similar to that of normal maize.     

Nutritional value for swine of extruded corn and corn fractions obtained after dry milling

The experiment was designed to assess whether corn fractions or extrusion of corn can result in feed ingredients with a greater nutritional value than corn. Corn grain (8.0% CP, 0.21% P, 9.8% NDF) was processed by extrusion (82.8 degrees C, 345 kPa steam pressure for 12 s) or by dry milling to derive fractions rich in germ (13.1% CP, 1.19% P, 17.2% NDF), hulls (8.1% CP, 0.27% P, 32.6% NDF), and endosperm, namely tails (6.6% CP, 0.07% P, 3.6% NDF) and throughs (7.4% CP, 0.15% P, 4.5% NDF). Relative recovery in each fraction was 16, 20, 44, and 20%, respectively. Ileal digestibility of DM, P, and amino acids was determined using diets containing 7.0% CP from soybean meal and 5.3% CP from one of the test products. To allow for determination of standardized ingredient, ileal digestibility, basal endogenous AA losses were determined using a protein-free diet (74.6% cornstarch and 18.7% sucrose). Soybean meal ileal digestibility was determined using a diet (12.3% CP) based on soybean meal (23.3%). Eight barrows (27 +/- 2 kg) fitted with T-cannulas were fed 8 experimental diets (5-d adaptation and 2-d collection period) such that each diet was evaluated in at least 5 barrows. Relative to corn (77.9 +/- 1.2%), ileal digestibility of DM was greater for extruded corn (82.5%; P = 0.02), tails (85.9%; P < 0.01), and throughs (85.0%; P < 0.01), but it was lower for hulls (62.2%; P < 0.01) and germ (51.1%; P < 0.01). For P, corn (41.6 +/- 9.5%), throughs (47.2%), and hulls (57.3%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (7.9%) had lower ileal digestibility (P = 0.02) than corn; tails (27.6%) and extruded corn (23.5%) were not different from corn or germ but were lower than throughs and hulls. For total AA, corn (84.7 +/- 2.4%), throughs (84.3%), and hulls (85.8%) had similar ileal digestibility, but germ (76.6%) had lower ileal digestibility (P < 0.01) than corn; tails (82.0%) and extruded corn (81.7%) were intermediate. In conclusion, germ and hulls have a low ileal DM digestibility; germ also has low AA and P digestibility. Extrusion improved the ileal DM digestibility of corn. To maximize the ileal digestibility, removal of germ and hull from corn or extrusion of corn may thus be of interest.     

马铃薯蛋白粉在仔猪上的营养价值评定

选择体重为(16±1.66)kg PIC仔猪18头,在测定马铃薯蛋白粉(PPM)养分、氨基酸含量的基础上进行消化代谢试验。以PPM和豆粕(SBM)分别作为唯一蛋白源配制半纯合日粮,采用无氮日粮法测定两者猪回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率和真消化率。结果表明:PPM含消化能18.84MJ/kg,可消化粗蛋白质74.08%,蛋白质生物学效价76.87%,均显著高于豆粕。同时,PPM中大部分氨基酸,尤其是Glu、Lys、Pro等的含量、表观消化率或真消化率显著或极显著高于豆粕,回肠真可消化Glu、Lys、Pro的含量分别为20.67%、5.58%、8.16%,分别比豆粕高194.92%、110.34%、94.87%。可见,PPM的能量和蛋白质氨基酸营养价值明显优于豆粕。     

An evaluation of barley in starter diets for swine

Four growth trials and one digestibility trial were conducted to determine the effects of substituting barley for grain sorghum in weanling pig diets on pig performance and nutrient digestibility. Experiments 1 and 2 were 35-d growth trials in which barley was substituted for gain sorghum at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the diet. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (F/G) were not affected by dietary barley level (P greater than .50). Experiment 3 was a digestibility trial conducted to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD), gross energy (GED), and N (ND) and percentage of N retained (%NRT) of pigs fed the 0, 20 and 40% barley diets. As dietary barley level increased, DMD and GED decreased linearly (P less than .05), whereas %NRT increased linearly (P less than .10). Apparent N digestibility was not affected by dietary treatment (P greater than .12). Experiments 4 and 5 were 35-d growth trials with treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design to determine the effects of barley particle size (fine, 635 microns or medium, 768 microns) and dried whey level (0, 10 or 20%) on pig performance. Average daily gain and ADFI increased linearly (P less than .01) as whey level increased. Pigs fed diets containing fine-ground barley grew faster and were more efficient (P less than .05) than those fed medium-ground barley diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

新型生物功能性饲料蛋白源-生物E蛋白对猪的营养价值评定

试验首先对新型生物功能性饲料蛋白源 -生物E蛋白进行了营养成分测定 ,结果干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、无氮浸出物含量分别为 91.5、6 0 .8、4 .5、3.2、6 .4、16 .7% ,总能为19.4MJ/kg ,赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酰胺含量分别为 4 .4、1.4、3.1% ,α -淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶活性分别为 4 30 0、115、2 5 0、32 0U/g ,有益菌活菌总数 5× 10 9/kg。猪消化试验结果表明 ,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、有机物消化率分别为 80 .4、71.2、4 3.0、95 .9、81.5 % ,消化能为 17.2MJ/kg。试验结果表明 :试验所用新型生物功能性饲料蛋白源—生物E蛋白作为一种新的蛋白原料 ,不仅蛋白含量高 ,而且富含多种生物活性物质 ,易于消化吸收。     

Nutritional value of D-xylose and L-arabinose for broiler chicks.

1. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of feeding D-xylose and L-arabinose on broiler performance, body composition, caecal length and weight, and liver weight. 2. Graded amounts (25, 50 and 75 g/kg) of D-xylose or L-arabinose were added to either a practical type (Exp. A) or a semi-purified (Exp. B) basal diet. As reference, a diet containing 75 g D-glucose/kg was included in both experiments, which were conducted in battery brooders, the birds receiving the isocaloric [on metabolisable energy (ME) basis] diets as dry mash ad libitum from 6 to 27 d of age. 3. A negative dose-dependent effect of both pentose sugars on weight gain and feed utilisation was observed. The same was true for daily food intake of the D-xylose diets. Water intake increased linearly (P less than 0.05) as the dietary concentrations of both pentose sugars was increased. Consequently, dry matter content of the droppings decreased. 4. Fat content of the chick body tended to decrease when either D-xylose or L-arabinose was included in the diets. 5. Caecal weight was increased markedly by feeding L-arabinose. Liver weight was not affected by feeding either D-xylose or L-arabinose to birds. 6. From data for ME intake and gain in body energy it was estimated that utilisation of the ME of both pentose sugars was inferior to that of D-glucose.     

Escherichia coli phytase improves growth performance of starter, grower, and finisher pigs fed phosphorus-deficient diets

Corn-soybean meal-based diets, consisting of a high-P control (HPC) containing supplemental dicalcium phosphate (DCP), a basal diet containing no DCP, and the basal diet plus Escherichia coli phytase at 500 or 1,000 phytase units per kilogram (FTU/kg; as-fed basis) were fed to evaluate growth performance in starter, grower, and finisher pigs. Pigs were blocked by weight and gender, such that average weight across treatments was similar, with equal numbers of barrows and gilts receiving each treatment in each block. In Exp. 1, 48 pigs with an average initial BW of 11 kg, housed individually, with 12 pens per diet, were used to evaluate growth performance over 3 wk. Overall ADG and G:F were increased linearly (P < 0.05) by dietary phytase addition. Final BW and plasma P concentrations at 3 wk also increased linearly (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, 128 pigs with an average initial BW of 23 kg, housed four pigs per pen, with eight pens per diet, were used to evaluate growth performance over 6 wk. A linear increase in response to phytase was noted for ADG and G:F in all three 2-wk periods, as well as overall (P < 0.05). Percentage of bone ash also showed a linear increase (P < 0.01). In Exp. 3, 160 pigs (53 kg), housed five pigs per pen, with eight pens per diet, were used to evaluate growth performance over 6 wk. A linear increase was detected for final BW, as well as ADG and G:F in the first and second 2-wk periods, and overall (P < 0.01). Twenty-four 15-kg individually housed pigs were used to evaluate total-tract nutrient digestibility in Exp. 4. Daily absorption of P linearly increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. Results of this research indicate that E. coli phytase is effective in liberating phytate P for uptake and utilization by starter, grower, and finisher pigs.     

优质蛋白玉米对产蛋鸡生产性能及鸡蛋品质的影响

国外培育的优质蛋白玉米通过大鼠（Mertz，1965；Sproule等，1988），猪（Knabe等，1992；Okai等，1994），肉鸡和蛋雏鸡（Liu等，1993；Osei等，1994）的试验已被证明营养价值优于普通玉米。而国内培育的优质蛋白玉米总能和代谢能与普通玉米相近；氨基酸组成发生了变化，尤其是赖氨酸、色氨酸等含量高于普通玉米所有氨基酸消化率不低于普通玉米。但是其在产蛋鸡上应用的研究还未见报道。为此，进行本次试验，研究优质蛋白玉米（中单9409）在产蛋鸡上应用的效果，为优质蛋白玉米的推广应用提供依据。     

育肥猪呼吸道疾病综合征病理学观察和病原学检测

猪呼吸道疾病综合征是一种由病毒、细菌、环境应激和猪体免疫力低下等多因素相互作用引起的呼吸道疾病。2009年2～4月,上海农场某猪场一批育肥猪出现疑似病例,表现为食欲下降,咳嗽,呼吸困难,生长缓慢和料肉比降低。本研究在流行病学调查的基础上,剖检8头病猪观察其病理变化,主要表现为肺脏弥慢性实变,弹性降低,间质增宽,有的水肿、气肿,或纤维素性胸膜肺炎。病原检测结果显示,该发病猪群主要病原为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒2型和副猪嗜血杆菌。本研究为猪呼吸道疾病综合征的防治提供了依据。     

全株青贮玉米品种对其发酵品质及营养价值的影响

试验旨在比较不同品种青贮专用型玉米全株青贮发酵品质及营养价值的差异,以郑青贮1号、金岭青贮17号和京科青贮516为试验材料,于1/2~3/4乳线期刈割,使用聚乙烯发酵袋(50 cm×80 cm)在实验室条件下发酵60 d,开袋后进行感官评价,测定发酵品质,风干样粉碎后用于常规化学成分及消化率的测定。结果表明:不同品种感官评分等级均为良好级,其中,籽粒含量和总评分差异极显著(P<0.01),色泽及气味差异显著(P<0.05)。品种间各项发酵参数差异极显著(P<0.01),费氏评分≥110.00分,发酵品质均为优级。各品种青贮后干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水溶性碳水化合物、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、粗灰分含量及相对饲喂价值差异极显著(P<0.01),且相对饲喂价值>121.00。品种间青贮产量及能量价值均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),郑青贮1号的奶吨指数、总可消化养分及各项能值极显著高于其他品种(P<0.01),干物质产量及奶亩指数极显著低于其他品种(P<0.01),金岭青贮17号的干物质产量显著较高(P<0.01),奶吨指数、总可消化养分及各项能值均极显著高于京科青贮516(P<0.01),奶亩指数极显著高于其他品种(P<0.01)。各品种碳水化合物组分剖分及体外干物质、中性洗涤纤维消化率均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),金岭青贮17号的体外干物质及中性洗涤纤维消化率均极显著高于京科青贮516和郑青贮1号(P<0.01),京科青贮516的体外干物质消化率极显著高于郑青贮1号(P<0.01),郑青贮1号的体外中性洗涤纤维消化率极显著高于京科青贮516(P<0.01)。综上所述,金岭青贮17号为优异的青贮专用型玉米品种,其次为京科青贮516。     

非常规蛋白质饲料原料的营养价值及在养猪业上的应用

<正>近年来,随着我国畜禽业的发展,我国对豆粕和大豆的需要量越来越大。据海关统计,2007年度,我国大豆进口量为3082.1万t,2008年度,     

Effect of nutrition on broiler carcase composition: influence of dietary energy content in the starter and finisher phases

Three isonitrogenous starter (230 g/kg) and three finisher diets (200 g/kg) were formulated to contain 10.78, 12.78 and 14.78 MJ AME/kg and fed to 1512 male and female broilers such that there were 9 treatment combinations. Birds fed the low-energy starter diet were significantly lighter (P less than 0.05) and their carcases contained proportionally less abdominal fat and total carcase fat at 24 d of age. This effect remained until 49 d of age irrespective of the finisher diet fed. The energy content of the finisher diet had no significant effect on bodyweight but the proportion of abdominal fat and total carcase fat deposited was lower for birds fed the low-energy finisher.     

不同生长期饲用油菜的营养价值和青贮发酵品质

为了为饲用油菜的牧草化利用提供数据参考,本研究分析了蕾苔期、结夹初期和结夹末期饲用油菜(Brassica napus)植株的营养价值及青贮过程中品质变化规律。结果表明:1)随着生长期变化,饲用油菜的总能、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、硫甙含量和相对饲喂价值均呈现先下降后上升的规律;蕾苔期油菜的可溶性碳水化合物显著高于结荚初期和结荚末期(P <0.05),而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量极显著低于结荚初期和结荚末期(P <0.01);结夹末期植株中粗脂肪含量达到16.02%,极显著高于蕾苔期和结荚初期(P <0.01)。2)不同生长期油菜青贮后pH、乙酸含量、丁酸含量、氨态氮/总氮以及V-Score评分差异显著(P <0.05)。同一生长期油菜不同青贮时间点的pH、乳酸含量、丁酸含量、V-Score评分差异显著(P <0.05)。蕾苔期、结荚初期油菜青贮过程中乳酸、乙酸含量迅速升高,到60 d时达到最高,各处理组内含量差异显著(P <0.05)。结荚期末油菜青贮后感官品质、V-Score评价级别都比较低。综上所述,蕾苔期和结荚初期饲用油菜营养价值较高且适宜青贮,单...     

呼伦贝尔地区不同燕麦品种的营养价值及发酵品质评价研究

为筛选适宜在呼伦贝尔地区种植的优质青贮燕麦品种,采用随机区组设计方法,于2018年在中国农业科学院呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站种植10个燕麦品种（贝勒、魅力、陇燕2号、陇燕3号、燕王、青海444、巴燕3号、林纳、白燕7号、青引1号）进行区域试验。于燕麦乳熟期刈割,切至2 cm后进行罐贮。60 d后开封取样,测定其营养指标和发酵指标。结果表明：陇燕2号干物质（DM）产量最高,为4905.45 kg·hm^-2,青引1号干物质产量最低,为1773.65 kg·hm^-2,品种间差异显著（P<0.05）;10个燕麦品种青贮饲料的干物质含量在30.73%~45.47%,DM含量最高品种为陇燕2号,最低品种为巴燕3号,2个品种间有显著差异（P<0.05）;林纳、贝勒和陇燕2号3个品种的粗蛋白含量分别为12.63%、12.46%和12.41%,显著高于其他品种（P<0.05）。贝勒和林纳2个燕麦品种的酸性洗涤纤维含量最低,分别为25.11%和26.11%,显著低于其他品种（P<0.05）。10个燕麦品种的可溶性糖含量为2.17%~4.33%,平均含量为3.39%,含量最高为贝勒,最低为燕王,2个品种间差异显著（P<0.05）。不同品种的发酵品质差异显著（P<0.05）。林纳的pH值最低,乳酸含量最高,为6.86%,丙酸、丁酸、氨态氮和总挥发性脂肪酸含量低,发酵品质较好。10个燕麦品种发酵品质的V-Score评分中陇燕3号、林纳、陇燕2号、青海444、魅力、青引1号、白燕7号和贝勒8个品种的分值在80以上,发酵品质为优。综合考虑产量、营养品质和青贮发酵品质,林纳适宜作为青贮燕麦品种在呼伦贝尔地区种植加工。