Positive supercoiling of mitotic DNA drives decatenation by topoisomerase II in eukaryotes

DNA topoisomerase II completely removes DNA intertwining, or catenation, between sister chromatids before they are segregated during cell division. How this occurs throughout the genome is poorly understood. We demonstrate that in yeast, centromeric plasmids undergo a dramatic change in their topology as the cells pass through mitosis. This change is characterized by positive supercoiling of the DNA and requires mitotic spindles and the condensin factor Smc2. When mitotic positive supercoiling occurs on decatenated DNA, it is rapidly relaxed by topoisomerase II. However, when positive supercoiling takes place in catenated plasmid, topoisomerase II activity is directed toward decatenation of the molecules before relaxation. Thus, a topological change on DNA drives topoisomerase II to decatenate molecules during mitosis, potentially driving the full decatenation of the genome.     

耐氟喹诺酮类鸡源性沙门氏菌DNA旋转酶gyrA基因序列分析

取临床分离的对5种氟喹诺酮类药物(环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、单诺沙星和沙拉沙星)均耐药的9株鸡源性沙门氏菌耐药株,提取其染色体DNA。设计引物gyrAF和gyrAR扩增其DNA旋转酶gyrA基因的氟喹诺酮类耐药决定区(QRDR),对PCR扩增产物进行测序及序列分析。与质控菌株相比,9株临床分离耐药株中只有菌株38和60的gyrA基因发生单碱基突变,菌株38的gyrA基因第371位碱基发生C→T突变,菌株60的gyrA基因第350位碱基发生A→C突变,两处突变均位于QRDR内,其余菌株的核苷酸未发生任何突变。菌株38的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第121位氨基酸发生R→C取代,即Arg→Cys;菌株60的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第114位氨基酸发生M→L取代,即Met→Leu。上述结果提示,gyrA基因QRDR突变并非沙门氏菌耐药性产生的主要原因。     

Tandem regions of yeast DNA topoisomerase II share homology with different subunits of bacterial gyrase

The nucleotide sequence for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene TOP2, which encodes DNA topoisomerase II, was compared with the sequence for bacterial DNA gyrase. The amino and carboxyl terminal halves of the single-subunit yeast enzyme showed homologies with the B and A subunits of bacterial gyrase, respectively, at corresponding positions along the polypeptide chains. Although the two enzymes differ in both quaternary structure and activity, the homology between the two proteins indicates mechanistic as well as structural similarities, and a probable evolutionary relationship.     

与GyrA相互作用的GyrB结构域突变对结核分枝杆菌螺旋酶功能的影响

DNA螺旋酶中的GyrA与GyrB亚基只有互作重组后才有酶活性。为寻找GyrB亚基和GyrA亚基相互作用的关键区域,构建了不同的GyrB亚基突变体,分析GyrB各突变体与GyrA亚基的相互作用对全酶活性的影响。结果显示:GyrB亚基C端是其与GyrA相互作用的主要结构域,结合GyrB的二维结构,提出GyrB中第531~550位氨基酸是影响螺旋酶功能的关键区域,并可能是理想的新药设计靶标。     

细菌DNA和gm-csf基因对抑制素基因免疫的作用

40只小鼠分为4组,分别注射pC ISI(抑制素质粒)、pC ISI+细菌DNA、pC ISI+pGM-CSF和生理盐水(8.5 g.L-1)。pC ISI剂量为20μg,与佐剂等量混合,2周后加强免疫1次。试验结果表明,细菌DNA佐剂组诱导77.8%(7/9)的个体产生了抑制素阳性抗体,抗体以IgG2α型为主,gm-csf佐剂组产生的抗体以IgG1型为主;基因佐剂联合抑制素基因免疫激发的淋巴细胞增殖能力显著高于抑制素基因单独免疫组(P<0.05);细菌DNA佐剂组阳性鼠的动情期血浆雌二醇高于阴性鼠(P<0.05),免疫对动情期孕酮水平无显著影响(P>0.05)。上述结果表明,细菌DNA和gm-csf能增强抑制素基因的免疫效果。     

Activation of the cellular DNA damage response in the absence of DNA lesions

The cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is initiated by the rapid recruitment of repair factors to the site of DNA damage to form a multiprotein repair complex. How the repair complex senses damaged DNA and then activates the DDR is not well understood. We show that prolonged binding of DNA repair factors to chromatin can elicit the DDR in an ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated)- and DNAPK (DNA-dependent protein kinase)-dependent manner in the absence of DNA damage. Targeting of single repair factors to chromatin revealed a hierarchy of protein interactions within the repair complex and suggests amplification of the damage signal. We conclude that activation of the DDR does not require DNA damage and stable association of repair factors with chromatin is likely a critical step in triggering, amplifying, and maintaining the DDR signal.     

Chemical DNA synthesis and recombinant DNA studies

Chemically synthesized DNA has been used in many recombinant DNA studies. These uses have included the total synthesis and cloning of functional genes, the cloning and expression of natural genes, and editing of changing genes by directed mutation.     

DNA looping generated by DNA bending protein IHF and the two domains of lambda integrase

The multiprotein-DNA complexes that participate in bacteriophage lambda site-specific recombination were used to study the combined effect of protein-induced bending and protein-mediated looping of DNA. The protein integrase (Int) is a monomer with two autonomous DNA binding domains of different sequence specificity. Stimulation of Int binding and cleavage at the low affinity core-type DNA sites required interactions with the high affinity arm-type sites and depended on simultaneous binding of the sequence-specific DNA bending protein IHF (integration host factor). The bivalent DNA binding protein is positioned at high affinity sites and directed, by a DNA bending protein, to interactions with distant lower affinity sites. Assembly of this complex is independent of protein-protein interactions.     

白黎芦醇与DNA相互作用研究

[目的]为进一步研究白黎芦醇药理活性提供信息基础。[方法]在pH值为6的Tris缓冲溶液体系中,应用荧光光谱法和紫外光谱技术以及黏度法研究白黎芦醇和DNA分子间的相互作用,计算白黎芦醇与DNA的结合常数和结合位点数。[结果]25℃时,白黎芦醇与DNA之间的结合常数为3．96×10^3L／mol,结合位点数为1．0053,结合方式是白黎芦醇通过嵌入结合的方式与DNA结合,这种结合方式可能是白黎芦醇具有抗癌功效的一个重要因素,即白黎芦醇通过嵌入方式与DNA结合,影响DNA的转录和复制,从而导致癌细胞凋亡。[结论]证明白黎芦醇是以嵌入结合的方式与DNA结合,这种结合方式可能是白黎芦醇具有抗癌活性的一个重要原因。     

玉米DNA纤维的制备及端粒DNA的Fiber-FISH

[目的]建立了一种快速制备DNA纤维的方法,用端粒DNA在玉米纤维上进行物理定位。[方法]采用刀切法从玉米嫩叶中提取细胞核。以端粒DNA为探针,在玉米DNA纤维上进行伸展DNA纤维的荧光原位杂交(Fiber-FISH),研究端粒DNA重复序列在玉米染色体上的拷贝数。[结果]用刀切法提取玉米细胞核,提高了核的完整性,并改善了DNA纤维的制备效果。玉米细胞核裂解的最佳时间为8~9 min。玉米的Fiber-FISH试验结果表明,杂交信号为伸展的念珠状长链,玉米各条染色体端粒DNA的长度为7~103μm,各染色体端粒重复序列的拷贝数存在显著差异(为15~230 kb)。[结论]玉米各染色体中端粒的长度可能不同,而且随着玉米生长及环境的变化,各条染色体端粒DNA长度的变化也不一致。     

Enhancement Effect of CpG DNA on the Somatostatin DNA Vaccine in Mice

To study the immune effect of CpGDNA on somatostatin （SS） DNA vaccine, the 20-day-old experimental mice were immunized with 20 lag SS eukaryotic expression plasmid pES/2SS with different adjuvants in equal dose, such as the synthetic CpG-ODN, the pE-CpG plasmid, E. coli DNA and the crude liposome. A booster was given two weeks later. The results showed that the body weight gain of female mice in the SS immunized group was higher than that of the control （P 〈0.05）. The levels of antibodies against SS, IgG2a/IgG1, spleen lymphocyte proliferation activity and the concentrations of GH and IGF-Ⅰ in the DNA vaccine groups combined with CpGDNA were significantly increased compared to that of the group immunized with DNA vaccine alone. All these suggested the recombinant SS expression plasmid can stimulate animals to produce antibodies against SS, and CpGDNA adjuvant can enhance the immune effect of DNA vaccine against SS and influence the concentration of GH and IGF-Ⅰ .     

Reaction of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 with DNA: structure of a DNA adduct with DNA sequence specificity

Sequence-dependent variations in DNA revealed by x-ray crystallographic studies have suggested that certain DNA-reactive drugs may react preferentially with defined sequences in DNA. Drugs that wind around the helix and reside within one of the grooves of DNA have perhaps the greatest chance of recognizing sequence-dependent features of DNA. The antitumor antibiotic CC-1065 covalently binds through N-3 of adenine and resides within the minor groove of DNA. This drug overlaps with five base pairs for which a high sequence specificity exists.     

景天属植物叶绿体DNA与核DNA分步提取方法研究

[目的]研究景天属植物叶绿体DNA与核DNA分步提取方法.[方法]以景天属植物佛甲草、八宝景天、华北景天、费菜和垂盆草为研究材料,进行叶绿体DNA和核DNA的分步提取,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR扩增进行检测.[结果]改进后的方法提取的核DNA和叶绿体DNA的质量好,纯度高.以叶绿体DNA和核DNA为模板进行PCR扩增均得到理想的条带,扩增率为100％,重复性好.[结论]该研究为叶绿素DNA和核DNA的提取提供了新的思路.     

The Study of Relativity between the DNA Conformation and the Canceration

The conformation of DNA in the granuloblast of the human leukaemia(HL) is also different from that of the normal human (HN) was determined by the fluorescence titration.These results show the view that DNA conformation variety is related with the canceration of human cell.     

核桃乳DNA提取方法优化与DNA条形码鉴定

随着乳饮料行业快速发展,掺杂使假现象层出不穷,对核桃乳真实成分的准确鉴定变的尤为重要。核桃乳属深加工食品,DNA破坏严重,DNA提取是开展核桃乳DNA条形码鉴定的首要环节。为优化核桃乳DNA提取方法,并基于psbA-trnH基因DNA条形码建立核桃乳的掺假造假鉴定方法。以10种不同品牌的核桃乳为样品,采用3种方法(静置抽提、异丙醇沉淀、抽真空冻干)进行预处理,再用2种CTAB裂解沉淀方法和3种试剂盒方法(康为新型植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒、爱思进植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒和天根深加工食品DNA提取试剂盒)提取核桃乳DNA,并在此基础上创新尝试了CTAB与爱思进试剂盒结合方法。以提取的市售核桃乳DNA为模板,利用自行设计的特异性基因psbA-trnH-wal鉴定样品中是否含有核桃成分,确定造假情况;选择常见植物候选基因psbA-trnH鉴定样品中是否含有其他成分,确定掺假情况。结果表明,抽真空冻干预处理方法优于其他2种预处理方式。CTAB与爱思进试剂盒结合方法能提取到纯度好、得率高、扩增能力强的核桃乳DNA,是最佳的核桃乳DNA提取方法。扩增及比对结果显示,1款核桃乳样品中含有花生,属于掺假产品。抽真空冻干预处理、CTAB与爱思进试剂盒结合为优化后的核桃乳DNA提取方法,psbA-trnH-wal基因和psbA-trnH基因结合能够对核桃乳及其掺假造假品进行快速准确的鉴定。     

DNA损伤,修复与突变的研究进展

ＤＮＡ分子是生物细胞中易受辐射损伤的敏感分子或称靶分子。ａ射线，Ｘ射线，ｒ射线、紫外线等辐射因子对ＤＮＡ结构造成的任何改变都可能导致细胞突变、癌变甚至死亡。电离辐射诱ＤＮＡ损伤主要有碱基损伤、单链断裂、双链断裂等。