Investigation of Wheat Milling Yield Based on Grain Hardness Parameters

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between milling yield and grain hardness. A preliminary study was carried out with 20 samples (both hard and soft wheats) using the Brabender hardness tester (BHT) with two grind settings: one‐step grind (0‐10) and two‐step grind (2‐12: coarse; 0‐8: fine). The two‐step grind was correlated with particle size index, single‐kernel characterization system (SKCS) hardness, break yield, and reduction yield (P < 0.05), whereas there was no correlation with the one‐step grind method. An additional 64 samples were ground with the two‐step grind setting to further validate this method. In terms of the BHT crush profile, no discernible differences were observed between varieties for the coarse grind, whereas for the fine grind, hard wheat gave a higher BHT maximum peak height and shorter grinding time compared with soft wheat. The break and reduction yields were significantly correlated with both BHT and SKCS hardness (P < 0.05). The findings indicated that the BHT method could be used to differentiate for milling yield among the different varieties. Based on the results, two milling yield models were developed, and both gave highly significant correlations between the predicted and Buhler mill break (R² = 0.791, P < 0.05) and reduction yield (R² = 0.896, P < 0.05).     

俄罗斯小麦籽粒硬度及puroindoline基因等位变异的分布

小麦籽粒硬度是重要的品质性状之一,对小麦加工品质具有重要影响.为了合理引进种质资源,培育高品质小麦品种,本研究利用小麦硬度指数测定仪JYDB100×40对引进俄罗斯小麦品种的籽粒硬度进行检测,利用STS标记和变温PCR对控制籽粒硬度基因puroindoline的主要等位变异进行分析.结果显示:208个俄罗斯引进小麦品种硬度指数范围为45.6 ～79.2,硬质麦品种为190个(91.35％),混合麦品种为18个(8.65％).Pina基因有Pina-D1a、Pina-D1b和杂合Pina-D1a/ Pina-D1b共3种类型,所占比例分别为87.02％、10.10％和2.88％.Pinb基因有Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b、Pinb-D1c和双位点突变Pinb-D1bc 4种类型,所占比例分别为37.02％、55.77％、3.85％和3.37％.统计结果显示:携带Pina-D1b+Pinb-D1a基因小麦籽粒硬度指数显著大于Pina-D1a+Pinb-D1b,Pina-D1a+Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1a+Pinb-D1bc.其他puroindoline等位变异之间没有显著差异.俄罗斯硬质麦种质资源丰富,是改善我国小麦籽粒硬度和品质的重要遗传材料.     

Chlorophyll Meter Readings in Winter Wheat: Cultivar Differences and Prediction of Grain Protein Content

Leaves of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured with a Hydro N-Tester (HNT), a portable chlorophyll meter, to obtain a relative estimate of leaf chlorophyll content, which gives an indication of plant N-status. The aim was to find if there were differences in HNT values between the winter wheat cultivars investigated, and to assess whether these values could be used for prediction of grain protein content (GPC). In Experiment 1, chlorophyll meter readings were taken at growth stages (GS) Zadoks 31 and 55 in five winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in 17 annual field trials located in southeast Norway in 1996, 1997, and 1998. There were significant differences in HNT values between cultivars at both GS 31 and 55, but no differences were found between the three most commonly used cultivars in Norway at present, cvs. Bjørke, Mjølner and Rudolf. Because of the variation between years the HNT values at GS 55 were found to be unsuitable for direct prediction of the GPC. In Experiment 2, HNT was used in 21 annual N-fertilizer trials with winter wheat, performed in 1996 and 1997 and located in southeast Norway. A delay in the measurements from GS 55 to GS 65 generally improved the GPC prediction in 1996. Nitrogen applied at GS 55 increased GPC by approximately 1 unit of percent in cv. Folke, regardless of HNT value, while in cv. Portal nitrogen applied at this stage gave no increase in GPC at HNT values beyond 700.     

Relationships Among Grain Hardness,Pentosan Fractions,and End‐Use Quality of Wheat

Grain texture (hardness) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major determinant of end‐usage. Variation in grain texture can be conceptually assigned to the two major hardness classes that result from the action of one major gene (Hardness) or to as‐yet undetermined factors contributing to residual variation within hardness classes. Identifying the physicochemical basis of both sources of texture variation could provide a means of better controlling or manipulating this quality trait. Pursuant to this objective, the role of pentosans was examined. Pentosan fractions (membrane‐associated, total, and soluble) were isolated from 13 hard and 13 soft wheat samples and their flours. Among the hard wheat samples, pentosans had a minimal role in modifying grain hardness. However, among the soft wheat samples, pentosans appeared to have a significant hardness‐modifying effect that carried over into end‐use quality. Among the soft wheat samples, pentosan fractions, along with wheat protein, accounted for 53–76% of the variation in grain texture, depending on the method used to quantify texture. Membrane‐associated pentosans were the most influential single parameter in modeling grain texture for the soft wheat samples. Membrane‐associated pentosans were most influential in accounting for variation (69%) in alkaline water retention capacity. Total pentosans, together with flour protein, accounted for 87% of the variation in cookie diameter for soft wheat samples, with the total pentosan fraction being the more influential.     

Wheat Grain Hardness Among Chromosome 5D Homozygous Recombinant Substitution Lines Using Different Methods of Measurement

The level of grain hardness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars profoundly affects milling properties and end-use. We examined grain hardness among a genetically defined set of 83 chromosome 5D homozygous recombinant substitution lines derived from soft wheat cv. Chinese Spring and hard wheat cv. Cheyenne and compared four common methods of measuring wheat grain hardness. Measures of grain hardness included a modified particle size index, Brabender Quadrumat flour milling, near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy, and the single-kernel characterization system (SKCS). Duncan's multiple range test was used to group recombinant lines according to parental classes. Quadrumat milling fractions, percent bran and middlings, were well correlated to NIR and SKCS grain hardness, whereas break flour, a traditional measure of grain hardness, was poorly correlated to other hardness measures. NIR and SKCS grain hardness measures provided the greatest and similar mean separations. Both methods identified recombinant lines as being significantly outside either parental class and significantly different from and in between the two parental classes. Between two divergent environments, correlations (r) for Quadrumat bran and middlings percents and NIR and SKCS hardness ranged from 0.83 to 0.94. Analysis of variance indicated that lines differed substantially for hardness, and hardness was highly influenced by environment, albeit consistently, as indicated by low line-location model interaction terms. The results confirmed the presence of major allelic differences assignable to chromosome 5D and suggested the action of minor gene(s). Break flour, in particular, showed strong indications of transgressive segregation independent of the Hardness (Ha) locus. The Perten 4100 SKCS provided the best (most discriminating) measure of the material properties of the wheat endosperm manifested by the action of the Ha locus.     

小麦3个NAC转录因子基因克隆与功能分析

NAC类转录因子参与植物基因在不同条件、不同发育期的表达调控,在植物的发育、生长及对外界的各种生物和非生物因子的胁迫应答中起关键的调控作用。本研究对非亲和条锈菌小种CYR32侵染诱导的抗条锈病基因Yr5近等基因系Taichung29＊6/Yr5的cDNA文库进行筛选及同源克隆,获得了小麦3个NAC类转录因子的cDNA序列。序列分析结果表明,这3个转录因子都具有DNA结合结构域,即NAC结构域,且氨基酸序列在该结构域的A、B、C、D和E5个亚区高度保守;同时发现这3个NAC类转录因子都有核定位信号及相关的转录调控功能区域。通过系统进化树分析,发现其中之一的TaNAC1属于NAC转录因子家族第Ⅰ组的NAP亚组,TaNAC3属于ATAF1亚组,TaNAC5属于NAM亚组;根据系统进化树和相关基因的功能分析,我们推测小麦转录因子TaNAC1、TaNAC3和TaNAC5可能参与植物生长发育调控或对生物、非生物胁迫作出的应答反应。     

Relationship Between Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Hardness and Wet‐Milling Quality

Grain hardness variation has large effects on many different end‐use properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The Hardness (Ha) locus consisting of the Puroindoline a and b genes (Pina and Pinb) controls the majority of grain hardness variation. Starch production is a growing end‐use of wheat. The objective of this study was to estimate the differences in starch yield due to natural and transgenically conditioned grain hardness differences. To accomplish this goal, a small‐scale wet‐milling protocol was used to characterize the wet‐milling properties of two independent groups of isogenic materials varying in grain hardness and in Pin expression level. The first group of lines consisted of hard/soft near‐isogenic lines created in cultivars Falcon or Gamenya in which lines carried either the Pina‐D1a (functional) or the Pina‐D1b (null) alleles of Pina. The second group of lines consisted of Pina, Pinb, or Pina and Pinb overexpressing lines created in Hi‐Line, a hard red spring wheat. Soft near‐isogenic lines had higher starch extractability than the hard Pina null counterparts. This difference in starch extractability was more pronounced between Hi‐Line and its transgenic isolines, with highest levels of extractable starch observed in the transgenic isoline with intermediate grain texture. The results demonstrate that the Ha locus and puroindoline expression are both linked to wet‐milling starch yield and that selection for increased Ha function increases starch yield through the enhanced separation of starch granules and the protein matrix during wet milling.     

Effects of Cultivar and Temperature During Grain Filling on Wheat Protein Content,Composition, and Dough Mixing Properties

Three wheat cultivars, Bastian, Polkka, and Tjalve, were grown in growth chambers at 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21°C during grain filling in 1994, 1995, and 1996. The wheat samples were analyzed for protein content and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. The mixing properties of sifted flours were determined by mixograph, and the flour protein composition was determined by size-exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography (SE-FPLC). The protein content, sedimentation volume, and mixogram parameters were affected by the temperature during grain filling. The protein content increased as the temperature increased. The sedimentation volumes and the mixograph data showed temperature effects that could not be explained by variation in protein content. The proportion of the polymeric flour proteins increased with increasing temperature. Positive correlations were found between the proportion of polymeric proteins and SDS sedimentation volume and, within each year, between the proportion of polymeric proteins and mixograph peak time. Negative correlations were found between the proportion of low molecular weight flour proteins (proportion of fraction IV) and sedimentation volume. The differences in these quality parameters among cultivars exceeded the effect of temperature during grain filling.     

Effects of Heat Stress and Cultivar on the Functional Properties of Starch in Chinese Wheat

Heat stress during the grain‐filling stage is a major limiting factor for improving Chinese wheat production, and its effect on functional properties of flours and starches in 10 leading cultivars from the Yellow and Huai Valleys grown under normal and heat‐stress environments was investigated. Heat stress during the grain‐filling stage decreased total starch content but increased protein and lipid contents of wheat grains. Amylose content of wheat starch was little altered under a heat‐stress environment. Heat stress did not significantly change swelling power and starch solubility of wheat starches but significantly decreased swelling power of wheat flours. Pasting viscosities of wheat starches and flours were affected differentially by heat stress. Heat stress had a significant effect on gelatinization and retrogradation properties of starches. The in vitro enzymatic digestibility of wheat starches was affected slightly by heat stress. Analysis of variance indicated that heat stress had a significant effect on some functional properties of starch and flour, although the largest source of variability in these properties was cultivar.     

小麦种子过氧化物酶的纯化及其部分酶学性质研究

小麦全面粉水抽提液经醋酸酸沉淀,上清再经硫酸铵35%-75%分组沉淀,沉淀溶于pH5.5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,经FPLC-SOURCE 30S 阳离子交换层析,FPLC-Superdex G-75凝胶过滤层析,纯化了小麦种子过氧化物酶（Wheat Seed Peroxidase）,纯化酶的比活力为3912U／mg。在SDS-PAGE上显示出一条蛋白带,其分子量约为37 KD。光谱分析显示,在399nm处有一典型的Soret带,在495nm和636nm处有特征吸收,酶反应的最适pH在5.0左右,最适双氧水浓度为13mM/L,最适温度在40℃左右,有较好的耐热能力。     

蚯蚓纤溶酶组分及其基因的多态性

生化制备证明,蚯蚓纤溶酶为一组含有10个以上同工酶组分的混合酶。为了研究这些组分的DNA和蛋白质序列的异同,本文通过对数据库中已报道的28条蚯蚓纤溶酶基因按相似性进行归类,将它们分为4组（基因型）。同一组中的序列具有共同特征,即保守的N-末端、C-末端和相同的结构域,而且这些结构域在序列中分布的位置也相同;但它们之间在中间部分存在明显差异,这些差异说明了基因型中存在多态性。这种多态性可能是它们在体内溶栓的药理药效作用存在差异的结构基础。     

小麦品种“良麦2号”α-醇溶蛋白基因序列分析

根据α-醇溶蛋白基因编码区两端保守区设计引物，对小麦品种“良麦2号”总DNA进行PCR扩增得到约900bp的DNA片段，对其进行克隆测序，获得3条基因序列，GenBank登录号分别为：DQ417343、DQ417344和DQ417345。其中，DQ417343和DQ417345分别为942bp和921 bp，可分别编码313和306个氨基酸残基；而DQ417344编码区长度为852bp，由于存在2个提前终止密码子，不能编码有功能的成熟蛋白，为假基因。序列比对显示这3个基因与已知α-醇溶蛋白基因有较高一致性，但在N-端重复区和多聚谷氨酰胺区存在一些差异。     

追氮量和种植密度对春性强筋小麦镇麦12号籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了明确春性强筋小麦产量和品质协同的适宜施氮量和种植密度,本研究以高产、优质春性强筋小麦品种镇麦12号为材料,在大田条件下基施45%复合肥375 kg·hm^-2,尿素150 kg·hm^-2,设置4个追氮水平(90、120、150、180 kg·hm^-2)和3个种植密度(225、300、375万株·hm^-2),研究追氮量和种植密度对镇麦12号籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,追氮量和种植密度对镇麦12号籽粒产量及其产量构成因素的影响达显著或极显著水平。籽粒产量随着追氮量的增加呈先增后降的变化趋势,追氮量超过150 kg·hm^-2时,籽粒产量开始下降;随着种植密度的增加,籽粒产量呈下降趋势。增加追氮量显著提高了籽粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间;一定种植密度范围内,籽粒粗蛋白含量和湿面筋含量随着种植密度的增加略有提高,吸水率和面团稳定时间差异不显著。本试验条件下,实现协同提高镇麦12号产量和品质的最适密氮组合为追氮量150 kg·hm^-2,种植密度225万...     

Evaluation of Wheat Polyphenol Oxidase Genes

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) present in mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels have been implicated in the undesirable darkening of cereal products such as Asian noodles. To accelerate the functional characterization of wheat PPOs and allow the identification of those PPO genes that are primarily involved in food biochemistry, several basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) searches of expressed sequence tag (EST) databases were performed using a known wheat PPO sequence as a search argument; identified ESTs were resequenced and aligned. Results from this study suggest the presence of at least six PPO genes in hexaploid wheat, falling into two clusters with three similar sequences each. Based on the tissues used for cDNA library preparation, three genes (all members of one cluster) are expressed during kernel development and may therefore influence cereal product quality; the remaining three genes (belonging to the second cluster) were isolated from nonkernel cDNA libraries and may not be expressed at high levels during grain development. Discovery of these genes represents an essential first step in the functional characterization of wheat PPOs.     

Measurement of Wheat Hardness by Seed Scarifier and Barley Pearler and Comparison with Single‐Kernel Characterization System

A new procedure based on a seed scarifier (SS) for measuring wheat hardness was described and investigated along with methods using a barley pearler (BP) and the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). Hardness measured by SS and BP is expressed as a percentage of kernel weight remaining after abrading and defined as abrasion resistance index (ARI). For a given sample weight, increased abrading time decreased ARI but improved the ability to differentiate variation among samples. The effect of sample moisture was also statistically significant. For improved performance of SS and BP, based on distinct patterns of relationships between surface removal rates and surface removal levels among soft and hard wheats, a combination of parameters that produces ARI values in the range of 80–20, and a run for a set of reference material are recommended. Differences in measured hardness values from SS, BP, and SKCS existed within a wheat group, but they were very much method‐dependent. Nevertheless, all methods were able to differentiate variations between soft and hard wheat groups. Because of low cost, durability, simplicity, repeatability, and aforementioned ability, SS and BP, although limited by lack of standardization and calibration procedures, can still be useful for grain hardness measurement, particularly when and where instruments for contemporary popular methods such as SKCS and near‐infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy are not readily available.     

花生中低温胁迫相关转录因子基因的筛选

为了研究花生低温胁迫下的基因表达调控机理,以花生花育19为材料,通过低温处理后芯片杂交实验,筛选花生叶片中低温胁迫响应转录因子基因。结果表明,175个具有转录调控活性的基因在低温胁迫的花生叶片中表达变化量达到2倍以上,其中92个为上调基因,83个为下调基因。通过基因功能分类分析发现,这些基因中53个上调基因和46个下调基因编码转录因子。进一步分析发现,参与花生低温抗性调控的转录因子主要包括MYB、WRKY、NAC及AP2/ERF等家族蛋白。此外,一些不包含已知保守结构域的转录因子也参与了花生低温抗性调控。本研究为花生低温抗性调控研究提供了新的转录因子基因资源。     

氮素形态对中后期小麦根际土壤氮转化微生物及酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了硝态氮、铵态氮和酰胺态氮对豫麦34不同生育期根际土壤氮素转化相关微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,土壤氮素转化不同微生物生理类群活性及酶活性差异显著,其活性大小顺序为:反硝化细菌硝化细菌脲酶蛋白酶亚硝化细菌氨化细菌。反硝化细菌、硝化细菌、蛋白酶、亚硝化细菌及氨化细菌活性从拔节期开始逐渐升高,于花后14天达到最大值,之后开始下降;脲酶活性在拔节期最高,逐渐降低,至花后14天最低,之后又略有回升。氮素形态对小麦根际土壤氮素转化微生物及酶活性的影响因生育期、微生物生理类群而异。综合比较分析表明,铵态氮促进土壤有机氮的分解利用,促进氨转化为NO3-,抑制反硝化作用引起的氮素损失,酰胺态氮次之,硝态氮最差。     

陕229干旱复水诱导基因表达及小麦乙烯受体(TaERS)基因特征分析

为了解小麦响应水分胁迫后复水条件下的基因表达特征,以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)主栽品种陕229的3叶1心期幼苗为材料,采用消减杂交技术,构建了干旱复水条件下的SSH-cDNA表达文库。从消减文库中随机挑选59个插入片段大于400bp的阳性克隆测序,去除冗余序列和嵌合序列后,获得高质量EST序列32条(GenBank登录号为ES466767~ES466798)。序列比对分析表明,小麦干旱后复水的基因表达与植物对其他非生物胁迫的响应具有交叉性;17条EST序列与已知编码蛋白的基因同源性较高,涉及植物的信号传导、能量代谢、转录调控等方面;其他序列为新的EST。以其中一个与乙烯受体基因(ERS)同源性较高的EST序列为基础,采用同源克隆及RACE技术从小麦中分离了4个乙烯受体基因的全长cDNA序列,长度分别为2090、2271、2216和1886bp。4个全长cDNA序列所编码氨基酸序列的同源性极高(99%以上),且均具有ERS典型的GAF、HisKA和HATPase-c跨膜结构,分别命名为TaERS1(HM347272),TaERS2(HM601437),TaERS3(HM601438)和TaERS4(HQ111523)。植物ERS氨基酸序列多重比较表明,小麦与水稻的相似性最高(93%);TaERS基因的全长cDNA序列间比较共发现SNP位点23个。定量PCR表达分析显示,小麦TaERS家族基因参与了小麦植株响应水分胁迫和复水的调控机制。研究结果有助于进一步认识小麦干旱后复水的基因表达谱和小麦水分高效利用机制,探索小麦乙烯受体在水分高效利用中的作用。     

春小麦新品种酒春9号选育报告

酒春9号是以巴丰5号为母本,E46-222为父本杂交选育而成的春小麦新品种。2014 — 2015年参加甘肃省西片水地组区域试验,2 a平均折合产量7 817.4 kg/hm2,较对照宁春4号增产6.4％。2016年参加甘肃省(西片)水地组生产试验,平均折合产量7 773.2 kg/hm2,较对照宁春4号增产7.7%。籽粒粗蛋白(干基)含量143 g/kg,湿面筋30.4%(以14%水分计),Zeleny沉淀值24.0 mL。适宜在甘肃酒泉、张掖、武威、白银等生态条件类似区域种植。