红松在不同光环境下的生长及结构的变化

本文对红松在不同光照条件下的生长情况进行了调查分析，结果表明：冠下红松树高是全光下树高的47．5％-70．1％；胸径是全光下的18．2％-40．7％；叶面积是全光下的35．8％-43．6％。在树高、胸径、叶面积3个指标中，光照对胸径和叶面积影响较大。高径比：强光区(平均相对照度15．21％，相对照度幅度13．10％-17．50％。)为121．2、弱光区(平均相对照度5．82％，相对照度幅度3．20％-8．50％。)为183．3、全光区为70．4，林冠下红松是全光区红松的1．5—2．5倍，说明林冠下红松属细高型。林冠下红松近3a树高平均生长量只有全光的19．5％-27．1％，说明随着树龄的增加，树高生长量在下降，同时也说明红松耐荫性下降。胸径和生物量近3a平均生长量也和树高的规律一样。叶干物质强光区是全光区的81．7％，弱光区只有全光区的33．1％。全光区c／f比值大，即非同化部分比重大，弱光区c／f比值小，即非同化部分比重相对较小，而同化部分相对较大，说明叶片生产能力低下。冠根比，弱光区相对较大。枝干比，强光区是全光区的1．5倍，弱光区是全光区的2．3倍，弱光区的红松同化产物主要用于侧枝生长。     

长白山典型阔叶红松林土壤二氧化碳排放通量

随着大气CO2浓度的升高,主要由其引起的温室效应与对生物新陈代谢的影响变得越来越显著。森林生态系统在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。为了评估和理解森林土壤CO2通量及其随空气和土壤温度的季节和昼夜变化规律,我们在长白山北坡典型阔叶红松林内利用静态箱技术进行了原位观测。实验在整个生长季(6月初至9月末)昼夜进行,利用气相色谱进行气体分析。结果表明: 长白山阔叶红松林土壤是大气二氧化碳源,其CO2通量具有明显的季节和昼夜变化规律。通量的变化范围是(0.30-2.42)μmol穖-2穝-1,平均值为0.98μmol穖-2穝-1。土壤CO2排放的季节规律表明,土壤CO2通量的变化与气温和土壤温度的变化有关。CO2平均通量的最大值出现在7月((1.27±23%)μmol穖-2穝-1),最小值出现在9月((0.5±28%)μmol穖-2穝-1)。土壤CO2的昼夜波动与土壤温度变化有关,而在时间上滞后于温度的变化。森林下垫面土壤CO2通量与土壤温度显著相关,与6cm深度土层温度相关系数最大。基于气温和土壤温度计算的Q10值范围为2.09-3.40。图2表3参37。     

不同抚育间伐强度对天然杨桦林人工更新苗木生长效应的影响

采用固定标准地定位观测法,通过不同强度的抚育间伐试验,对天然杨桦林人工更新苗木进行观测。结果表明:更新苗木的生长随着间伐强度的增高有递增的趋势,红松林冠下更新的下限间伐强度不能低于30%,云杉林冠下更新的下限间伐强度可低于红松;二次间伐后红松高生长年均比对照区最高增长160%,即抚育强度愈大,对红松的高生长的促进愈明显;从其间伐效果分析,二次间伐在50%控制,其红松年均蓄积增长量达最高值。     

不同遮阴强度对白桦幼苗生长情况的影响

为了探究光照强度对白桦幼苗生长情况的影响,该研究以1a生白桦幼苗为材料,采用生物遮阴方式设置CK（全光照）、L1(25%遮阴程度)、L2(50%遮阴程度)、L3(75%遮阴程度)4种处理,测定不同处理下白桦幼苗的移栽成活率、生长情况和树冠结构。结果表明：（1）移栽当年苗木成活率为：遮阴50%>75%>25%>全光照,移栽后1a苗木保存率为：遮阴25%>50%>全光照>75%。（2）苗高和地径生长为：全光照>遮阴25%>50%>75%,说明光照对白桦的幼苗生长有促进作用。（3）遮阴对白桦幼苗的树冠结构有显著影响。其中,在全光照下,树冠冠幅、一级侧枝长度和一级侧枝直径最大,一级侧枝分枝角度随光照的减弱呈现先增长后减弱的趋势。     

CO_2浓度升高对长白山三种树木幼苗光合、呼吸及酶活性的影响(英文)

以开顶箱的方式研究了长白山两年生红松、长白赤松、水曲柳幼苗,经过从1999年9月到2001年9月两个生长季高浓度CO2处理后,在700、500 L·L-1高浓度CO2和大气CO2条件下的净光合、暗呼吸速率,RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿素含量变化。结果表明:红松、长白赤松和水曲柳幼苗在高浓度CO2下RuBP羧化酶活性增加;除500 L·L-1 CO2下的长白赤松幼苗外,高浓度CO2促进净光合速率;700 L·L-1 CO2使红松和长白赤松的暗呼吸速率升高,而水曲柳的暗呼吸在700、500 L·L-1CO2下降低。高浓度使水曲柳幼苗的叶绿素含量降低。     

红松S_(1-0)播种苗施肥配方的研究

对红松S1-0播种苗进行正交施肥试验,研究基肥、追肥(氮、磷)对苗木生长的影响,探讨苗木最佳施肥配比。结果表明:各肥料因子对苗木生长影响排序为追肥尿素﹥基肥﹥追肥过磷酸钙,促进红松S1-0播种苗木生长最佳肥料用量为每平米以腐熟猪粪2 500 g、过磷酸钙22 g、尿素3 g或腐熟猪粪2 500 g、过磷酸钙22 g、尿素3 g、硫酸钾12 g作为基肥,108 g或78 g过磷酸钙和44 g尿素为追肥,分四次追施。     

红松苗年高再生长研究小结

国家发布的苗木标准规定红松苗在苗圃培育4年,生产苗龄型2—2年生苗造林。红松苗正常的年高生长后期,在形成新顶芽的过程中,顶芽又伸长,长出新梢的现象我们称之为苗木年高再生长。在全光育苗中常出现这种现象而使苗木遭受损害。为了探索导致红松苗年高再生长的生态因子和抑制红松苗年高再生长的方法,笔者于1985—1986年在铁力林业局建设、二股两苗圃进行了试验。现将结果整理如下:     

濒危植物香果树种子萌发及幼苗生长动态的比较

分别于室内和大田对香果树种子萌发和幼苗(一年生和两年生)生长动态进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)不同地区之间、室内与大田之间以及秋播和春播之间,种子发芽率均存在较大差异;(2)室内人工气候箱中中光强下(2 200±110 lx)的香果树幼苗生长迅速,其根径和株高一直维持在最高水平;(3)秋播的发芽率和幼苗长势均比春播好;(4)大田中,在生长季节后期(8月份以后),与遮阴处理相比,全光条件下一年生幼苗生长较为旺盛,其根茎和株高均较大;全光条件下的两年生幼苗,其根径和株高显著高于遮阴处理;(5)两年生苗木的生长可划分为以下3个生长时期:生长初期3月~5月;速生期6月~9月;生长后期10月~11月。最后,根据研究结果对香果树幼苗繁育提出了建议。     

千叶兰耐荫性的研究

千叶兰(Muehlewbeckiacomplera)是2002年从国外引入的一种室内垂吊观叶花卉。本文对千叶兰耐荫性做了实验研究。在不同的光照强度(0.14-946.00靘olm-2s-1)条件下设置五个试验区域。在试验区培养40天后,用LI-COR6400测定其功能叶的光合特性,绘制光-光合作用曲线,计算光补偿点、光饱和点及最大净光合速率,测定其叶面积与叶片数的生长量。实验结果表明:千叶兰生长在光照强度为9.26-569.00靘olm-2s-1(463-28150lx,16-22℃,RH46%-60%)时较适宜,光合效率最高,生长最佳。千叶兰的光照习性属于较喜光,但忌光照强度为569.00靘olm-2s-1以上的强光直射。虽然千叶兰具有耐半荫性,但在光照强度为0.16-19.22靘olm-2s-1(8-961lx)的条件下(晴天每天光照强度达10靘olm-2s-1,光照时间为6小时以上),才能够生长新叶。表4参8。     

遮光对油茶苗期生长及光合特性的影响

为了探讨不同遮光环境对油茶苗期生长及光合特性的影响,以国家审定的4个长林系列油茶优良无性系2年生苗木为试验材料,研究了苗期遮光对不同无性系油茶苗木生长、光合以及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:适当的遮光处理能够促进油茶苗木的苗高、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积和全株叶面积的生长以及叶绿素的合成;经过2个月的遮光处理,50%全光、25%全光和12.5%全光处理植株的苗高、叶长、叶宽、单叶面积、全株叶面积和叶绿素相对含量均显著高于全光CK植株;50%全光、25%全光和12.5%全光处理植株的基径生长量均低于CK植株;在一定的检测光照强度下,4个无性系油茶的净光合速率均随着遮光强度的增强而增加,50%全光、25%全光和12.5%全光处理植株的叶片净光合速率均均显著高于全光CK植株。研究结果可为培育具有相对竞争优势的油茶上山造林壮苗提供技术支撑。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.