稻田甲烷产生途径研究进展

H2/CO2还原和乙酸(CH3COOH)发酵是稻田CH4产生的主要途径。C同位素示踪技术、添加CH4产生途径抑制剂和稳定性C同位素方法是稻田CH4产生途径的主要研究方法。本文综述了这3种研究方法及研究结果,并指出了今后的研究重点:加强我国有关稻田CH4产生途径的研究;对比分析3种研究方法,查明研究结果存在差异的原因;加强同位素分馏系数α(CO2/CH4)和ε(ac/CH4)以及C同位素组成δ13CH4和δ13CH4(CO2/H2)的研究。     

稳定性碳同位素方法在稻田甲烷研究中的应用

稻田甲烷产生、氧化等过程不仅影响甲烷排放量,还影响其稳定性碳同位素组成;反之,稻田所排放甲烷的稳定性碳同位素组成也可用来定量研究甲烷的产生和氧化过程。20世纪80年代以来,国外已将稳定性碳同位素方法广泛应用在稻田甲烷的研究中。本文介绍了稳定性碳同位素方法的基本原理及其在稻田甲烷产生、氧化过程研究中的应用,指出了该方法在稻田甲烷研究中的不确定因素,为我国稻田甲烷的深入研究提供了新的有力手段。     

常年淹水稻田甲烷产生潜力和产生途径的季节变化

甲烷的减排问题已成为各国政府和科研人员关注的焦点。稻田是温室气体甲烷的重要排放源,甲烷产生是排放的前提条件,主要有乙酸发酵和CO₂/H₂还原两条途径。常年淹水稻田甲烷排放量高,减排潜力大,但关于这类稻田甲烷产生途径的季节变化规律尚少见报道。于四川省资阳市的常年淹水稻田,采集水稻4个重要生育期(分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、成熟期)的新鲜土样,通过室内厌氧培养试验观测了甲烷产生潜力,并采用稳定性碳同位素方法和氟甲烷(CH₃F,2%)抑制法,量化CO₂/H₂产甲烷的碳同位素分馏系数(α(CO₂/CH₄)),从而定量评估乙酸产甲烷途径的相对贡献率(?乙酸)。结果表明：添加CH₃F显著降低甲烷产生,甲烷产生潜力在成熟期最大,变化范围为3.22～12.71μg·g^–1·d^–1;产生CH₄的δ¹³C值(δ¹³CH_...     

冬季淹水稻田CH4排放通量及其δ13C的时间变化特征

通过田间试验研究了持续淹水稻田冬季休闲期和水稻生长期CH4排放通量及其稳定性碳同位组成的时间变化。结果表明:CH4排放在冬季休闲期从4月份呈逐渐上升趋势,至6月份出现排放峰,为CH46.4 mg m-2h-1;水稻移栽后则迅速增加,于7月和8月出现两个排放峰,分别为CH423.1 mg m-2h-1和CH429.8 mg m-2h-1,此后急剧下降,末期稻田排水落干期间出现一个排放峰。冬季休闲期CH4排放总量为CH43.3 g m-2,占全年排放总量的8.9%。稻田排放的δ13CH4在冬季休闲期后期逐渐从-51‰上升至-44‰,然后下降至-56‰。水稻移栽后,δ13C值从-62‰迅速降至-68‰,然后慢慢上升至-60‰,并在较长一段时间内保持不变,后期再次富集13C。末期排水落干对排放δ13CH4影响显著。排放δ13CH4在水稻生长期较冬季休闲期低得多,原因在于冬季休闲期的CH4氧化率很高(60%～90%),而水稻生长期的CH4氧化率相对较低(10%～80%)。全观测期内,CH4排放通量的季节变化均与土壤温度显著正相关(p<0.01),与土壤Eh显著负相关(p<0.01),与δ13CH4呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。     

稻田甲烷氧化研究方法进展

土壤厌氧培养、添加CH4氧化抑制剂和稳定性C同位素方法是3种主要的稻田CH4氧化研究方法。采用土壤厌氧培养方法估算的CH4氧化率偏高,其大部分研究结果中CH4氧化率均>50%,高于其他方法的研究结果。添加CH4氧化抑制剂不仅会抑制CH4的氧化,同时也会减少或促进CH4的生成,这与添加的CH4氧化抑制剂的浓度有关。稳定性C同位素方法可在自然条件下测定CH4氧化率,无破坏性、灵敏度高,但计算CH4氧化率输入的δinitial、δfinal和α值还需要进一步研究。     

不同耕作方式下稻田土壤CH4和CO2的排放及碳收支估算

二氧化碳（CO2）和甲烷（CH4）是重要的温室气体,研究免耕稻田CO2和CH4排放有助于评价稻田免耕技术对全球气候变化及碳循环的影响。本文通过运用静态箱技术和田间原位碱液吸收法研究了免耕稻田土壤CO2和CH4的排放规律和排放量,及其稻田碳（C）的收支状况。研究表明,施肥提高了CH4排放,而不影响CO2的排放;免耕显著影响稻田CH4排放,而CO2的排放不受耕作影响。对稻田C收支及平衡的分析表明,施肥提高了稻田系统C的输入,同时,相对于翻耕处理,免耕处理表现为大气C的“汇”,表明了稻田免耕能将更多的碳累积于农田土壤碳库中,有利于提高稻田生态系统在减缓气温上升过程中所发挥的作用。     

稻田甲烷传输的研究进展

稻田生态系统中CH4 排放是由土壤中CH4 产生、氧化和向大气传输这3个过程相互作用的结果,CH4传输主要通过液相扩散、冒气泡和植株传输3种方式。这3种途径的相对强弱取决于水稻植株通气组织的完善与否以及水稻品种、种植密度和温度的季节变化等。但大量研究表明,稻田土壤中产生的CH4 绝大部分通过植株通气组织排放到大气中。在应用稳定性碳同位素方法研究水稻植株向大气传输CH4的过程时发现,在传输过程也会发生同位素分馏,据现有文献报道,CH4传输的同位素分馏系数 e传输 有两种计算方法,获得的结果也比较接近,为 -18‰ ~ -9‰。但研究方法还存在一些缺陷,可能对结果的准确性产生影响。此外有关稻田CH4传输在模型的建立方面还比较缺乏。     

长期大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放的影响

大气CO2浓度升高可直接或间接影响稻田CH4排放。深入研究长期大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放及其相关微生物的影响,对评估和应对未来气候背景下稻田CH4排放的响应具有重要意义。为探明长期大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放的影响及其机制,依托连续运行10年以上的中国稻田FACE（free-air CO2 enrichment）平台,观测2016—2017年正常大气条件（ACO2）和大气CO2浓度升高200 μmol?mol-1条件（ECO2）下稻田CH4排放通量、产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落丰度,并采用Meta分析方法定量研究CO2熏蒸年限对稻田CH4排放及其相关微生物群落丰度的影响。结果表明：对比ACO2处理,长期ECO2处理使稻田CH4排放降低28%（P<0.05）,产甲烷菌群落丰度降低39%（P<0.05）,同时甲烷氧化菌群落丰度增加21%（P>0.05）。Meta分析结果发现,随着CO2熏蒸年限的增加,大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放和产甲烷菌群落丰度的促进作用逐渐减弱,对甲烷氧化菌群落丰度的促进作用却逐渐增大。因此,未来气候条件下,长期大气CO2浓度升高会降低稻田CH4排放,这对缓解水稻种植带来的温室效应具有重要意义。     

淹水稻田甲烷产生和排放的研究现状

大气中温室气体如ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ等增加，导致全球气候变暖。ＣＨ４虽浓度相对较低，但其捕获热量的效率却比ＣＯ２高２０－３０倍，并以每年１％的速度增加，本文阐述了淹水稻田ＣＨ４排放过程及数量，稻田土壤类型，栽培措施对ＣＨ４产生与排放的影响，ＣＨ４排放与水稻生长关系。同时讨论了控制和缓解稻田ＣＨ４排放的途径。     

冬季秸秆还田对冬灌田水稻生长期CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响

有机肥施用和土壤水分管理是影响稻田CH4排放最重要的2个因素。本文通过室内培养和田间试验研究了冬季秸秆还田对冬灌田水稻生长期CH4的产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明:淹水混施处理CH4产生潜力在水稻移栽后35和51天显著大于淹水不施肥处理(p0.05),其余时间则无显著差异(p0.05);冬季秸秆还田对CH4氧化潜力无显著影响(p0.05),水稻生长期土温和稻田施用氮肥可能是较其更重要的影响因素;淹水混施处理CH4平均排放通量(CH426.7mg/(m2·h))显著大于淹水不施处理(CH420.3mg/(m2·h))(p0.05)。     

长期施肥对湖南稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放进行了手动观测。结果表明，不同施肥处理的稻田甲烷排放具有一致的规律，混施有机肥的处理甲烷排放大于单施氮肥的处理，同施用稻草相比，发酵猪粪处理的甲烷排放较少。文章还对影响稻田甲烷排放的因素进行了讨论。     

应用15N示踪技术研究水稻对氮肥的吸收和分配

运用15N示踪技术研究了不同生育时期水稻对肥料氮的吸收和分配。结果表明：15N分别标记基肥（N1）、分蘖肥（N2）和拔节孕穗肥（N3）处理中,水稻吸收的氮素在分蘖盛期、拔节孕穗期和开花期分别有23.1%、8.3%和19.9%来自肥料;从开花期到成熟期,不同时期标记的15N转运量大小为：拔节孕穗期追肥（N3）>基肥（N1）>分蘖期追肥（N2）, 但基肥的氮素转运效率最高, 其他两次追肥氮素转运效率相当;在成熟期,N1、N2、N3处理残留在的稻草中的15N分配比例分别为24.3%、26.7%和30.4%。无论是氮肥基施,还是分蘖期或拔节孕穗期追肥,水稻开花期之前所吸收的15N主要分配在叶片中,其次是鞘,再次是茎,开花期后,随着15N从营养器官向籽粒中的转移,叶片、茎秆和鞘中的15N分配百分比逐渐下降,籽粒15N的分配百分比逐渐上升。试验结果还显示,基肥15N标记时,分蘖盛期所吸收氮来自肥料最高,为23.1%,随生育期的推进逐渐下降,到成熟期仅为10.6%,成熟期吸收的氮来自分蘖期和拔节孕穗期追施的氮肥分别为5.9%和12.4%。表明（1）当土壤氮素含量不高时, 基肥对水稻整个生育期生长很重要,基肥适量增加可显著增加水稻茎蘖数,对水稻群体质量建成有决定作用;（2）拔节孕穗肥可显著促进水稻生育后期的籽粒灌浆和充实,增加拔节孕穗期的氮素供应有利于提高水稻的氮素收获指数;（3）分蘖期追肥氮素损失较大,水稻吸收较少,可以适量增加水稻基肥而不施分蘖肥,或在水稻分蘖后期水稻生物量较大时适量施肥以促进水稻吸收。     

Rice root-derived carbon input and its effect on decomposition of old soil carbon pool under elevated CO2

Rice (Oryza sativa) was grown in sunlit, semi-closed growth chambers (4×3×2 m, L×W×H) at 650 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ (elevated CO₂) to determine: (1) rice root-derived carbon (C) input into the soil under elevated CO₂ in one growing season, and (2) the effect of the newly input C on decomposition of the more recalcitrant native soil organic C. The initial δ¹³C value of the experimental soil was −25.8‰, which was 6‰ less depleted in ¹³C than the plants grown under elevated CO₂. Significant changes in δ¹³C of the soil organic C were detected after one growing season. The amount of new soil C input was estimated to be 0.9 t ha⁻¹ (or 2.1%) at 30 kg N ha⁻¹ and 1.8 t ha⁻¹ (4.1%) at 90 kg N ha⁻¹. Changes in soil δ¹³C suggested that the surface 5 cm of soil received more C input from plants than soils below. Laboratory incubation (25 °C) of soils from different horizons indicated that increased availability of the labile plant-derived C in the soil reduced decomposition of the native soil organic C. Provided the retardant effect of the new C on old soil organic C holds in the field in the longer-term, paddy soils will likely sequester more C from the atmosphere if more plant C enters the soil under elevated atmospheric CO₂.     

Activity and composition of the methanogenic archaeal community in soil vegetated with wild versus cultivated rice

Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) is a problematic weed in fields of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). We hypothesized that the composition and/or the activity of the methanogenic microbial communities might be different in soil grown with cultivated versus wild rice. We used samples from Hainan, China, where wild rice grew on a field adjacent to cultivated rice. The composition of the methanogenic archaeal community was analyzed in samples of rice soil by targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Analysis of the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) showed similar patterns in soil from wild versus cultivated rice. Sequences of archaeal 16S rRNA genes also showed similar composition in soil from wild versus cultivated rice, revealing the presence of Methanosarcinaceae, Methanosaetaceae, Methanobacteriales, Methanocellales (Rice Cluster I), Rice Cluster II, Crenarchaeota Group I.3 and Crenarchaeota Group I.1b. Incubation of soil samples under anoxic conditions generally resulted in vigorous CH₄ production after a lag phase of 7-8 days. Production of CH₄ was partially inhibited by methyl fluoride, a specific inhibitor of acetoclastic methanogenesis, resulting in nearly stoichiometric accumulation of acetate. CO₂ was produced without lag phase. The δ¹³C of the produced CO₂ was slightly lower in soil grown with cultivated rice versus wild rice, reflecting the δ¹³C of organic matter, which was about −29‰ for cultivated rice soil and about −24‰ for wild rice soil. The δ¹³C of the produced CH₄ and the acetate that accumulated in the presence of CH₃F was much more negative in cultivated versus wild rice soil, mainly since the isotopic fractionation factors for hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis were higher for soil from cultivated rice (α = 1.054) versus wild rice (α = 1.039). However, the percentage contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis to total CH₄ production was similar in both soils (27-35%). In conclusion, although the two soils exhibited different δ¹³C values of soil organic matter and derived products, they were similar with respect to rates and composition of the methanogenic communities.     

Spatial heterogeneity in the relocation of added C within the structure of an upland grassland soil

A pulse of ¹³CO₂ was added to the above ground vegetation in an upland grassland to determine the effects of faunal diversity on the flux of carbon to the surface horizons of the soil. Faunal diversity was manipulated by liming and biocide treatments for three years prior to the pulse addition. The relocation of ¹³C within roots and rhizosphere soil was determined by analysis of samples of bulk soil and of specific features identified on soil thin sections on four dates after the addition of the ¹³CO₂ pulse. Analysis of bulk soils showed only a small enrichment in ¹³C and no significant effects of the treatments. Analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry of the products of in situ laser combustion of root material and aggregates formed from faunal excrement showed that the distribution of the newly photosynthesised ¹³C is very localised, with large spatial variability in soil and root δ¹³C at scales of less than 1 mm. δ¹³C values ranged from the natural abundance level of around −28‰ to −4.9‰ in roots and to −8.4‰ in aggregates. The small pulse and large spatial variability masked any effects of the liming and biocide treatments in these soils. However, the variability in the relocation of newly photosynthesised carbon may help to explain the large spatial variability found in bacterial numbers at the sub-mm scale within soils and emphasises the importance of the accessibility of substrates to decomposers in undisturbed structured soils.     

不同施肥处理对稻田氧化亚氮排放的影响

2004年在湖南省望城县黄金乡长期肥料监测站对不同施肥处理稻田中N2O排放通量进行了连续观测,发现不同施肥处理稻田中N2O排放季节变化具有一致的规律:生长中前期N2O排放量较小,晒田及之后排放量较大。各施肥处理N2O排放的差异早晚稻不同,早稻各处理间差异不显著,NPK处理排放量最大,为1.48kg.hm2;晚稻各处理差异极显著(p<0.01),NPKS处理排放量最大,为1.40kg.hm2;同是有机肥和化肥配施,早稻NKM处理N2O排放大于NPKS处理,两者差异不显著,而晚稻NPKS处理N2O排放远大于NKM处理,二者差异显著(p<0.05)。稻田水分状况也影响N2O排放,淹水期N2O排放较少,落干期N2O排放较多。     

密闭室抽气法监测稻田氨挥发的几个问题

密闭室抽气法是稻田氨挥发的常用监测方法,但该方法在实施过程中仍存在一些问题,导致不同研究结果之间缺乏可比性,影响稻田氨排放的系统分析与评估。研究了换气频率、抽气时间段、是否串联洗气瓶、抽气室与洗气瓶规格等监测参数以及抽气与自然风对比对氨挥发量的影响。结果表明,氨挥发随换气频率的增加而增加,其增加速度分三个阶段,挥发量与换气次数的对数呈线性相关;尿素快速水解期与水解基本结束后的氨挥发日变化规律不同;直通型、球形多孔型洗气头分别较圆盘多孔型洗气头氨挥发量低25.6%和8.5%;抽气室内径越大,气相高度越低,氨挥发量越低;串联洗气瓶测定的氨挥发仅为单独洗气瓶的88.6%;抽气室内田面水蒸发量随抽气速率增加而增加,抽气与自然放置情况下氨挥发量相近时,后者田面水蒸发量大。建议密闭室抽气法监测稻田氨挥发采用直径15 cm的抽气室,配单独流量计,气相高度5~8 cm,抽气量15~20 L?min?1左右,无需串联洗气瓶,选择圆盘多孔型或直杆多孔型洗气瓶。