三峡库区次级河流污染现状与对策研究

沉水植物金鱼藻和黑藻在治理三峡库区次级河流水体污染具有广阔前景,对保护三峡水库的水环境贡献很大,在库区水体中可以发挥强大的环境生态功能。本文通过分析三峡库区次级河流的环境问题,预测了金鱼藻和黑藻在库区的应用前景,即防止水体富营养化、有机物污染、重金属污染、抑制藻类生长,以及维持生物多样性、生态完整性和稳定性。     

Experimental Study on the Nutrition Restrictive Factors of the Changjiang and Jialing Rivers Interjunction

The authors study on condition and mechanism of eutrophication in Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) in Chongqing,aiming at the importance and complexity of nutrition restrictive factor and eutrophication.By AGP experiment,the nutrition restrictive factors of the Changjiang and Jialing Rivers interjunction is confirmed is confirmed.The experimental results show that: Single nitrogen is not an obvious stimulus to growth of algae,while phosphorus acts as the limiting factor of that;When TN/TP is high,the standing crop of algae is small;when TN/TP is low,the standing crop of algae is large;The concentrate of phosphorus in the water is higher,the effect accelerating algae and increaseing through adding phosphorus is more strong.The experimental results provide us with important parameters to understand the conditions of eutrophication and analyse its mechanism.     

Adsorption & Release of Nitrogen of Soils in Three Gorges Reservoir

The effects of flooding and subsequent air-drying on NH_4~+ adsorption and the release of nitrogen of typical soils adsorbed ammonia in Three Gorges reservoir were studied in the laboratory.The influence of adsorption and release of soils in Three Gorges Reservoir on Aquatic Environment Quality was also studied.The results show that: 1) The adsorption ability is enhanced by flooding and subsequent air-drying.The capacity of the ammonia adsorption capacity was increased from 666 mg/kg to 833 mg/kg.2) Nitrogen,which has been adsorbed by sample soils in drawdrown area of Three Gorge area,is released under simulating flooding condition.The more the soil adsorbed,the more the nitrogen released.The ratio between aerobic condition and anaerobic condition is 1.2~1.4.3) The soils in drawdrown area of Three Gorge Reservoir can adsorb nitrogen from surface runoff,and during submersion periods the nitrogen is released.The risk of Eutrophication is increased in Three Gorges Reservoir.     

低氮胁迫下三峡库区玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态及生理效应

以10个来自三峡库区的玉米地方品种为材料,通过盆栽实验和设置低氮胁迫处理,研究低氮胁迫下玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态和生理效应.结果表明,低氮胁迫对玉米地方品种幼苗植株形态和生理有不同程度的不利影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐低氮特性存在明显差异.不同地方品种的同一植株性状和同一地方品种的不同植株性状的耐低氮胁迫指数存在差异.侧根数、叶面积、根体积和植株干重可作为玉米地方品种耐低氮种质筛选的形态指标,硝酸还原酶活性和丙二醛含量可作为耐低氮种质筛选的生理指标.此外,三峡库区玉米地方品种中有较丰富的耐低氮种质可供玉米育种利用.     

松雅湖湿地公园水环境特征及富营养化评价

利用2018年6月—2019年5月对松雅湖国家湿地公园5个样点水质的月监测数据,分析松雅湖湿地水质时空分布特征,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数法(TSI)对该区域的水质富营养化现状进行评价。结果表明：（1）松雅湖湿地水溶解氧(DO)平均含量为8.93 mg/L,处于富氧状态,平均pH 8.2,基本呈弱碱性;（2）总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均浓度分别为0.98、0.062 mg/L,TN的变化趋势与氨氮(NH₃-N)基本一致,呈现出夏季高、冬季低的季节变化趋势,各采样点间叶绿素a(Chla)浓度相差较大;（3）5个采样点的水质富营养化状态各有差异,表现为富营养化程度由轻到重分别是：2#水治理B区<3#水治理C区<1#湿地出水口<4#礼乐广场<5#湖区中央香岛,2#样点表现为中营养,其余样点均为富营养;（4）水质富营养化状态的季节变化特征为：夏季>秋季>冬季>春季,四季综合营养状态指数差异不明显(P<0.05);（5）TSI_M与DO、pH、TN均有显著正相关(P<0.01),与Chla呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与TP、NH₃-N的相关性不显著。     

三峡库区消落带现状与对策研究

芦苇不但有很高的经济价值,在环境保护方面也具有广阔的应用前景.本文通过分析三峡库区消落带的生态环境问题,预测了芦苇在库区的应用前景,即可防止水土流失、水体富营养化、重金属污染、固体废弃物污染、垃圾渗漏液污染和藻类爆发等问题。同时,合理利用芦苇资源还可增加库区人们的经济收入,加快库区农村的经济建设步伐。     

Relationship Between pH Value of the Water and Release Silt Bottom of Nitrogen & Phosphate in the Three Gorges

By experimental study of release characteristics bottom silt of total nitrogen (TN) & total phosphate (TP) in the Three Gorges, the influence and cause of pH value to Three Gorges bottom silt TN & TP release are analyzed. pH values is between 3.98 to 11.05 the release capacity of TN & TP reaches maximal in 3 days and pH values is between 11.05 to 11.94 the release capacity of TN reaches maximal in the 3 days. While pH value between 11.05 to 11.94, the release capacity of TP reaches maximal in 1 days; If pH value is lowered, the maximal release capacity of TN is enhanced: The maximal release capacity of TP basically has no changes on the condition of pH values between 3.98 and 10.07, but its maximal release capacity rises extremely obvious if pH value is between 10.07 to 11.05. At the same time, the existence of latent danger of the Three Gorges bottom silt TN & TP to water quality is explained, and the basis of eutrophication treatment in the aspects control of N & P nutrients for theThree Gorges is supplied.     

The Principal Components Analysis of Artemisiae annie L. in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Under natural conditions,a total of 36 growth sites for Artemisiae annie L. in Three Gorges Reservoir Region were selected. Factors affecting the artemisinin content in A. annie leaves were researched by principal component analysis. Results showed that the accumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 89. 258 6%,which represented the whole information of relevant factors of artemisinin content. Principal component 1 was the sunlight and soil factor of A. annie,principal component 2 was the three-dimensional climate factor,and principal component 3 was the biomass factor. The 36 growth sites of A. annie were classified into four categories. According to the planting needs of artemisinin,the most suitable planting sites for sunlight and soil factor and three-dimensional climate factor were Youyang County and Xiushan County,which were consistent with the actual harvesting sites of raw materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Region.     

武河湿地水体富营养化状况分析

对山东省临沂市武河湿地的实地考察及水样采样,并对水体中的N、P、COD、BOD等水质指标进行测定与分析,试验结果证明武河人工湿地对TN、COD、BOD的去除率分别为55%、76%与70%,对P的去除率较低。武河湿地8个采样点的TN平均浓度为26.55 mg/L,TP平均浓度为0.125 mg/L。根据Thomas的水体富营养化程度划分标准分析,武河湿地水体的总磷与总氮含量均处于“富”级富营养化程度,所以武河湿地水体富营养化程度整体较高,对污水处理潜力未能得到充分发挥。     

三峡水库水体几种主要阴离子变化特征

为了了解三峡水库典型阴离子(Cl^-、NO^3-、SO₄^2-)随时间、水位的变化特征,选取三峡水库重庆段长江干流涪陵珍溪、忠县石宝寨和开县长江支流汉丰湖为调查点,每2个月1次,连续1年在调查点设置断面分层采集水样,利用离子色谱仪分析水样中典型阴离子Cl^-、NO^3-、SO₄^2-浓度随时间、水位的变化特征,并初步分析了变化原因。结果表明：全年研究区SO₄^2-浓度为14.67±1.71 mg/L,Cl^-浓度为10.66±4.88 mg/L,NO^3-浓度为1.89±0.15 mg/L,随季节变化差异均较为显著(CV＞43%),且库区水位变化对干流阴离子含量影响较大;涪陵、忠县和开县各不同采样点之间阴离子浓度变化差异也均较为明显(CV＞40%)。春季总离子浓度（平均为13.02 mg/L）普遍高于其他3季。     

三峡库区花岗岩母质石英砂土不同经济林模式土壤养分特征研究

为了解三峡库区花岗岩母质不同经济林模式的土壤养分状况,研究了各模式下土壤pH、有机质、全量养分和速效养分的特征,并利用主成分分析法对不同模式的土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,除土壤pH外,经济林土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等含量的变异较宽,为中等变异。随土壤层次的增加,各模式下土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈递减趋势,而全磷和全钾则存在不规律变化。土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾对经济林土壤质量的高低产生着主要作用,土壤养分综合排名表现为柑橘（精细管理）>柑橘（常规管理）>板栗林>茶园。因此,利用生物措施和精细化管理措施,可有效提高该区域经济林的土壤质量。     

Grey Correlation Analysis of Artemisinin Content in Artemisiae annie in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Under natural conditions,wild Artemisiae annie in 36 sampling sites of Three Gorges Reservoir Region were researched. Grey correlation analysis of influencing factors of artemisinin content in A. annie was carried out. Results showed that soil alkali-hydrolyzable N and P were the most significant factors affecting artemisinin content in wild A. annie in Three Gorges Reservoir Region. It could be concluded that artemisinin content in A. annie was mainly affected by the soil nutrient.     

贵州中部喀斯特山区水稻田面水N、P浓度变化及污染评价

为了探讨喀斯特山区水稻土中N、P的迁移转化规律及对地表水环境的影响,选择贵州中部普定县喀斯特山区代表性的水稻土为对象,研究喀斯特山区水稻田面水中N、P浓度的变化及其与土壤中N、P含量的关系。结果表明：喀斯特山区水稻田面水中总氮(TN)浓度范围为1.39~15.81 mg/L,其中NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度分别为0.57~13.35 mg/L和0.15~1.37 mg/L,其浓度的变化与土壤中碱解氮含量有一定的正相关性;田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度范围为0.027~0.324 mg/L,其浓度变化与土壤有效磷含量有显著的正相关性。田面水中TN和NH4+-N浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水体的标准限值,农田排水氮的迁移对周围地表水体质量会产生明显的影响。     

周期性淹水对消落区水土环境的影响及控制对策

三峡库区消落区生态脆弱,在水土交互作用下消落区土壤母岩风化成土进度加快、土壤侵蚀加剧、土壤氮磷等营养物质及重金属大量溶出,其中N、P、COD和重金属是主要的溶出因子,淹没的耕地是主要的污染源。成库初期消落区生态脆弱性增强、水土流失加剧、地质灾难增加、岸边污染加重,尤其在水流缓慢的库湾将会出现局部的富营养化现象;随着消落区稳定的库岸湿地生态系统的形成,水土耦合呈现正的环境效应。为了尽快构建健康的消落区生态系统,防止三峡库区消落区水土环境的退化,必须加强和发挥政府宏观调控职能、建立消落区土地保护区域、推广复合生态技术并做好库区污染防治与修复工作。     

不同管理措施对三峡库区柑橘园土壤养分和径流氮磷流失的影响

综合考虑施肥管理方式和植物配置,本研究设置了常规施肥(CF)、常规施肥+生草覆盖(CF+GC)、常规施肥+生草覆盖+植物篱(CF+GC+PH)、水肥一体化(IWF)、水肥一体化+生草覆盖(IWF+GC)、水肥一体化+生草覆盖+植物篱(IWF+GC+PH)等管理措施,采用野外径流小区法,研究了不同管理措施对三峡库区柑橘园土壤养分及地表径流氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：水肥一体化柑橘园较常规施肥柑橘园土壤总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均高92.41%和32.45%,且配置生草覆盖和植物篱等可提高土壤总氮比例范围为17.30%~39.10%,但对总磷未见规律性影响。施肥方式以及配置生草覆盖和植物篱对土壤硝态氮(NO₃^—N)未表现出规律性影响,而配置生草覆盖和植物篱措施明显提升了铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量。随着降雨量的增加,各处理地表径流量均呈逐渐增加趋势。相较常规施肥管理,水肥一体化管理可有效降低地表径流量,配置生草覆盖和植物篱措施均可进一步降低地表径流量,且以水肥一体化+生草覆盖+植物篱(IWF +GC+PH)削减地表径流效果最好。水肥一体化柑橘园地表径流中TN和NO₃^--N浓度相对较高,而TP和NH₄⁺-N浓度则相对较低。同时,配置植物措施可降低TN浓度比例为15.88%~37.55%,TP为23.48%~55.54%,NH₄⁺-N为14.11%~39.92%,NO₃^--N为25.34%~47.96%。综上可知,施肥方式、施肥时间、降雨强度、地表植被配置等差异均会影响土壤养分留存以及地表径流氮磷流失,建议未来三峡库区柑橘园管理应加大推广水肥一体化,减少肥料投入量,并配置水保型植物措施以降低养分流失水平。     

PAHs Concentration Level Evaluation of Water Purification Plants in Three Gorges Area

With GC/MS Approach, PAHs in raw water and effluent of six water purification plants in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are analyzed quantificationally. Six species of PAHs such as acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene and acenaphthylene are determined. Of which, fluoranthene is priority pollutant firstly listed by SEPA. The results show that there are several variety of PAHs in raw water and effluent in water purification plants of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, but on the whole, PAHs concentration level is low. The results also show that PAHs removal capacity of conventional water treatment techniques is poor.     

Present Situation and Countermeasure of Water Pollution in Yulin River, Yubei District, Chongqing

Yulin River is the major secondary stream of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. According to the requirement of "The Prevention Plan of Water Pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Upper Areas (2001-2010)", the water environment pollution in Yulin River valley should be controlled. In this paper the reason of the water pollution is analyzed through investigation and evaluation on the present situation of Yulin River in North Chongqing area, and then a proposal on the prevention and cure measure of water pollution of Yulin River is presented.     

The water quality comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis on drinking source water in Chongqing

Recent researches on the Yangtze River and the Jialing River water in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir indicate that the pH value is relatively high and the CODMnconcentration is more than 4.5 mg/L in most of the time. Especially the proportion of dissolved molecule organic is high, as well as the high turbidity during the summer flood period. And the organic contamination is relatively serious. The fuzzy weighted water quality coefficient and hierarchical cluster analysis methods are applied to evaluate and sort the characteristic qualities of two-river water sources. During the research period, the results show that the Yangtze River water source quality is characterized by high turbidity and polluted of summer stage, middle temperature and micro-polluted of spring-autumn stage and low temperature and micro-polluted of winter stage. The Jialing River water source quality is characterized by low turbidity stage, high alga-polluted of early spring stage and high temperature and polluted of winter stage. Due to the various water qualities of two-river water sources at different periods, it is hard to meet the requirement of Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) by using traditional water treatment technologies. So the research on enhanced treatment is necessary.     

Geological Disasters and Their Damage in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

In this paper, the possible geological disasters in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are reviewed. Firstly, the types of geological disasters are classified and their influencing factors and growth characteristics are analyzed, then the damages, which have happened in this area up to now, are listed. On this basis, five aspects of dangers brought by geological disasters to society and economic environment are analyzed. Finally, a conclusion was drawn that the geological disasters in Three Gorges Reservoir Area have done some harms to this area and the situation becomes worse than before. So some reasonable measures should be taken quickly.     

Analytical and Calculative Method of Stability of MingShan Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

After the dam of the Three Gorges is built, the raising water will inevitably cause the revival of the part of ancient landslide and the generation of new landslide ,which will influence the town development and traffic safety in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In the light of the specific conditions of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this paper, taking Fengdu's MingShan landslide in Chongqing for an example, has considered ten typical calculative projects, offered the correspondent load systems acting on the sliding mass and put forward the analytical and calculative method to evaluate the stability of a landslide. The ten typical calculative projects include dry season(natural state), raining season (rainstorm or rain for a long period of time), dry season and water level (175m ) of the reservoir, raining season and water level (175 m) of the reservoir, dry season and earthquake, raining season and earthquake, dry season and water level (175 m ) of the reservoir and earthquake, raining season and water level (175 m) of the reservoir and earthquake, dry season and water level lowered from 175 m to 145 m, raining seasons and water level lowered from 175 m to 145 m, and so on.