科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤水分对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异性

采用地统计学的方法,研究了科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤含水量对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异规律。结果表明,干旱时沙质草场表层(0～20cm)、亚表层(20～40cm)土壤含水量可很好地拟合成球状模型和指数模型,在1～2．26m,1～6．63m的中等尺度范围内表现出很高的空间自相关性,空间自相关度分别为0．92,0．87．分维数均表现出较弱的空间依赖性．分别为1．99,1．94,两层土壤含水量变异特征差异小,土壤水分的空间变异性强,破碎化程度高。降雨后沙质草场土壤表层、亚表层土壤含水量可很好地拟合成指数模型和球状模型,也具有空间结构特征,空间自相关度分别为0．62,0．98,变程分别为181．80m,4．55m,分维数为1．91,1．99,再有土壤水分空间格局图分析,表层土壤含水量空间变异性小,亚表层空间变异性大,两层土壤含水量变异特征存在明显差异。干旱时与降雨后沙质草场表层土壤水分统计特征、变异函数模型和参数、分维数和土壤水分空间格局分布图存在显著的差异,而亚表层差异较小。一定强度的降雨在短期内只能削弱处于干旱时沙质草场表层土壤水分的空间变异性,使其表层土壤水分破碎化程度、空间变异性减弱,而对土壤深层的水分补充和影响有限。     

高寒草甸典型小流域土壤水分空间变异对比研究

以寒区两个典型小流域为例,根据理论变异函数,通过Krige空间内插法对比研究小流域0～30cm层土壤水分空间变异性及其特征。结果表明：（1）受植被类型、覆盖度影响,水平方向上,同一流域不同植被类型土壤含水量分布为：高寒灌丛草甸〉高寒嵩草草甸〉退化草地;相同草甸类型条件下,纳通河流域平均土壤水分含量均小于跨热洼尔玛流域;各坡位、坡向草甸植被严重退化区域土壤水分含量均略小于高寒草甸草地区域。（2）从剖面分析,跨热洼尔玛流域各层土壤含水量均大于纳通河流域;剖面变异性、土壤水分下渗速度纳通河流域总体均大于跨热洼尔玛流域;土壤水分变化剧烈程度高寒草甸草地区域在20～30 cm层、植被退化区域10～20 cm层;土壤水分下渗速度草甸植被严重退化区域大于高寒草甸草地;高寒草甸草地区域在10～20 cm层土壤水分在下渗过程中有一定的滞后作用;而草甸植被严重退化区域则无此类情况。     

中国西南喀斯特土壤水分特征研究进展

喀斯特土壤水分是岩溶植被的生命线、岩溶作用的驱动力和土壤流失的重要影响因子,关系岩溶区生态地质环境安全和社会经济发展。现有研究表明:中国西南喀斯特土壤水分含量差异大,土壤水分含量森林>灌丛>草地,阔叶林>针叶林,天然林>人工林;土壤水分含量空间分布呈斑块状,具有变异性和相关性,坡面分布复杂;含水量随土壤深度增加而增加,随季节演替呈低—升—高—降变化,干湿季差异大,日变化表现为从早到晚先降后升;土石相间分布、土下裂隙发育的小生境差异是喀斯特土壤水分空间差异大、坡位变化异常的重要原因。今后的研究重点是:喀斯特土壤水分的理化性质,土壤储水库的动态特征、适度水分、干季保水补水工程技术和湿季土壤无流失排水工程技术,对全球变化的响应,滇东高原喀斯特区土壤水分的相关研究等。     

苏北海涂围垦区土壤水分空间变异性及其协同克立格估值

以苏北滨海滩涂围垦区为研究区域,应用地统计学方法研究了剖面不同深度土壤含水量的空间变异特征,以0～20 cm表土层含水量作为协同变量,分析了不同深度土壤含水量的交互半方差特征,探讨了土壤含水量的普通克立格和协同克立格估值方法.结果表明:各层土壤含水量都表现为弱变异强度;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,各土层含水量均呈中等空间自相关性;协同区域化变量间均表现为正相关,且协同区域化变量的空间结构性要优于单一变量;协同克立格对土壤水分局部变异的描述较普通克立格更为详细;与普通克立格法相比,协同克立格法估值产生的均方误差减小10.1%～21.3%,平均标准误差减小11.3%～17.7%,预测值和实测值间的相关系数提高15.9%～26.4%.该研究为滨海滩涂地区土壤水分分区管理和水盐优化调控提供了一定的理论参考.     

长江三峡山地集水区土壤水分空间变异特征

为阐明亚热带湿润气候区山地坡面土壤水分的时空变化及影响因素,以三峡库区针叶林覆盖的中山凹坡为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,对2019-2020年5 m×5 m网格点监测的117个点位0-70 cm土层深度的土壤水分数据进行分析,研究了湿润和干旱条件下典型凹坡集水区内土壤含水量的统计学特征与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤含水量的空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)水平方向上,集水区内各层土壤水分均表现为中等变异(10%相似文献   

晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林下草本植物生物多样性研究

以长武王东沟小流域径流小区为试验点,研究了于黄土高原高塬沟壑区坡面表层土壤水分特征,分析了降雨量、植被覆盖度对地表土壤水分的影响,旨在为该区植被恢复和水土流失治理提供科学的理论依据。研究结果表明,0—30cm土层土壤含水量呈现中等变异。15°阳坡土壤含水量小于35°半阳坡土壤含水量。土壤水分的变化趋势与降雨量的变化趋势基本一致,0—10cm土层土壤含水量与降雨量具有良好的同步性,而10—20cm土层和20—30cm土层土壤含水量的同步性较差。植被覆盖度越高,其土壤平均含水量就越高,植被覆盖度达到40%时,中坡和下坡的剖面各层土壤含水量随深度增加而减少的趋势更加明显。土壤平均含水量从坡顶到坡底逐渐增加。0—30cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而减少。     

毛乌素沙地西南缘不同植被下的土壤水分时空变化研究

在一个生长季内通过对毛乌素沙地不同植被下土壤水分的连续观测,研究毛乌素沙地不同植被下的土壤水分时空动态变化规律。结果表明:各样地土壤含水量生长期末低于生长期初,按时间变化可划分为3个时期,土壤水分积累期（4-6月）、土壤水分消耗期（7-9月）、土壤水分稳定期（10月至次年3月）。在空间上,各样地土壤含水量均随深度的增加而增加,整个土壤剖面自上而下按水分变化规律可划分为4层:土壤水分速变层、活跃层、过渡层和稳定层。土壤水分活跃层的深度与根系分布层密切相关,深根系的植物其水分活跃层分布较深。固定沙丘不同部位的土壤含水量及其变化规律不同,土壤含水量从大到小依次为坡脚>坡腰>坡顶。     

高寒草甸典型小流域雨后土壤水分空间变异特征

利用地统计学的Kriging空间内插法研究寒区典型小流域雨后土壤水分空间变异及分布情况;分析了0～50 cm土壤层的平均土壤水分与剖面土壤水分的空间分布特征。结果表明：0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm、30～40 cm和40～50 cm五层土壤水分和流域平均土壤水分最佳拟合模型为球状模型;在小流域尺度范围内,五层土壤水分具有中等空间变异性,其块金系数为43.7%、58.9%、53.0%、71.6%和68.1%,流域平均土壤水分的块金系数为38.4%,0～10 cm1、0～20 cm、20～30cm三层土壤水分相关度明显小于30～40 cm和40～50 cm两土层土壤水分,说明表层土壤水分受降雨因素干扰明显,而深层土壤含水量相关性比较稳定。通过分析,得出雨后流域土壤水分空间分布主要受水分入渗、地形、植被覆盖、海拔等因素的影响。利用半方差函数分析得出流域土壤水分的有效变程在938～1469 m之间,40～50 cm土层土壤水分变程最大,为1469 m;10～20 cm土层土壤水分变程最小为938 m。通过确定半方差函数、比较变量的空间变异性及空间变异程度,得出在小流域内土壤水分半方差函数模型总体上拟合效果较好。     

不同植被覆盖类型黑土水分动态变化特征

采用中子水分仪定位监测方法,研究黑土区平水年大豆地、草地和裸地3种覆盖类型土壤水分变化特征.结果表明:土壤水分空间垂直动态变化随深度增加而降低,基于变异系数(CV)将土壤水分垂直变化分为4层,即水分速变层、活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层.不同覆盖类型下,土壤水循环深度依次为大豆地>草地>裸地,土壤水循环强度依次为草地>大豆地>裸地;3种覆盖类型的土壤剖面含水量在作物生长季节内呈增长型变化特征,裸地0～20 cm土层各时段土壤含水量均高于草地和大豆地;30 cm土层以下土壤水分含量依次为草地>裸地>大豆地.该区土壤储水量主要受降雨调控,3种植被覆盖类型下,土壤水分的总蒸散量依次为草地>大豆地>裸地.     

绿洲-荒漠交错带不同沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律

绿洲-漠交错带是植被恢复的一个重要区域，而植被恢复的关键又是了解沙丘土壤水分的变化规律。从2003年10月到2004年10月，对甘肃省张掖绿洲-荒漠交错带沙丘土壤水分进行了连续观测，并研究了生态垫在沙漠治理中的应用。结果表明：土壤水分时空动态变化主要受降雨、植被以及地表覆盖等因素的影响，沙丘土壤水分月变化滞后于降水变化。沙丘剖面土壤水分变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小，铺设生态垫减小了沙丘土壤水分的空间变异（CV=4．43％），流动沙丘0～40cm的含水量（0．19％～1.27％）低于固定沙丘（1.61％～1．75％），而其它各层的含水量（1．52％～1．73％）都高于固定沙丘（1．11％～1．38％）；流动沙丘含水量（1．27％～1．73％）从上部到下部依次升高，而固定沙丘（1．75％～1．11％）则与此相反；利用标准差和变异系数对沙丘土壤水分垂直变化进行分层，得出了土壤水分剖面分别为速变层、活跃层和次活跃层，并运用相关分析方法分析了生态垫覆盖下沙丘各层间土壤含水量及其与沙丘剖面平均含水量的关系。研究初步认为，生态垫能有效地保持沙丘土壤水分，将为沙漠治理提供一种新型的治沙模式。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.