6—DMAP诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体——抑制受精卵第二极体释放↑（*）

于１９９６～１９９７年,用６－ＤＭＡＰ抑制太平洋牡蛎受精卵第二极体的释放,诱导产生三倍体,最高诱导率为９３．８％。该实验组胚胎孵化率为８１．０％,Ｄ形幼虫畸形率为１７．６％。实验选用Ｌ９（３４）设计,进行三因素三水平的正交试验：６－ＤＭＡＰ浓度,设３００、４５０和６００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ等三水平;诱导时机（观察静止状态的受精卵,以受精卵出现第一极体的百分率指示）,设１０％、３０％和５０％等三水平;诱导持续时间,设１０、１５和２０ｍｉｎ等三水平,试验设三次重复。解剖法获取精卵,人工授精。染色体倍性检查采用染色体计数法。根据正交试验直观分析结果,得出诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体各因素的最优水平组合：当３０％受精卵出现第一极体时,将受精卵浸泡在含６－ＤＭＡＰ４５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的海水中１０ｍｉｎ;三因素的主次顺序：６－ＤＭＡＰ浓度→诱导时机→诱导持续时间。６－ＤＭＡＰ的浓度和诱导时机对三倍体诱导率的影响显著;但诱导持续时间影响不显著。部分试验组得到４．２％～１３．６％的四倍体和１０％左右的非整倍体,这种情况可能与受精不同步抑制第一极体释放而导致的染色体多极分离有关。     

黄颡鱼人工繁殖及苗种培育技术的初步研究

２０００年５～６月共计催产黄颡鱼３批,计重５７ｋｇ,♀２０９尾,♂２２２尾,采用ＰＧ、ＬＲＨ－Ａ２、ＨＣＧ、ＤＯＭ中的２种或３种混和进行２次注射,水湿２５～２８℃,效应时间为１５～２０ｈ,共计产黄颡鱼卵２０．８万粒,经４８～７０ｈ孵化出苗４８ ０００尾,平均催产率、受精率、孵化离分别为３０．４％、５１．５％、４４．５％,经过１５～２０ｄ的培育,投喂水蚤和碎鱼肉浆培育成２～３ｃｍ的黄颡鱼鱼苗２０ ０     

三种海胆性腺总脂的脂肪酸组成的研究

本文采用了ＦＦＡＰ石英毛细和气相色谱柱,对光棘球海胆,虾夷马粪海胆及海刺猬的性腺中总脂的脂肪酸组成进行了研究。结果表明这几种海胆含有四十种以上的脂肪酸,分布十分相似。主要的ＨＵＦＡ为１８：４ｎ－３（３．２％－７．４）,２０：４ｎ－６（６．４％－１６．７％）及２０：５ｎ－３（６．６％－１２．１％）,并含有非常罕见的ｎ－５及ｎ－７烯酸。     

盐度对杂交鳢幼鱼生长及血液免疫指标的影响

在３５ｄ的试验周期内,研究了不同盐度（２、４、６、８）对杂交鳢（斑鳢♀×乌鳢♂）幼鱼生长及血液红细胞数量（ＲＢＣ）、白细胞数量（ＷＢＣ）、溶菌酶（ＬＺＭ）含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性等免疫因子的影响。结果显示,随着盐度的升高,杂交鳢增重率分别为６７．８１％、６８．２６％、７１．１４％、３２．９６％和１４．２６％,存活率分别为１００％、１００％、１００％、１００％和９３．３％。盐度２、４组增重率和对照组差异不显著,盐度６、８组增重率和对照组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。随着盐度的升高,血液红细胞数量呈下降的趋势,对照组和其他组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而白细胞数量先急剧上升后又恢复到对照组水平,盐度６组达到最高。血液中溶菌酶浓度随着盐度变化出现波动,盐度６组达到最高,且与对照组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）,盐度８组溶菌酶浓度有所回降,但仍显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。超氧化物歧化酶活性变化趋势与溶菌酶浓度变化趋势相似,各组超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组且差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。当盐度升至６时,超氧化物歧化酶活力升至最高。过氧化氢酶活性随着盐度的增加逐步升高,盐度８组达到最高,且各组与对照组差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

中小规格养殖瓯江彩鲤肌肉营养成分的比较分析

为了解不同规格瓯江彩鲤的肉质差异和营养特点,采用常规方法,对平均体重53．5、170．8和308．5g的3组稻田养殖瓯江彩鲤进行含肉率、脏体比、营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行了分析比较。结果表明：较大规格（Ⅲ组）的瓯江彩鲤含肉率54．76％,显著高于较小规格的鱼I组（40．99％）。3组鱼肌肉中含人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均为44％,与非必需氨基酸比值为91％～95％;第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸;Ⅲ组鱼PUFA含量较高,而I组鱼EPA和DHA含量较大;4种鲜味氨基酸总量均超过29％。     

栅栏技术优化即食调味珍珠贝肉工艺的研究

文章运用栅栏效应的理论,确定了高水分型即食调味珍珠贝肉食品的制作工艺,分析了各种常见栅栏因子对制品感官品质及微生物的影响,优化前处理、烘干工艺、杀菌工艺、pH、水分活度（activity water,Aw）和低温处理等多种栅栏因子,形成有效防止制品腐败变质的栅栏模式。试验结果表明,原料前处理需用3％的食盐进行了清洗;采用0．15％柠檬酸溶液调节pH为5．6～5．7;贝肉调味后需经烫煮;产品水分含量45％～50％,Aw为0．88～0．90;产品真空包装,低温处理24h,再采用巴氏杀菌（80～85℃、30min）,能较好地保持产品的品质和风味,延长保存期,保持珍珠贝肉特有的鲜味和营养价值,促进珍珠贝肉的开发利用。     

翡翠贻贝肉的食品化学特性及其在海鲜调味料的应用

对翡翠贻贝肉进行的食品化学特性研究表明：其贝肉的蛋白质营养价高,氨基酸价为８１,第一限制氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（１９７３年ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ常规标准）;且富含牛磺酸、Ｍｎ等;Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｙ、ＩＭＰ等呈味物质含量丰富,是制作海鲜调味料理想的原料。翡翠贻贝肉经双酶水解制得的海鲜调味料营养丰富,具有浓郁的海鲜风味。     

内湖与外河网箱养殖加州鲈的效果分析及技术探讨

１９９９年５月～２０００年４月,对垸内胜利湖和垸外新河的８只网箱养殖加州鲈效果进行了比较。结果表明,外河４只网箱养殖加州鲈平均净单产２８．９～３０．５ｋｇ／ｍ＾２,成活率８６．０％～９１．２％,增重倍数１４．５～１９．０,依次比内湖４只网箱的净产量（２２．４～２４．７ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）、成活率（８１．０％～８５．６％）、增重倍数（１２．０～１５．２ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）分别高４．７～６．１ｋｍ／ｍ＾２、４．０％～５．６％、２．４～３．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾２;此外,相同水域不同放养密度的产量、成活率、增重倍数也有明显差别。     

中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢的脂类及脂肪酸组成

中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢中的脂类以２种形态存在,即脂肪滴（Ｌ）和卵黄体（Ｙ）。脂肪滴为中性脂,卵黄体主要是磷脂。成熟卵巢的总脂含量约占卵巢湿重的１７．７８％,且中性脂（ＮＬ）大于磷脂（ＰＬ）。成熟卵巢的ＮＬ依次主要由甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、胆固醇（ＳＬ）和胆固醇脂（Ｅｓ）组成;ＰＬ主要由卵磷脂（ＰＣ）和脑磷脂（ＰＥ）组成,且ＰＣ含量高于ＰＥ。中华绒螯蟹成熟卵巢的ＮＬ和ＰＬ脂肪酸组成明显不同,ＰＬ短链的饱和与不饱和酸（＜１８个碳）含量显著低于ＮＬ（ｐ＜０．０１）,长链的多不饱和酸（＞１８个碳）含量显著高于ＮＬ（ｐ＜０．０１）,而一烯酸含量在这２种脂类中基本上无大变化。ＰＬ和ＮＬ的主要脂肪酸组成皆为：Ｃ１６∶０、Ｃ１６∶１、Ｃ１８∶１、Ｃ１８∶２、Ｃ２０∶４、Ｃ２０∶５和Ｃ２２∶６。     

温度对中国对虾能量分配和元素组成的影响

于１９９５年８月～１０月,在２０℃、２５℃和３０℃下,以日本刺沙蚕为饵料,测定中国对虾的能量分配和元素组成（ＣＮＨ）。结果表明,水温３０℃时呼吸能显著增大（Ｐ＜０．０５）,占摄食能的７７．８％。三个温度下平均能量分配比例为：排泄能２．２７％,粪便能３．４６％,蜕壳能４．１９％,生长能２２．２７％,呼吸能６７．７３％。呼吸能的变化对生长能影响显著。元素组成以２０℃含量最高,虾体能值也最大。Ｃ／Ｎ值变化表明,随温度升高,脂肪作为中国对虾能量代谢的能源物质比例增大。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.