多巴胺拮抗物 pimozide(PIM)或排除剂 reserpine(RES)和促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A)诱导养殖鱼类促性腺激素分泌和排卵的研究

由多巴胺拮抗物PIM或排除剂RES组成的高效新型鱼类催产合剂能有效的诱导主要的淡水养殖鱼类促性腺激素分泌和产卵，其中青鱼催产率为80％，鲢鱼为84％，鳙鱼和草鱼为88％，长春鳊为94％，鲮鱼为96％。试验表明这种催产剂的主要优点是：催产效果高而稳定，可以完全取代鱼脑垂体；对当年第二次成熟和产卵的亲鱼同样有效；有利于保护亲鱼；节省劳力和成本。     

催产激素对半滑舌鳎卵巢生化成分及血浆生殖激素水平的影响

在人工蓄养条件下,对半滑舌鳎注射催产激素(促黄体生成激素释放激素类似物和绒毛膜促性腺激素),研究其卵巢生化成分、血浆生殖激素水平及产卵效果的影响。通过对亲鱼采用不注射、一次性注射、二次注射的3种处理,并采用生化方法和双抗体放射免疫法分别测定了卵巢中总蛋白、粗脂肪、总糖、水分含量和血浆中甲状腺素、促卵泡成熟激素、促黄体生成激素含量的变化。试验结果表明,注射催产激素后的亲鱼,卵巢迅速发育并完成物质积累,其中粗脂肪和总糖含量均随卵巢的发育成熟而显著增高(P0.05),产卵完成后明显下降;总蛋白的含量为6.13%~7.07%;水分含量最高,随卵巢发育成熟,先由78.78%降至64.81%,产后升至72.56%。催产剂注射24h后可使血浆甲状腺素含量显著升高(P0.05),有效时间可持续24h以上,且二次注射有利于维持较高的血浆甲状腺素含量。对照组促卵泡成熟激素和促黄体生成激素含量均持续降低,注射组促卵泡成熟激素含量在24~36h时上升,此后明显下降,促黄体生成激素含量变化对催产激素最为敏感,注射后12h即明显上升,二次注射组的促黄体生成激素含量显著高于其他两组(P0.05)。因此,催产激素注射可促进血浆生殖激素水平升高,且二次注射的作用更为明显。催产激素注射还可显著提高总产卵量、上浮卵量和浮卵率,且二次注射效果亦显著优于一次性注射(P0.05)。     

大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson)人工繁殖及育苗技术的研究

1985～1986年采用海区大黄鱼临产亲鱼采卵,同时利用海区保活鱼及人工苗,通过网箱常温培育或室内越冬强化培育与促熟,培育成熟亲鱼。1987年首获大黄鱼人工催产与自然产卵成功,1989～1990年进行了批量催产。四年中共获受精卵591.32万粒,孵出仔鱼455.53万尾。以二次强化轮虫、乳化鱼油强化卤虫幼体、桡足类、鱼虾贝肉糜等为饵料系列。经室内、外人工培育,计育出幼鱼125.05万尾,获得大黄鱼人工繁殖与育苗的成功。     

亲鱼难产的解救措施

亲鱼难产的主要原因：①亲鱼培育池水中含氧量低，尤其是催产前15-20天，含氧量应不低于3毫克/升。②催产亲鱼选择不当，催产不适时，产卵生态环境不适宜。③催产激素剂量过大，超过常规用量几倍。④催产亲鱼受伤严重。⑤催产水温偏高，超过30℃以上。     

舟山褐牙鲆亲鱼培育与催产技术研究

试验研究了舟山牙鲆人工培育及促熟催产中的技术措施。采用自然海区捕获的牙鲆亲鱼,逐年筛选、精心培育,共获得健康的2~4龄成熟亲鱼300尾(雄鱼200尾、雌鱼100尾),体重1 000~5 000 g。在自然产卵和外源激素HCG(1 500 IU/kg)及LHRH-A3(5μg/kg)的作用下(雄鱼减半),共采卵536.2×104粒,上浮率51.3%,受精率69.5%,孵化率84.2%。与自然产卵相比,激素催产产卵数量多,受精率和孵化率相对偏低;而自然产卵受精率和孵化率高,但产卵不够集中且数量相对较少。     

亲鱼催产把“三关”

<正> 立夏至小满是鱼类催产的最好季节。此时水温适宜,亲鱼成熟好,产卵率、孵化率高,鱼苗下塘的成活率也高。抓住这一有利时机,把握好催产亲鱼选择关、药物使用关、催产管理关是取得催产成功的关键。1 挑选好成熟亲鱼 催产条鱼的成熟质量,决定着催产的效果。选择亲鱼时,一般根据其外部特征     

漠斑牙鲆人工催产和自然产卵的比较

为探索漠斑牙鲆人工催产的可行性,以便在预期时间集中获得苗种,分别于2006年在大连和2007年在江苏进行了人工催产和自然产卵对比试验.试验结果表明,漠斑牙鲆亲鱼自然产卵受精率和孵化率远远高于人工催产,但人工催产可以准确掌握生产时机,在短时间内获得大量受精卵和初孵仔鱼;4龄亲鱼人工催产产卵量、受精率、受精卵孵化率高于3龄亲鱼.人工催产受精率孵化率有待于进一步提高.     

黑脊倒刺鲃人工繁殖技术

采捕于溪河的野生黑脊倒刺Ba，在池塘生态条件下进行人工驯养使其达到性成熟。雌雄亲鱼的成熟率为83.8%和92.1%。采用HCG、LRH－A2等外源激素对成熟亲鱼进行人工催产。催产25组新鱼，获产18组。当水温为20－27℃时，效应时间15－23h，共得卵31500粒。平均催产率和受精率分别为72.0%和62.6%。受精卵在21－31℃水温下孵化，经52－110h仔鱼大量出膜，共孵仔鱼11947尾，育成夏花10956尾，成活率达91.7%。     

提早“家鱼”产卵的主要技术措施

实践证明:从提早亲鱼的培育时间着手,如能使亲鱼性腺在四月上、中旬发育成熟,四月中、下旬催产获得鱼苗,为当年培育大规格鱼种,提高越冬成活率和成鱼高产提供了可靠的保证。利用工厂温热水和地下温泉水培育亲鱼,促使家鱼提早产卵获得成功,但推广受到限制。目前鱼苗生产上可以采用控制水温、亲鱼培育及注射外源激素等技术措施。一、控制水温。温度对性腺的发育、成熟具有显著的影响,它通过改变鱼体代谢强度,加速或抑制性腺发育成熟的过程。为了提高亲鱼培育池的水温,冬季应     

大黄鱼一年两次性成熟发育特征的研究

选择春季产过卵的2^ 龄大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)在网箱中进行隔离培育，秋季从中挑选当年再次性成熟的亲鱼进行人工催产，比较春、秋两季的人工繁殖与仔、稚鱼培育效果，并定期观察卵巢及卵细胞的发育情况。实验表明，春季产过卵的同一批大黄鱼雌鱼，有72．1％的个体当年秋季可再次成熟，有58．8％的个体可以再次产卵，证实养殖大黄鱼具有一年“两熟”的性腺发育特征。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.