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在南方稻区通过大田试验研究不溶性钾矿产品—颗粒硅钙钾肥和多元素微孔矿物肥部分替代氯化钾对晚稻产量、经济效益以及对钾素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施钾使晚稻增产200.4~577.4 kg/hm~2,40%颗粒硅钙钾肥替代氯化钾增产122.8 kg/hm~2,其他不溶性钾矿产品(颗粒硅钙钾肥、微孔矿物肥)替代氯化钾处理使晚稻减产191.5~254.2 kg/hm~2。施氯化钾和40%颗粒硅钙钾肥使晚稻增收574.7和465.7元/hm~2,不溶性钾矿产品部分替代氯化钾均降低晚稻产投比。施钾处理均能够提高晚稻累积吸钾量和吸钾总量。不溶性钾矿产品部分替代氯化钾对晚稻累积吸钾量和吸钾总量效果不明显,对晚稻钾素利用率的提高没有明显效果。南方稻区晚稻生产中不溶性钾矿产品可以部分替代氯化钾,但不能给当季晚稻生产带来良好的经济效益。 相似文献
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稻虾共作模式氮和磷循环特征及平衡状况 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
稻虾共作模式是我国长江中下游地区一种新兴的稻田复合种养生态模式,研究稻虾共作系统中氮(N)和磷(P)的循环特征及盈亏状况,对合理调控稻虾共作系统养分循环和平衡,指导系统N和P优化管理具有重要的意义。本文通过田间试验,采用投入产出法,以中稻单作模式作为对照,研究了稻虾共作模式下N和P的循环特征及平衡状况。结果表明:克氏原螯虾子系统N和P的输出/输入比分别为0.62和0.44,且子系统中N和P以饲料输入最大,占总输入的92.9%和96.4%,以成虾N和P输出最大,分别占总输出的53.3%和59.5%;在目前投入水平下,两种模式土壤子系统中N和P表观平衡均出现盈余,且稻虾共作模式土壤子系统N的盈余量高于中稻单作模式,而P的盈余量则低于中稻单作模式;稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于1,且稻虾共作模式的N和P输出/输入比均小于中稻单作模式;稻虾共作模式增加了土壤截存的N和P量,其土壤截存的N和P量较中稻单作模式分别提高49.2 kg·hm-2和9.1 kg·hm-2;稻虾共作模式提高了系统N和P表观损失量,其系统N和P表观损失量较中稻单作模式分别提高10.2 kg·hm-2和1.0 kg·hm-2。可见稻虾共作模式降低了N和P输出/输入比,促进了土壤中N和P的累积,但增加了系统N和P表观损失量。 相似文献
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施钾对木薯产量及钾养分吸收的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为探索施钾对木薯生长发育、钾含量、钾积累量及钾肥利用效率的影响,采用田间试验,以我国主栽品种SC205为材料,设K_2O用量0、120、240 kg/hm~2共3个水平,于不同生育期测定木薯叶片、茎秆、细根、块根的干物质量、钾含量,并在木薯收获期调查、测定农艺性状及块根鲜薯产量(FRY)。结果表明:(1)与不施钾相比,施钾显著提高木薯株高、叶面积、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量及鲜薯产量,增幅分别为16.1%~19.0%、3.8%~8.4%、12.8%~18.2%、13.6%~17.3%、12.8%~29.4%、9.9%~25.6%,其中,K_(120)处理产量最高,达27.1 t/hm~2;(2)施钾显著提高各组织钾含量及钾积累量,K_(120)和K_(240)处理间的钾积累量无显著差异;不同组织钾含量表现为叶片茎秆细根块根;随生育期推进,钾素积累的主要组织由叶片向茎秆和块根转变;(3)木薯钾肥效率、钾素生理效率、钾素利用效率、钾素收获指数均随施钾量增加而显著降低,100 kg鲜薯需钾量随施钾量增加显著提高。综合木薯产量、钾积累量、钾肥利用效率等指标综合分析,建议木薯施钾量为120 kg/hm~2。 相似文献
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稻虾共作模式对涝渍稻田土壤理化性状的影响 总被引:15,自引:3,他引:15
稻虾共作模式是一种以涝渍水田为基础,以种稻为中心,稻草还田养虾为特点的复合生态系统。本文通过10年(2005—2015年)定位试验,以中稻单作模式为对照,研究了稻虾共作模式对0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤理化性状以及水稻产量的影响;采用投入产出法,评估了稻虾共作模式的经济效益。结果表明,长期稻虾共作模式显著降低了15~30 cm土层的土壤紧实度,其在15 cm、20 cm、25 cm和30 cm处的土壤紧实度较中稻单作模式分别降低了20.9%、29.9%、24.8%和14.7%。长期稻虾共作模式提高了0~40 cm土层中0.25 mm水稳性团聚体数量、平均质量直径和几何平均直径,但降低了0~20 cm土层的团聚体分形维数。相对于中稻单作模式,长期稻虾共作模式显著提高了0~40 cm土层有机碳、全钾和碱解氮含量,0~30 cm土层全氮含量,0~10 cm土层全磷和速效磷含量以及20~40 cm土层速效钾含量。稻虾共作模式显著降低了0~10 cm土层还原性物质总量,但提高了20~30 cm土层土壤还原性物质总量。稻虾共作模式的水稻产量较中稻单作模式显著提高,增幅为9.5%,其总产值、利润和产投比较中稻单作模式分别增加了46 818.0元?hm-2、40 188.0元?hm-2和100.0%。可见稻虾共作模式改善了土壤结构,增加了土壤养分,提高了水稻产量以及经济效益,但增加了10 cm以下土层潜育化的风险。 相似文献
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钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为明确钾肥用量对大蒜—棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素有效性的影响,确定2季作物最佳钾肥施用量,为黄淮海平原大蒜—棉花套作地区合理施用钾肥提供依据。于2013—2016年在山东省金乡县进行连续4年7季的田间定位试验,试验设CK(0kg/hm~2),K90(90kg/hm~2),K180(180kg/hm~2),K270(270kg/hm~2)4个不同施钾量(K_2O)处理。大蒜和棉花单季施钾量相同(K_2O 0,90,180,270kg/hm~2),各处理氮肥和磷肥施用量一致。分析不同施钾量对大蒜、棉花产量及产量构成的影响,明确不同施钾量对棉花收获后0—100cm土层速效钾含量和0—20cm土壤钾素形态的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,不同施钾处理棉花显著增产18.4%~72.7%,皮棉产量随施钾量的增加而增加,但K270与K180处理皮棉产量和经济效益差异不显著;施钾显著提高了棉花单株成铃数和单铃重,对衣分含量无显著影响。与CK相比,不同施钾处理大蒜蒜薹显著增产10.1%~64.2%,鳞茎显著增产8.7%~93.3%。2016年K270处理蒜薹产量较其他处理显著增产6.6%~64.8%,鳞茎显著增产32.5%~93.3%。大蒜经济效益以K270处理最高。增加钾肥施用量显著提高了棉花收获后0—20cm土壤速效钾含量,但各处理60—100cm土层速效钾含量差异不显著。经过4年7季施肥后,K90,K180,K270处理较CK不同程度提高了0—20cm土壤水溶性钾(13.6,20.1,26.1mg/kg)、非特殊吸附钾(10.4,19.6,53.4mg/kg)、非交换性钾(34.3,53.9,140.1mg/kg)和全钾含量,提高了水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾的比例。综合土壤环境因素、作物产量和经济效益,建议该大蒜—棉花套作区棉花施钾量为K_2O 180kg/hm~2、大蒜施钾量为K_2O 270kg/hm~2。 相似文献
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为了探讨根区施用钾肥对黄淮烟区石灰土烤烟产量和钾素吸收利用的影响,采用田间试验,研究根区枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施对烟叶产量、钾含量以及钾素吸收利用的影响。试验共设9个处理,分别为CK、CP_1、CP_2、WP_1、WP_2、CW_(1-50%)、CW_(2-50%)、CW_(1-75%)与CW_(2-75%)(CK表示对照,CP表示只施用枸溶性钾肥,WP表示只施用硫酸钾,CW表示枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施;数字1、2表示施用量分别为225、300 kg/hm~2,百分数表示硫酸钾的配施比例)。结果表明,烟叶钾含量随生育期推进呈下降趋势,不同施肥处理各时期烟叶钾含量均高于CK;不同施肥处理下土壤钾素在垂直和水平方向上迁移距离较小,根区钾肥施用可直接有效的增加根区土壤速效钾含量;施钾(K_2O)300 kg/hm~2与225 kg/hm~2相比,可显著提高烟叶钾含量和钾肥利用效率(P0.05);CW_(2-75%)处理下烟叶钾含量、土壤速效钾含量和钾肥利用率最高,而CW_(2-50%)处理下烟叶产量最高。综上所述,根区施用含75%硫酸钾的枸溶性钾肥300 kg/hm~2(CW_(2-75%)处理)可有效改善黄淮烟区石灰土钾素养分,提高该区烤烟产量、钾含量与钾肥利用效率,达到优质高产。 相似文献
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江淮丘陵区水稻钾、氮吸收特性与施钾效应研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
江淮地区水稻田间小区施钾效应试验结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,改善水稻生育性状,在氮磷肥充足时,钾肥的增产效果极其显著。水稻钾吸收量明显以秸秆吸钾量为主,约为籽粒吸钾量的5倍。N来自土壤的数量为120.30 kg hm-2;K2O来自土壤的数量为72.83kg hm-2。NPK全素施钾处理吸钾总量平均高出NP处理48.79%,籽粒和秸秆分别平均增加9.21%和56.8%;说明钾吸收量增加对秸秆产量贡献明显小于对籽粒产量的贡献。除最高施钾量和不施氮处理外,其余处理均出现不同程度钾素亏缺,说明在不施氮肥或氮肥不足的情况下,水稻对肥料钾的吸收量也相应减少。本试验钾肥(K2O)产投比以NPK2处理最高为2.54。综上所述,本地区同等肥力土壤,水稻钾肥推荐用量为120kg hm-2,根据土壤钾素平衡状况,水稻施钾量可适当增加。 相似文献
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采用田间裂区试验研究不同钾肥用量对烤烟-油菜轮作体系中作物产量、钾素吸收量以及钾肥利用率和后效的影响。结果表明:烤烟季产量随着钾肥施用量的增加呈现先增加后平衡的趋势,以K450处理的烤烟产量最高,达到2 067.64 kg/hm~2,比不施钾处理显著增产261.07 kg/hm~2,与K375处理产量差异不显著。与油菜季不施钾处理相比,油菜当季施钾(K_2O)75 kg/hm~2增加油菜干物质量1 223.58~1 468.78 kg/hm~2,其中油菜籽增产244.84~345.85 kg/hm~2,钾素吸收量增加5.2%~8.4%,以K375处理最高;烤烟季钾肥当季利用率22.27%~29.08%,残留利用率为10.52%~12.63%,累积利用率为32.79%~40.09%,烤烟季残留在土壤中钾肥的后效与钾肥用量显著正相关。在烤烟-油菜轮作系统中,推荐烤烟季施钾肥K_2O 375 kg/hm~2,油菜季充分考虑烤烟季钾肥后效的基础上少施钾(K_2O)16.92~21.90 kg/hm~2,烤烟、油菜增产效果好。 相似文献
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不同类型生态区稻-稻种植制度中钾肥效应及钾素平衡研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
研究了在丘陵生态区和洞庭湖生态区稻-稻种植制度中钾肥对水稻产量和钾肥效应及钾素平衡的影响。结果表明,在施钾量为0、112.5、150和187.5K2O kg hm-2的条件下,在丘陵生态区红黄泥田上,150K2O kg hm-2的施钾水平已达到较高的产量;洞庭湖生态区的紫潮泥田中缓效钾与速效钾含量均较高,目前施钾效应不明显。两种类型生态区土壤上施用氮肥的增产效果明显地大于施用钾肥。丘陵生态区红黄泥田上的3个施钾处理两季水稻吸收来自肥料钾的百分数比例均高于洞庭湖生态区的紫潮泥田。丘陵生态区红黄泥田上的3个施钾处理早稻钾素利用率平均为35.0%,晚稻为51.8%;洞庭湖生态区紫潮泥的3个施钾处理早稻钾素利用率平均为27.1%,晚稻为42.6%。肥料氮的利用率随钾肥施用量的增加而提高,这一趋势在晚稻上更为明显。在每季水稻施钾量为112.5、150、187.5 K2Okg hm-2的条件下,钾素平衡出现亏缺。在早稻施氮量165N kg hm-2(丘陵生态区),150N kg hm-2(洞庭湖生态区)和晚稻施氮量180N kg hm-2的条件下,两种类型生态区土壤上的氮素平衡中氮均出现盈余,且氮素盈余量随钾肥用量的增加而下降。 相似文献
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《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1)
Original Papers (pp. 805–810) K2Ca2Si2O7, the major component of fused potassium silicate fertilizer, released potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) in a slow manner. The 10% of K in K2Ca2Si2O7 was quickly solubilized in water. Further K dissolution was very slow. The amounts of dissolved Ca and Si in water were much smaller than that of K. The decrease of the Ca and Si concentration in water indicated the occurrence of a re-deposit of Ca and Si at a later stage. The surface imaging method was used in order to study the slow-release process of K2Ca2Si2O7 in water. The surface analysis of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles after dissolution in water for 30 min showed that there were Ca- and Si-rich particles stuck on the fertilizer surface. The results of the analysis of the cross section of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles showed that the K content was lower than those of Ca and Si in the surface boundary layer. On the other hand, the mole ratio of K, Ca and Si was same inside the fertilizer particle. In the portion between the inside and the surface of the fertilizer particle, the content of K and Ca was lower than that of Si. These results indicated that the order of dissolution of fertilizer components from K2Ca2Si2O7 particle was first K, then Ca, and Si last. From the results mentioned above, the process of slow-release K was speculated to be as follows: 1) K on the particle surface was released quickly by an ion exchange reaction with hydrogen ions in water. 2) K inside the particle was released slowly because of dissolution through Si-O-Si bonds. 相似文献
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钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用大田试验,在河南驻马店烟区研究了钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响。结果表明,在施钾量相同条件下,随着钾肥的追施比例和追施次数增加,不同部位的烟叶含钾量均增加,尤其是上部叶钾含量显著增加,2次或3次追钾比1次追钾处理上部叶钾含量分别提高18.9%~26.9%、35.0%~41.1%,使耕层土壤供钾能力在整个烤烟生育期内持续稳定在较高水平,并减少了土壤钾素下移,增加了烟株总吸收钾量,显著提高了钾素的利用效率,以钾肥基追比3∶7、分3次追钾处理钾素利用效率最高,达45.48%。 相似文献
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土壤非交换态钾与结构态钾能够区分吗? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nonexchangeable K (NEK) is the major portion of the reserve of available K in soil and a primary factor in determining soil K fertility. The questions of how much NEK is in soils and how to quantify total NEK in soils are so far still unclear due to the complicated effects of various minerals on K fixation. In this study, the NEK in 9 soils was extracted with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaBPh4) for various time periods longer than 1 d. The results showed that the NEK extracted by NaBPh4 gradually increased with time, but showed no more increase after the duration of extraction exceeded 10--20 d. As the temperature increased from 25 to 45 oC, the duration to obtain the maximum extraction of NEK was reduced from 20 to 10 d, and the maximum values of NEK released at both temperatures was almost the same for each soil. The maximum NEK (MNEK) of the 9 soils extracted by NaBPh4 varied from 3 074 to 10 081 mg kg-1, accounting for 21%--56% of the total soil K. There was no significant correlation between MNEK released by NaBPh4 and other forms of K, such as NH4OAc-extracted K, HNO3-extracted K and total K in soils, which indicates that NEK is a special form of K that has no inevitable relationship to the other forms of K in soils. The MNEK extraction by NaBPh4 in this study indicated that the total NEK in the soils could be differentiated from soil structural K and quantified with the modified NaBPh4 method. The high MNEK in soils made NEK much more important in the role of the plant-available K pool. How to fractionate NEK into different fractions and establish the methods to quantify each NEK fraction according to their bioavailability is of great importance for future research. 相似文献
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以云烟87为材料,通过小区田间试验,研究了优质烤烟对不同种类钾肥的吸收效应。结果表明,与不施钾对照相比,施钾增加了烟株干物质积累。不同钾肥品种间相比,在移栽60 d以后,以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理干物质积累量最高。施钾提高了土壤速效钾含量和烟株钾含量,在移栽后45 d以前,以碳酸钾处理对土壤速效钾和烟株钾含量的提高效果最好;在移栽60 d以后,土壤中速效钾和烟株各部位钾含量均以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理最高。收获期与常规硫酸钾处理相比,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理钾素利用率分别提高16.81和7.93个百分点。从烤后烟叶钾含量分析,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理均显著提高了烟叶钾含量。综合分析,以生物包膜缓释钾肥和碳酸钾肥代替常规硫酸钾肥能提高钾素利用率和烟叶钾含量,建议在生产上推广应用。 相似文献
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):371-385
Abstract Although the basic chemistry and behavior of potassium in the soil is well understood, little of this knowledge is used in soil testing and practical soil fertility mangement. In this study the K buffer behavior of three individual soils (Hagerstown silt loam (Typic Hapludalf), Gatesburg sand (Entic Haplorthod) and Gilpin channery silt loam (Typic Hapludult)) was investigated. The buffer relationships determined indicated very different K behavior for these soils even though exchangeable K soil tests indicated similar K levels. It was also determined that for these soils the buffer relationship was apparently independent of previous K management, indicating that the K buffer behavior could be included as part of soil characterization data. The role of nonexchangeable K in determining K buffer behavior was also investigated. It was found that the levels of solution K where the release of nonexchangeable K becomes measurable (0.27 ‐ 0.83 × 10‐4 M) are similar to solution K levels reportedly required for crop growth (0.02 ‐ 0.95 × 10‐4 M). It was also found that these soils were capable of maintaining a relatively high level of exchangeable K even after extraction of significant amounts of nonexchangeable K with sodium tetraphenyl boron. It was concluded that K buffering behavior of individual soils could and should be included in K management decisions involving corrective soil treatments and/or crop removal estimation. Otherwise, based on current soil tests, soils with very different K buffer behavior will be treated similarly. 相似文献
18.
Lemos SG Nogueira AR Torre-Neto A Parra A Artigas J Alonso J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(19):5810-5815
A potentiometric sensor system based on potassium ion-selective electrodes was developed for agricultural purposes. Sensors were built using PVC ion-selective membranes over an inner solid contact prepared with graphite-epoxy composites. A copper plate was used as a reference electrode. A two-stage electronic circuit composed of current and voltage amplifiers was designed to interface the sensors to a distributed data acquisition system. Three ion-selective sensors and three off-the-shelf temperature sensors and their associated circuits were mounted in a PVC tube to set up a soil probe. The electronic controls were placed in an airtight box fixed at the upper part of the probe. The system was evaluated in the field, where the sensors presented sensibility within the range of 69-71 mV dec(-)(1). Extracts of soil samples were analyzed by a current flame photometry approach, and the results, compared with the probe measurements, showed a linear relationship (r (2) = 0.992 and 0.995, respectively, to 5 and 20 cm depths), which implies viability and instrumentation reliability for agricultural applications. 相似文献
19.
水钾一体化对烤烟钾素吸收及生长的影响 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4