磷肥施用对水稻生长和磷素吸收的影响

采用田间微区试验研究不同磷肥的施用位置和类型对姜堰、广德两地水稻生长、磷素吸收以及施肥后地表水磷浓度的影响,为水稻根区施磷提供科学依据。磷肥种类为磷酸二氢钙(MCP)和磷酸氢二铵(DAP),施用方式有:1表面撒施;2偏3 cm,深5 cm穴施;3偏12 cm,深5 cm穴施。结果显示施磷对两地水稻均无显著增产,姜堰地区水稻产量显著高于广德。不同施磷位置对水稻吸磷量有显著影响,姜堰、广德两地MCP偏3 cm处理的水稻总吸磷量较MCP偏12 cm处理分别高13%和12%,且DAP偏12 cm处理的水稻总吸磷量显著高于MCP偏12 cm处理,两地增幅分别达到12%和16%,磷肥撒施虽然在水稻分蘖期有较高的吸磷量,但在水稻成熟期不如磷肥偏3 cm穴施。施肥第10天的地表水总磷浓度以磷肥表面撒施处理较高,比磷肥穴施处理分别高245%(姜堰)和94%(广德)。以上结果表明:1适当位置的磷肥穴施不但能够促进水稻对磷的吸收,还能有效缓解径流排水造成的磷流失;2磷酸氢二铵的磷肥适宜施用距离范围较磷酸二氢钙远。     

模拟深松条件下深施磷肥对旱地冬小麦根系生长和水肥效应的影响

通过模拟深松机具下的深施肥技术,研究了深施磷肥对旱地冬小麦产量、根系生长、水肥效应的影响。研究结果表明,深松条件下深施磷肥平均效果比传统施肥增产38.5%,20 cm和40 cm各施一半的效果最好,但深施到20 cm和深施到40 cm之间差异不显著。深施磷肥促进了小麦根系在土层内的生长发育,提高了小麦根系总量,尤其是深层根系总量明显增加,这对旱地冬小麦吸收深层土壤中的水分和养分是十分有利的。深松条件下,深施磷肥的水分利用系数比传统施磷提高了8.4%。此外,深施磷肥有助于冬小麦在整个生育期内磷素的均衡供应,     

小麦花生两熟制双高产栽培磷肥平衡施用研究

麦油两熟制高产栽培大田试验表明：小麦基施磷肥不仅可提高当茬小麦产量，而且具有较强的后效作用。后茬花生施磷，花生增产效果明显，但受前茬施磷水平影响较大，随前茬一的增加而降低。麦套花生基磷对小麦产量效应不明显，但小麦追施磷肥对花生具有一定的增产作用。     

花生磷吸收分配及根系形态对不同酸碱度叶面磷肥的响应特征

为探究叶面肥酸碱度及磷形态变化对花生磷吸收和根系形态学特性的影响,在人工气候室内进行盆栽试验,以蒸馏水为对照,研究不同酸碱度(p H值5、7和9)的叶面磷肥对花生苗期磷吸收分配及根系形态指标的影响。结果表明:中性(p H值7)叶面磷肥显著增加了地上部茎和叶片中的磷浓度,比对照增加了46.9%和25.7%;碱性(p H值9)叶面磷肥增加了叶片和茎中的磷浓度,但增加幅度显著低于中性叶面磷肥;而酸性(p H值5)叶面磷肥叶片和茎中磷浓度与对照无显著差异。喷施不同酸碱度叶面磷肥改变了磷在根-茎-叶体系的吸收分配比例,高p H下,根对磷的吸收量及其比例显著下降,而茎、叶总磷吸收量及其比例增加。p H值7和9的叶面磷肥幼苗根系总长度、总根表面和总根体积比p H值5的叶面磷肥分别降低了172.6~316.0 cm、72.8~96.6 cm2和3.1~3.5 cm3。因此,喷施中碱性叶面磷肥促进了苗期花生地上部对磷的吸收,也显著抑制了花生根系的生长,减少了根系通过形态变化对磷的吸收需求。本研究可为花生磷资源高效利用及合理施肥提供科学依据。     

长江中下游小麦产量、土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构对磷肥减施的响应

[目的]在"化肥零增长"背景下,探究磷肥减施对小麦产量及土壤质量的影响,为长江流域中下游地区磷肥减施提供科学依据.[方法]在湖北和浙江麦区,采用种肥同播技术进行田间试验,设置5个处理:1)不施磷肥(CK);2)习惯施磷量(FP);3)习惯施磷量80％(P80);4)习惯施磷量60％(P60);5)习惯施磷量60％+解磷...     

除草与磷肥用量对油菜和杂草生长及磷肥利用率的影响

油菜产量潜力受草害、肥料等影响,优化杂草管理和磷肥用量在直播油菜种植中发挥着关键作用。在湖北省武汉市开展田间试验,设置2种杂草管理措施(不除草、除草)和4个施磷水平(P2O5 0、45、90、135 kg·hm-2,分别用P0、P45、P90、P135表示),测定油菜籽产量、产量构成因子、油菜和杂草的生物量及磷积累量,并分析磷肥利用率。结果表明,不论除草与否,P90处理油菜籽产量最高,且与不除草相比,除草后P90油菜籽产量提高了66.3%,施磷和除草均主要通过增加收获密度和单株角果数来促进增产。不论除草与否,在施磷90 kg·hm-2范围内,油菜和杂草的生物量及磷积累量均随施磷量的增加显著增加,除草后更有利于提高油菜相对于杂草的生物量和磷素竞争力;与不除草相比,除草后3个时期的杂草生物量在总生物量中的占比分别平均降低了58.8%、67.1% 和60.4%;此外,不除草时杂草磷积累量占总磷积累量的42.0%～62.0%,而除草后这种比值随着生育期进程的推进不断缩小。除草和施磷对油菜磷肥利用率存在显著的交互效应,与不除草相比,除草后油菜的磷肥利用率平均增加了18.2%。在油菜-杂草农田体系中,直播油菜田中杂草养分吸收的情况需要引起重视,除草和施磷可以显著提高油菜的生物量和磷积累量,增加油菜在总体系中的磷肥利用率占比,从空间和养分上削弱杂草的竞争优势,有效地提高油菜产量和磷肥利用率。     

施磷方式对高产春玉米磷素吸收与磷肥利用的影响

以高产春玉米金山27为供试品种,研究了在3个施磷水平（P2O5 100、 150和200 kg/hm2）下,不同施磷方式（分层施磷和传统施磷）对其磷素吸收、 转运和利用的影响。结果表明,同一施磷水平下,分层施磷较传统施磷方式玉米植株磷含量和磷积累量均有不同程度的提高,在完熟期差异均达到显著水平。不同施磷方式间,茎鞘、 叶片、 穗部营养体各生育时期磷含量和磷积累量差异多数不显著,但完熟期子粒磷含量和磷积累量分层施磷均显著高于传统施磷方式。 同一施磷水平下,叶片、 茎鞘和穗部营养体中磷素的转运量均表现为分层施磷高于传统施磷,但差异多数未达到显著水平。 转运率及对子粒贡献率的差异规律性不明显。磷肥吸收效率、 利用效率、 偏生产力和利用率均以分层施磷高于传统施磷方式,且差异多数达到显著水平。因此分层施磷方式能促进春玉米对磷素的吸收,可提高磷肥的吸收效率和利用效率。     

磷肥对甘蓝型春油菜产量、磷肥利用效率及经济效益的影响

利用大田试验研究了不同磷肥用量对甘蓝型春油菜产量、养分积累、磷素利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在低磷土壤上施用125 kg/hm2N和135 kg/hm2K2O基础上增施磷肥,可显著增加油菜不同部位产量,其中籽粒产量平均提高12.5%,生物量平均提高29.0%。施磷明显提高油菜地上部P素含量,有利于促进油菜K素营养累积,但对N素、K素含量无显著影响。随磷肥施用量的增加,磷肥偏生产力显著下降,施磷后磷肥农学效率、磷肥表观利用率和磷肥生理利用率平均分别为4.6 kg/kg P2O5、13.0%和40.2 kg/kg P2O5,磷肥对籽粒产量的贡献率仅为10.9%。根据经济效益分析结果,青海甘蓝型春油菜生产中磷肥用量以75 kg/hm2为宜。     

石灰性潮土上三种磷肥的肥效、后效及增施磷肥的效果

3种不同性质磷肥在石灰性潮土上的用量定位试验,明确了其肥效、后效、残磷后效和增施磷肥效果之间的相互关系。同时还明确了增磷与残磷增产量之间的比值变化规律。还从该大差额磷肥用量的试验结果中,总结出对"作物施磷"、"土壤施磷"和"储备施磷"的概念及量的界定,并对其进行了评价。通过此试验还发现,在石灰性潮土上使用强碱性的钙镁磷肥时对土壤酸碱度和作物产量的不良影响。     

一年两熟地区小麦的磷肥累积利用率研究

本研究是在田间试验和土壤、植株实验室大量分析结果基础上完成的。通过连续三茬的磷肥后效试验 ,弄清了小麦施用不同量级磷肥条件下 ,磷肥首季利用率的变化及后季作物对前茬残留磷肥的利用状况。为适当降低或隔茬施用磷肥 ,实行测土调控施磷 ,合理利用磷肥资源提供科学依据。     

Effects of temperature on phosphate sorption isotherms and phosphate desorption

Abstract

Phosphorus sorption isotherms were constructed for two Idaho soils with widely different chemical properties. The soils were equilibrated with various amounts of Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ in 0.01 M CaCl₂ for 1, 3, 7, and 11 days at temperatures of 5°C and 20°C. The two soils which had been equilibrated previously for 11 days at 20°C with various amounts of Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ in 0.01 M CaCl₂ were desorbed at 5°C and 20°C.

The rates of sorption and desorption were decreased as the equilibration temperatures were lowered. The effect of temperature on these processes was detected during the first day of equilibration. Less P was found in the equilibrating solution at the lower temperature. The two soils varied widely in sorption and desorption properties.     

我国磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵产品质量状况浅析

通过总结1999~2006年磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵产品质量国家监督抽查结果,分析了我国磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵产品质量状况,指出我国该类产品质量较好,但限于磷矿资源不足,矿源复杂,质量控制越来越困难。同时,该类产品农田使用量降低,多数用做复混肥料原料,应加大施肥技术推广。     

磷矿粉和活化磷矿粉修复Cu污染土壤

为了比较磷矿粉和活化磷矿粉对铜污染土壤的修复效果,在实验室将实际铜污染土壤和模拟污染土壤与不同质量分数(0、0.1%、0.5%、1%、4%、8%等)的磷矿粉和活化磷矿粉混合培养,运用欧共体标准物质局提出的改进的三步连续提取法（简称BCR法）分析了土壤中铜的各种形态及其含量的变化。结果表明：2种含磷材料都具有一定的修复土壤铜污染的作用;培养10 d后,2种土壤在磷矿粉8%用量下可溶态铜含量降幅分别为25.8%和40.0%,氧化态和还原态变化趋势不同,残渣态含量增幅达到77.1%和41.3%,有效地降低了土壤中铜的活性。而施用经草酸活化的磷矿粉后,实际污染土壤中可溶态铜含量有所增加,模拟污染土壤中可溶态铜含量基本无变化;实际污染的红壤和模拟污染的土壤中残渣态铜含量分别增加了82.6%和17.0%,其他形态铜的变化差异不显著。该研究可为磷矿的综合利用和重金属污染的土壤的原位修复提供参考。     

一株高效解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷能力的研究

从武汉市黄陂区长期种植的蔬菜大棚作物根际分离筛选出多株解磷细菌,经过多次筛选纯化获得一株性状稳定的高效解磷细菌P1。根据生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定菌株P1为根瘤菌属(Ensifer)。研究了不同发酵条件对P1菌株解磷能力的影响,确定了菌株P1的最佳培养条件为发酵时间7 d、初始pH值8、接种量2%,在该条件下菌株P1溶解磷酸三钙的量为443.11 mg/L。试验还发现菌株P1的溶磷量与培养液的pH值呈极显著负相关性。     

Uptake of residual phosphate and freshly applied diammonium phosphate by Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens

Residual fertilizer phosphorus (residual P) may significantly contribute to crop P nutrition. To test this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted with ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and clover (Trifolium repens) grown separately on three different soils which either had not received P fertilizer for at least nine years (0F) or had received P fertilizer equivalent to crop P off‐take (F). Soils in the pot experiment were given either none (0F, F) or a single rate of 15 mg P (kg soil)^–1 as diammonium phosphate (0F+DAP, F+DAP). In the treatments 0F+DAP and F+DAP DAP had been labeled with ³³PO₄ while in the treatments 0F and F the pool of available soil P had been labeled with carrier‐free ³³PO₄. This allowed estimating the quantities of P in plant dry matter that derived from native soil P, residual fertilizer P or fresh fertilizer P. Fourteen to 62 % of the P in the above ground biomass of white clover or perennial ryegrass were derived from residual P whereas 7 to 28 % were derived from freshly applied DAP. The proportion of P derived from residual P was correlated to the total amount of P fertilizer added to the soils, while the proportion of P derived from DAP was correlated to the concentration of P in the soil solution of the 0F and F soils.     

Response of interspecific and sativa upland rices to Mali phosphate rock and soluble phosphate fertilizer

In West Africa, two-thirds of upland rice is grown on acidic phosphorus (P)-deficient soils. Phosphorus is one of the most limiting-nutrients affecting crop productivity. A three-year field experiment was conducted on a Ferralsol in Côte d'Ivoire to study the response of four interspecific rice cultivars and a sativa (control cultivar) to Tilemsi phosphate rock (PR) and soluble triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizer. PR was applied at 0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha^?1 P once in the first year and residual effects were measured in the following years. TSP (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha^?1 P) was applied yearly. More significant yield increasing (38%) was observed in the second year. Annual application of 50 kg P ha^?1 as TSP or a one-time application of 150 kg P ha^?1 as PR was the optimum rate for the production of all cultivars. Higher rates of P from TSP (100 and 150 kg P ha^?1) gave 2–3 times greater residual P in soil than the optimum rate, inducing no further response of rice. Two interspecific cultivars were identified as the most acid- and low P-tolerant cultivars for improving rice production in West Africa humid forest zone.     

Effect of wetting and drying of soils on phosphate adsorption and resin extraction of soil phosphate

Sixteen topsoils from Denmark and the UK were subjected to two wetting and drying treatments: (i) moist incubation (wet), (ii) eleven wetting and drying cycles (W/D). The W/D treatment resulted in larger P adsorption and resin extraction of soil P than the wet treatment. The differences in P adsorption at the final concentration of 800 μM P were mainly above 20 per cent, whereas the differences in amount of resin-extracted P were mainly less than 20 per cent. The effects were positively correlated with the cation exchange capacity of inorganic components. Furthermore, the increase in rapidly released P was positively correlated with pH. It is suggested that wetting and drying effects on P adsorption and desorption are associated with changes in soil structure caused by rewetting of dry samples.     

不同形态磷酸盐及施用方式对石灰性土壤磷移动性和有效性的影响

  【目的】  磷的固定是石灰性土壤中磷肥效益低的重要原因,研究两种施肥方式下不同形态磷源在石灰性土壤中的迁移以及有效性,为实现磷肥减施增效提供理论基础。  【方法】  采用土柱模拟试验方法进行研究,供试土壤为粘质和壤质石灰性土壤。供试磷酸盐为磷酸脲、焦磷酸和聚磷酸,壤土施磷量为0.0581 g/柱,粘土为0.0594 g/柱。施用方式包括一次施用和分4次滴施,同时以不施用磷酸盐土柱为对照。于地下室内 (27 ± 1.0)℃培养28天后将土柱在?80℃条件下快速冷冻固形,从土表向下0—100 mm内每隔5 mm作为一个切割单元,100—300 mm间每隔20 mm作为一个切割单元,测定每层土壤的水溶性磷和Olsen-P含量。  【结果】  培养28天后,一次施用条件下,磷在壤土中的移动距离表现为聚磷酸 (90 mm) > 焦磷酸 (60 mm) > 磷酸脲 (50 mm),粘土中表现为聚磷酸 (80 mm) > 焦磷酸 (70 mm) > 磷酸脲 (60 mm)。分次滴施条件下,聚磷酸 (95 mm) 在壤土中的移动距离比磷酸脲 (65 mm) 和焦磷酸 (70 mm) 分别增加46.2%和35.7%,在粘土中聚磷酸 (90 mm) 的移动距离较磷酸脲 (70 mm) 和焦磷酸 (75 mm) 分别增加28.6%和20.0%。磷浓度下降到一半时所达到土柱深度 (半运移深度) 的结果表明,在壤土一次施用条件下,半运移深度表现为聚磷酸 (15.1 mm) > 焦磷酸 (11.4 mm) > 磷酸脲 (10.5 mm),分次滴施条件下半运移深度为聚磷酸 (20.0 mm) > 焦磷酸 (14.4 mm) > 磷酸脲 (14.3 mm)。在粘土一次施用条件下,半运移深度为聚磷酸 (17.7 mm) > 焦磷酸 (15.8 mm) > 磷酸脲 (14.8 mm),分次滴施条件下,聚磷酸、焦磷酸和磷酸脲的半运移深度依次为51.3、27.1和41.4 mm。相关性分析结果表明,不论一次施用还是分次滴施,聚磷酸和焦磷酸处理均随着水溶性磷含量的增加,有效磷含量在粘土上的增加量大于在壤土上的,分次滴施聚磷酸较一次施用在同样水溶性磷含量下,有效磷的含量在粘土和壤土中的差距减小,焦磷酸处理中水溶性磷与有效磷在两种土壤上较为接近。磷酸脲一次施用后,有效磷在粘土中随水溶性磷的变化量大于在壤土中,分次滴施结果则相反。  【结论】  在质地为壤土和粘土的石灰性土壤中,不论是一次性施用还是分次滴施,磷的移动性均表现为聚磷酸 > 焦磷酸 > 磷酸脲,且分次滴施3种磷源时磷的移动性和有效性均显著高于一次施用。同样水溶性磷含量条件下,粘土中磷的有效性高于壤土,分次滴施提高土壤磷素有效性的效果表现为粘土优于壤土。     

Residual effects of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on some soil properties and phosphate availability

The effects of the application of organic acid-treated phosphate rocks on the growth and nutrient uptake of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Tachiwase) and some properties of the soil were evaluated in a greenhouse pot experiment. Phosphate rocks (PRs) collected from six countries; China, Florida (USA), Jordan, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Tanzania, were treated with 1 M oxalic or tartaric acid at the ratio of 2.5 mL g^-1 PR. The organic acid-treated PRs, containing 12–31% water soluble P, were applied to a granitic regosol (pH 5.8) at 200 mg P pot^-1 (4 kg soil). Untreated PRs and single superphosphate (SSP) were included in the treatments. Italian ryegrass was grown for 175 dafter planting (DAP) with ample supply of other nutrients and water. Shoots were harvested at 56, 119, and 175 DAP and the soils were analyzed for pH and Olsen-P after the experiment. Application of organic acid-treated PRs consistently increased the dry matter yield and P uptake of the plants compared with the application of untreated PRs at each harvest, but they were less effective than SSP. A larger amount of P (calculated per unit water-soluble P applied) was recovered from the organic acid-treated PRs than from SSP. The amount of residual extractable P in the soils with the organic acid-treated PRs was about the same as or significantly larger than that in the soil treated with SSP. Soil pH was also significantly higher than in the control and SSP soils. The results suggest that organic acids could be used to improve the P availability of PRs to plants with favorable residual effects in terms of available P and soil pH, without exerting any adverse effects on plant growth or nutrient acquisition.