不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性的影响

为了研究不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性的影响,本文以砂姜黑土长期(30年)定位施肥试验为研究对象,利用荧光实时定量PCR技术和酶活性测定方法,对不同施肥模式下的土壤养分变化,微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性进行了系统分析。结果表明:相比长期不施肥和撂荒处理,施肥管理可有效提升5-10cm土壤有机质,碱解氮,速效钾,速效磷,总氮,总磷;此外,相比不施肥、撂荒、猪粪+化肥和牛粪+化肥处理,单施无机肥和无机肥配施秸秆还田可显著降低土壤pH值。土壤微生物的丰度与土壤有机质、养分含量和土壤酸度有着密切的关系。使用有机物料处理的土壤真核微生物丰度显著增加,土壤酸度的变化可显著影响土壤微生物的群落结构和降低氨氧化古菌数量。牛粪处理的多种土壤酶活性显著增强,其他施肥处理酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质和土壤养分含量密切相关。因此,无机肥(化肥)和有机肥(猪粪或牛粪)的配合使用对于保持土壤微生物丰度和活跃的土壤酶活性十分重要。本试验研究了不同施肥模式对砂姜黑土微生物群落丰度和土壤酶活性,土壤酶活性变化规律及其和土壤速效养分的关系,探讨长期施肥管理模式对土壤酶活性的影响以及土壤酶活性作为土壤肥力质量指标的可能性,以期为评价长期不同施肥模式的土壤肥力水平高低提供有效的指标,从而为促进土壤良性循环提供科学依据和较好的施肥管理措施。     

长期培肥对农田黑土土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

以黑龙江省农科院"黑土肥力与肥效长期定位试验"的农田黑土为研究对象,探讨了长期不同施肥处理对土壤微生物量碳、氮动态变化的影响。研究结果表明,与不施肥、单施化肥、单施有机肥处理相比,化肥配施有机肥能显著增加大豆各生育期土壤微生物量C、N,促进土壤微生物量显著增长,增强了农田黑土土壤有机质、全氮含量,有利于培肥农田黑土。     

长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响

利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例.     

长期施肥对不同有机质水平黑土蛋白酶活性及氮素的影响

为了探讨长期施肥对不同有机质含量农田黑土酶活性及养分的影响。本研究以黑土生产力长期定位试验为平台,选取5个不同有机质含量农田黑土为研究对象,对比分析长期施用化肥对农田黑土土壤蛋白酶活性及相关土壤养分的影响。结果表明:5种不同有机质含量农田黑土蛋白酶活性随有机质含量的增加而递增;与长期无肥处理相比,施用化肥显著提高了农田黑土蛋白酶的活性。不同施肥处理间土壤全氮随有机质含量的降低而降低,铵态氮、硝态氮与全氮含量变化一致。相关分析显示,土壤蛋白酶活性与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05)。土壤蛋白酶活性可以作为长期施用化肥农田黑土质量评价的灵敏指标。     

黑土典型区土壤有机质遥感反演

土壤有机质（SOM）含量时空变异规律研究对于土壤肥力评价、土壤碳库估算、土壤资源利用与保护具有重要意义,而地貌、成土母质、土壤类型等差异、高光谱卫星影像较少等因素制约了区域尺度的SOM含量遥感反演方法研究的开展。该文以黑龙江省黑土带典型区为例,采集区域土壤样本,获取Landsat TM遥感影像,基于有机质含量与土壤反射率的定量关系,建立区域SOM遥感预测模型。结果表明：黑土区SOM含量高,一般大于2%,决定了有机质对土壤反射光谱特性的主要作用,而且该区SOM空间变异性显著,且耕作方式、气候等因素决定了裸土时间长,因而该区适于SOM含量遥感反演;有机质与TM各波段反射率均显著相关,最大相关系数在第3波段（0.63～0.69 μm）,为-0.710,其次为4波段（0.76～0.90 μm）,与实验室基于高光谱反射率数据分析的结果一致;基于TM影像2、3、4波段的SOM指数模型最优,预测精度高、稳定性好,可以用于揭示黑土典型区SOM含量的空间分布特征。该研究将为改进土壤理化参数遥感反演、土地质量评价、土壤碳库估算等工作方法提供理论与技术支持。     

土壤有机质含量与玉米生产力的关系

土壤有机质是土壤肥力的重要指标。本文通过空间移位的方法,将东北黑土带由南向北5个点有机质含量为18.1g kg-1、31.1g kg-1、54.6g kg-1、103.9g kg-1、53.6g kg-1的农田黑土,分别移至黑龙江省的海伦市和吉林省的德惠市的两种气候下,通过田间试验的方法,研究了黑土有机质含量与玉米生产力的关系。结果表明,在相同的施肥条件下,土壤有机质含量与玉米产量间不存在显著相关关系,产量差异不显著;施肥对各种有机质含量的黑土均有显著增产作用,增产幅度在12.3%～64.1%,黑土带的南部区域德惠市的施肥增产作用要明显高于北部区域海伦市的增产作用。     

不同气候条件下潮土微生物群落的变化

针对气候变化的背景研究农田土壤微生物对气候变化的响应机制是调控农田土壤养分循环的理论基础。本研究基于设置在3个气候带(冷温带海伦、暖温带封丘和中亚热带鹰潭)的潮土移置试验,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了移置第6年土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在3种气候条件下潮土移置6年后土壤部分理化性质显著变化,土壤有机质含量表现为冷温带最高而中亚热带最低;在种植玉米的不同施肥处理中,土壤中微生物总PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)、细菌和放线菌PLFAs含量均表现为海伦封丘鹰潭,真菌/细菌比值在冷温带最低;PLFA图谱的主成分分析显示气候条件显著影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,海伦和封丘位于PC1正轴,而鹰潭位于负轴,受气候影响较大的特征PLFA包括18:1ω7c、16:1ω5c、16:0、18:0和18:2ω6,9c;逐步回归分析显示温度、降雨和土壤有机质是影响微生物群落的主要因子。总体上,气候条件的变化在短期内(6年)改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,可以影响农田生态系统的生物地球化学循环。     

水热条件和施肥对黑土中微生物群落代谢特征的影响

选择位于我国东部3个不同气候带(温带、暖温带、中亚热带)的农业生态试验站(海伦站、封丘站、鹰潭站),设置水热变化梯度下的土壤置换试验,利用Biolog方法,研究了水热因子和施肥对单作玉米的黑土中微生物群落的影响。结果表明,在3种气候条件下,施用NPK肥均提高了黑土中细菌群落的碳源代谢活性(Average well color development,AWCD值表示)。在玉米抽雄期,施肥处理(NPK)黑土中AWCD值大小顺序为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>海伦站(温带)>封丘站(暖温带),不施肥(CK)处理为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>封丘站(暖温带)>海伦站(温带)。说明不施肥时黑土中微生物代谢活性随月均温度的提高而增加,而施肥和降水影响了温度对黑土中微生物代谢活性的作用。主成分分析表明,黑土中微生物群落代谢特征在海伦站(温带)和封丘站(暖温带)之间变化较小,而在鹰潭站(中亚热带)黑土中微生物群落的代谢指纹发生明显改变。气候条件变化导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现在:α-丁酮酸、腐胺、D,L-α-甘油、L-苏氨酸(r>0.9);而施肥导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现为:β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和丙酮酸甲脂。总体上,不同气候带水热条件的变化和施肥均影响了黑土中微生物群落的代谢活性和代谢特征的变化。     

两种气候条件下梯度有机质含量农田黑土纤维素酶和β-葡糖苷酶活性研究

利用空间移位的方法将5种有机质含量的农田黑土置于中温带大陆性季风气候(MAT4.5)和寒温带大陆性季风气候(MAT1.5)条件下,探究了气候-有机质-施肥对土壤纤维素酶活性和β-葡糖苷酶活性的影响。结果表明:在MAT4.5条件下农田黑土中纤维素酶活性要高于MAT1.5;随有机质含量升高,纤维素酶活性在MAT4.5条件下呈逐渐降低的趋势;施肥能明显提高纤维素酶活性,且在MAT4.5条件下增加幅度较大,而在MAT1.5条件下却呈现出“U”型变化趋势。MAT4.5条件下β-葡糖苷酶活性略高于MAT1.5条件下的活性,其活性均随着土壤有机质含量升高而增强;施肥能提高各有机质含量农田黑土中β-葡糖苷酶活性,在MAT1.5条件下提升幅度较大。方差分析表明气候-有机质-施肥的主效应对土壤纤维素酶与β-葡糖苷酶活性均有显著影响,但是交互作用只对纤维素酶整体活性有显著影响。     

长期施肥对黑土有机质及其组成的影响

以农业部哈尔滨黑土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站长期定位试验为平台,研究了长期施肥对黑土有机质的影响.结果表明,长期施用不同肥料对土壤有机质含量的影响有较大差异,有机无机肥配合处理＞有机肥处理＞无机肥处理＞无肥处理.长期施肥对深层土壤有机质含量也有影响,施用有机肥作用尤其明显,并随着土层的加深施肥对土壤有机质含量的影响呈下降趋势.施用有机肥对有机质不同密度组分影响很大,对有机质含量增加最有效,而施用无机肥则有机质含量有所降低.     

放牧与围栏内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮变化及微生物群落结构PLFA分析

以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原为研究对象,采用氯仿熏蒸法和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析方法研究了放牧与围栏条件下内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征的变化情况。研究表明放牧与围栏草地土壤微生物生物量和群落结构差异显著。氯仿熏蒸法分析结果表明内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳的含量介于166.6-703.5mg·kg^-1之间,微生物生物量氮含量介于30.34-92.15mg·kg^-1之间,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮最高,大针茅草原次之,克氏针茅草原则最低。放牧条件下,贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著低于围栏草地,克氏针茅草原则无显著变化。PLFA分析结果显示,内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落PLFAs种类、含量丰富,共检测出28种PLFA生物标记磷脂脂肪酸,并且以直链饱和脂肪酸和支链饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占总量的2/3左右,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物含量最丰富,其围栏样地土壤的PLFA含量达到27.3nmol·g-1,大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原依次降低。围栏条件下,各类型草原土壤细菌脂肪酸与总PLFA含量均显著高于放牧草地,真菌脂肪酸含量则因草原类型不同各有差异;放牧导致各类型草原革兰氏阳性细菌PLFAs/革兰氏阴性细菌PLFAs（GPPLFAs/GNPLFAs）比值显著降低,而除了克氏针茅草原,细菌PLFAs/真菌PLFAs比值则显著升高。PLFAs主成分分析表明,放牧和围栏处理对内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构产生影响,且围栏处理的影响程度大于放牧处理。经相关分析表明,氯仿熏蒸法和PLFA分析方法之间有很好的一致性,且土壤微生物PLFAs与土壤有机质、全磷、硝态氮显著相关。     

Temperature and substrate controls on microbial phospholipid fatty acid composition during incubation of grassland soils contrasting in organic matter quality

Soil incubations are often used to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and its response to increased temperature, but changes in the activity and community composition of the decomposers have rarely been included. As part of an integrated investigation into the responses of SOM components in laboratory incubations at elevated temperatures, fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured in two grassland soils contrasting in SOM quality (i.e. SOM composition), and changes in the microbial biomass and community composition were monitored. Whilst easily-degradable SOM and necromass released from soil preparation may have fuelled microbial activity at the start of the incubation, the overall activity and biomass of soil microorganisms were relatively constant during the subsequent one-year soil incubation, as indicated by the abundance of soil PLFAs, microbial respiration rate (r), and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). PLFAs relating to fungi and Gram-negative bacteria declined relative to Gram-positive bacteria in soils incubated at higher temperatures, presumably due to their vulnerability to disturbance and substrate constraints induced by faster exhaustion of available nutrient sources at higher temperatures. A linear correlation was found between incubation temperatures and the microbial stress ratios of cyclopropane PLFA-to-monoenoic precursor (cy17:0/16:1ω7c and cy19:0/18:1ω7c) and monoenoic-to-saturated PLFAs (mono/sat), as a combined effect of temperature and temperature-induced substrate constraints. The microbial PLFA decay patterns and ratios suggest that SOM quality intimately controls microbial responses to global warming.     

High clay content accelerates the decomposition of fresh organic matter in artificial soils

Clay is generally considered an important stabiliser that reduces the rate of decomposition of organic matter (OM) in soils. However, several recent studies have shown trends contradicting this widely held view, emphasising our poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying the clay effects on OM decomposition. Here, an incubation experiment was conducted using artificial soils differing in clay content (0, 5, and 50%) at different temperatures (5, 15, and 25 °C) to determine the effects of clay content, temperature and their interaction on fresh OM decomposition. CO₂ efflux was measured throughout the experiment. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were also measured at the end of the pre-incubation and incubation periods in order to follow changes in microbial community structure, functioning, and substrate availability. The results showed that higher clay contents promoted OM decomposition probably by increasing substrate availability and by sustaining a greater microbial biomass, albeit with a different community structure and with higher activities of most of the extracellular enzymes assayed. Higher clay content induced increases in the PLFA contents of all bacterial functional groups relative to fungal PLFA content. However, clay content did not change the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of OM decomposition. The higher substrate availability in the high clay artificial soils sustained more soil microbial biomass, resulting in a different community structure and different functioning. The higher microbial biomass, as well as the changed community structure and functions, accelerated OM decomposition. From these observations, an alternative pathway to understanding the effects of clay on OM decomposition is proposed, in which clay may not only accelerate the decomposition of organic materials in soils but also facilitate the SOM accumulation as microbial products in the long term. Our results highlight the importance of clay content as a control over OM decomposition and greater attention is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.     

Micro-scale distribution of microorganisms and microbial enzyme activities in a soil with long-term organic amendment

Microbial ecology is the key to understanding the function of biodiversity for organic matter cycling in the soil. We have investigated the impacts of farmyard manure added over 120 years on organic matter content, enzyme activities, total microbial biomass and structure of microbial populations in several particle‐size fractions of a Luvic Phaeozem a few kilometres northeast of Halle, Germany. We compared two treatments: no fertilization (control) and 12 t farmyard manure (FYM) ha^?1 year^?1 since 1878. The fine fractions contained most C and N, microbial biomass, total amount of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and greatest invertase activity. Xylanase activity as well as fungal biomass increased only gradually with diminishing particle size, whereas the relative abundance of fungi decreased with diminishing particle size. The least diversity of the soil microbial community, indicated by the smallest Shannon index based on the abundance and amount of different PLFAs and small number of terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) of 16S rRNA genes, was in the sand fractions. The results supported the hypothesis that this microhabitat is colonized by a less complex bacterial community than the silt and clay fractions. Addition of FYM had enhanced the amount of organic matter, total microbial biomass, and xylanase and invertase activity, and induced a shift of the microbial community towards a more bacteria‐dominated community in the coarse sand fraction. Microbial communities in finer fractions were less affected by addition of FYM.     

双季稻田土壤微生物群落对连续5年施有机肥和石灰的响应差异

  目的  土壤微生物是土壤健康的敏感“指示器”,但不同的土壤微生物类群对连续施用有机肥和石灰的响应规律及不同指标的敏感性仍不明确。  方法  本文选取中亚热带双季稻区的紫泥田作为研究对象,研究连续5年施用有机肥或石灰后,土壤微生物“黑箱指标”（微生物生物量碳氮、微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率）和土壤活体微生物（PLFAs）组成的响应规律与差异。  结果  与对照相比,连续施用有机肥后,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）含量和土壤呼吸速率分别提高37%、28%和44% ~ 59%,微生物多样性也显著提高,土壤细菌结构发生改变,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌（G?）的PLFAs绝对量提高了100%,但真菌类群的响应不敏感。相反,连续施用石灰5年后,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量均呈下降趋势,微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率分别降低11%和26% ~ 52%,微生物多样性显著降低,细菌、放线菌和绝大多数真菌类群PLFAs绝对量下降30% ~ 58%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量与土壤微生物总PLFAs和细菌PLFAs含量呈显著正相关关系;而土壤pH仅与Simpson多样性指数呈显著正相关关系。施有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质含量进而导致细菌MBC、MBN、G?和土壤呼吸速率显著增加;而施石灰后土壤微生物群落结构及活性降低与土壤pH有关。  结论  连续5年施用有机肥、石灰后,土壤微生物指标分别表现为正面、负面响应。与“黑箱指标”相比,某些特定微生物类群（如G?）的敏感性指数值更高,在土壤健康评价中极具应用潜力。     

Response of soil organic matter fractions and composition of microbial community to long-term organic and mineral fertilization

The effects of organic and mineral fertilization on four soil organic matter (SOM) fractions (non-protected, physically protected, chemically protected, and biochemically protected) and microbial community composition were investigated by sampling soil of a 35-year-long fertilization experiment. The SOM fractions were investigated by combined physical and chemical approaches, while microbial community composition was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Organic C (SOC) was primarily distributed within the microaggregate-protected particulate organic matter (iPOM) and the hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable silt-sized (H-Silt, NH-Silt) fractions, which accounted for 11.6–16.9, 23.4–28.9, and 25.4–30.6% of the total SOC content, respectively. The contributions of these “slow” fractions (iPOM, H-Silt, NH-Silt) to the increased SOC were 178–293, 118–209, and 85–109% higher after long-term sole manure or manure in combination with inorganic N fertilization compared with unfertilized soil (control). The combination of manure and mineral fertilizers increased the coarse and fine non-protected C (cPOM and fPOM) contents much more (34.1–60.7%) than did manure alone. PLFAs, bacteria, G (+) bacteria, and actinomycete abundances were the highest in soil with manure, followed by soil treated with manure combined with mineral N. The addition of inorganic and organic fertilization both altered the microbial community composition compared with the control. All SOM fractions contributed to 81.1% of the variance of the PLFAs-related microbial community composition by direct and indirect effects. The change in coarse unprotected particulate organic matter (cPOM) was the major factor affecting soil microbial community composition (p < 0.001). Our study indicates that physical, chemical, and biochemical protection mechanisms are important in maintaining high SOC level after the addition of manure. A close linkage between soil microbial community composition and cPOM suggests that C availability is an important factor for influencing microbial composition after long-term inorganic and organic fertilization.     

温度和秸秆质量调节与秸秆分解相关的微生物磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）组成

Variations in temperature and moisture play an important role in soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. However, relationships between changes in microbial community composition induced by increasing temperature and SOM decomposition are still unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and moisture levels on soil respiration and microbial communities involved in straw decomposition and elucidate the impact of microbial communities on straw mass loss. A 120-d litterbag experiment was conducted using wheat and maize straw at three levels of soil moisture (40%, 70%, and 90% of water-holding capacity) and temperature (15, 25, and 35°C). The microbial communities were then assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. With the exception of fungal PLFAs in maize straw at day 120, the PLFAs indicative of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi decreased with increasing temperatures. Temperature and straw C/N ratio significantly affected the microbial PLFA composition at the early stage, while soil microbial biomass carbon (C) had a stronger effect than straw C/N ratio at the later stage. Soil moisture levels exhibited no significant effect on microbial PLFA composition. Total PLFAs significantly influenced straw mass loss at the early stage of decomposition, but not at the later stage. In addition, the ratio of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial PLFAs was negatively correlated with the straw mass loss. These results indicated that shifts in microbial PLFA composition induced by temperature, straw quality, and microbial C sources could lead to changes in straw decomposition.     

Input related microbial carbon dynamic of soil organic matter in particle size fractions

This paper investigated the flow of carbon into different groups of soil microorganisms isolated from different particle size fractions. Two agricultural sites of contrasting organic matter input were compared. Both soils had been submitted to vegetation change from C3 (Rye/Wheat) to C4 (Maize) plants, 25 and 45 years ago. Soil carbon was separated into one fast-degrading particulate organic matter fraction (POM) and one slow-degrading organo-mineral fraction (OMF). The structure of the soil microbial community were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), and turnover of single PLFAs was calculated from the changes in their ¹³C content. Soil enzyme activities involved in the degradation of carbohydrates was determined using fluorogenic MUF (methyl-umbelliferryl phosphate) substrates.We found that fresh organic matter input drives soil organic matter dynamic. Higher annual input of fresh organic matter resulted in a higher amount of fungal biomass in the POM-fraction and shorter mean residence times. Fungal activity therefore seems essential for the decomposition and incorporation of organic matter input into the soil. As a consequence, limited litter input changed especially the fungal community favoring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Altogether, supply and availability of fresh plant carbon changed the distribution of microbial biomass, the microbial community structure and enzyme activities and resulted in different priming of soil organic matter.Most interestingly we found that only at low input the OMF fraction had significantly higher calculated MRT for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria suggesting high recycling of soil carbon or the use of other carbon sources. But on average all microbial groups had nearly similar carbon uptake rates in all fractions and both soils, which contrasted the turnover times of bulk carbon. Hereby the microbial carbon turnover was always faster than the soil organic carbon turnover and higher carbon input reduced the carbon storage efficiency from 51% in the low input to 20%. These findings suggest that microbial community preferentially assimilated fresh carbon sources but also used recycled existing soil carbon. However, the priming rate was drastically reduced under carbon limitation. In consequence at high carbon availability more carbon was respired to activate the existing soil carbon (priming) whereas at low carbon availability new soil carbon was formed at higher efficiencies.     

Effects of short-term conservation management practices on soil organic carbon fractions and microbial community composition under a rice-wheat rotation system

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term (less than 2 years) conservation managements [no-tillage (NT) and crop residue returning] on top soil (0–5 cm) microbial community composition and soil organic C (SOC) fractions under a rice-wheat rotation at Junchuan town of Hubei Province, China. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices [conventional tillage (CT) and NT] as the main plot and residue returning level [no residue returning (0) and all residues returned to fields from the preceding crop (S, 2,146 kg C ha^?1)] as the subplots. The four treatments were CT with or without residue returning (CT0 and CTS) and NT with or without residue returning (NT0 and NTS). The abundances of microbial groups [total FLFAs, fungal biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass/bacterial biomass (F/B), monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (MUFA/STFA), and microbial stress] were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis of soil. The ratio of MUFA/STFA reflects aeration of soil and greater MUFA/STFA means better aeration condition of soil. Moreover, the microbial stress, the ratio of cy19:0 to 18:1ω7, was regarded as an indicator of physiological or nutritional stress of microbial community. PLFA profiles were dominated by the fatty acids iC15:0 (9.8 %), C16:0 (16.5 %), 10Me17:0 (9.9 %), and Cyc19:0 (8.3 %), together accounting for 44.6 % of the total PLFAs. Compared with CT, NT significantly increased microbial biomass C (MBC) by 20.0 % but did not affect concentrations of total organic C (TOC), dissolved organic C (DOC), easily oxidizable C (EOC), and SOC of aggregates. Residue returning significantly increased MBC by 18.3 % and SOC content of 2–1-mm aggregate by 9.4 %. NT significantly increased total PLFAs by 9.8 % and fungal biomass by 40.8 % but decreased MUFA/STFA by 15.5 %. Residue returning significantly enhanced total PLFAs, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, F/B, and MUFA/STFA by 31.1, 36.0, 95.9, 42.5, and 58.8 %, respectively, but decreased microbial stress by 45.9 %. Multivariate analysis (redundancy analysis and partial correlation analysis) indicated that SOC of 2–1-mm aggregate was related to changes in the composition of soil microbial groups, suggesting that SOC of 2–1-mm aggregate was sensitive to changes in soil microbial community composition affected by short-term conservation management practices in our study.     

Labile,recalcitrant, microbial carbon and nitrogen and the microbial community composition at two Abies faxoniana forest elevations under elevated temperatures

We investigated the interactions of altitude and artificial warming on the soil microbial community structure in a subalpine Abies faxoniana forest in southwestern China after four years of warming. Open top chambers (OTCs) at two elevations (3000 m and 3500 m) were established, and their soil microbial characteristics, organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were measured. The microbial community structure was quantified by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. A two-step sulfuric acid hydrolysis was used to quantify the labile and recalcitrant C fractions in the soil organic matter. The results showed that bacterial PLFAs and gram-negative bacterial PLFAs increased and the fungal PLFAs and the fungi/bacteria ratio decreased with warming at the high altitude. By contrast, the warming effects on those parameters at low altitude were small. The higher proportion of labile easily decomposable soil C may explain the different responses of the microbial community composition at the two altitudes. An RDA analysis confirmed that the variations in the soil community structure were significantly associated with soil organic matter properties such as the sizes of the soil labile N pool (LP-N), the recalcitrant N pool (RP-N), and the labile C pool as well as dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved organic N concentrations (DON). Our results also showed that labile C and N pools increased with the altitude, but the microbial biomass C as measured with chloroform fumigation techniques decreased. Warming increased only the recalcitrant C pools at the high altitude. Given the longer mean residence time for recalcitrant C and the much greater size of this soil organic carbon pool, the results indicated that a rise in temperature in our case increased soil C pools at higher altitudes, at least during the early stages of experimental soil warming. Warming could also cause changes in the composition of the microbial community and enzyme activities, consequently leading to functional changes in soil ecosystem processes at the high altitude.