EM堆肥对土壤生物影响的研究

长期定点施用EM堆肥试验结果表明:EM有机堆肥能提高土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量;相同有机物料投入水平下,EM堆肥处理的微生物总量最高;随着有机物料投入水平的降低,土壤微生物数量下降;施用EM能提高土壤微生物活性,增加微生物的分布密度。施用EM堆肥土壤蚯蚓数量均显著高于其他施肥处理。EM堆肥各处理平均土壤螨虫数量高,但在相同的有机物料投入水平下,差异不显著。在大部分作物生长期,施EM 15t/hm2处理与化肥处理和对照处理土壤生物总量差异显著。     

不同有机物料对盐碱地改良效果的研究进展

土壤盐碱化是全球影响较大的一种土壤退化形式,对农业生产有着耕作困难、作物减产的影响,而有机物料作为一种可循环利用且副作用较小的资源,是应用于改良盐碱地的较为有效的修复方法。汇总了不同的有机物料(粪肥、植物残体、社会生活副产品和加工产品等)对于盐碱地的改良效果,包括土壤的物理性质(土壤容重、渗透性、孔隙等)、化学性质(土壤养分、pH值、阳离子交换量等)和生物性质(微生物活性、酶活性、微生物丰度等)方面的具体响应。为了进一步改善盐碱地的状况,防止土壤退化,综述了不同有机物料对盐碱地的具体改良效果并总结了物料的使用方法,以期为后续盐碱地改良的研究提供一定理论依据。     

蚯蚓粪与土壤复配比例对基质微生物性状及韭菜生长和品质的影响

【目的】蚯蚓粪是蚯蚓消化有机废弃物产生的均匀颗粒,能够提升土壤肥力,改良土壤结构并促进作物生长。本文初探了蚯蚓粪与土壤的不同配比对基质微生物性状及韭菜生长和品质的影响,为蚯蚓粪的开发利用提供依据。 【方法】2015年4—6月在中国农业大学温室内进行盆栽试验,按蚯蚓粪、土壤质量比 (w/w) 设置4个处理,依次为:0/100% (纯土壤不添加蚯蚓粪,CK);20%/80% (T1);60%/40% (T2);100%/0 (T3)。韭菜收获后,测定了基质养分含量、微生物群落变化、韭菜生物量、可溶性蛋白总量、可溶性糖总量和叶绿素含量。 【结果】1) 随着蚯蚓粪添加比例的增加,基质中的全氮、速效钾和有机质的含量均显著提高;2)蚯蚓粪能显著促进韭菜根系生长,并改善韭菜品质。与对照相比,T1、T2和T3处理中韭菜新根比分别提高5.75%、6.39% 和22.23%;韭菜可溶性蛋白总量提升了1.84～5.97倍,可溶性糖总量提升了1.49～1.60倍 (P < 0.05);3)蚯蚓粪能显著提高基质中的细菌和真菌多样性,并显著增加细菌116、118、130、226、297片段 (P < 0.05),但减少了真菌71、91、153、351片段 (P < 0.05)。 【结论】蚯蚓粪改善了基质的微生物群落结构,提高细菌和真菌的多样性,增加养分有效性,进而促进韭菜生长并改善韭菜品质。蚯蚓粪直接用作基质的效果最好,但从经济角度考虑,蚯蚓粪与土壤按质量百分比20%/80%即可基本达到满意的效果。     

蚯蚓粪益生菌肥对铁棍山药不同生长时期 共生微生物群落及其品质的影响

蚯蚓粪富含有机质、腐殖酸及微生物菌群,可作为植物养分供应和土壤理化性质改善的常用有机肥基质,然而,其对山药的生长和品质的影响尚不清楚。以木质纤维素饲喂的赤子爱胜蚓得到的蚯蚓粪为基质配施益生菌剂开展山药施用效果的研究,统计分析蚯蚓粪益生菌肥添加对山药生长和品质的变化,探究其对于山药共生微生物群落的影响。结果表明:蚯蚓粪益生菌肥的使用促进了铁棍山药的株高及单株重,提高了山药的产量,收获期铁棍山药中黄酮含量升高了2.48 mg/g,增长约37.48%,可溶性糖、蛋白质及皂苷等营养成分分别提高0.26、0.14、0.31 倍;通过对铁棍山药不同生长时期根际微生物和内生微生物群落结构的分析表明,施肥后根际土壤中链霉菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌、芽孢杆菌明显增多,绿僵菌等明显减少,并且这些丰度明显改变的微生物也与土壤理化性质之间有着明显的相关性。内生微生物中泛菌、枝孢菌明显增多,青枯菌、Cyphellophora 等病原微生物丰度明显减少。蚯蚓粪益生菌肥的施用改善了山药根际微生态健康状况,减少了发病率,提高了山药品质。     

接种蚯蚓和食细菌线虫对红壤性状及花生产量的影响

通过温室花生盆栽试验研究了接种有益土壤动物(蚯蚓和食细菌线虫)对旱地红壤生物学性质(微生物生物量碳氮、基础呼吸、微生物熵、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性)、土壤速效养分(碱解氮和速效磷)及花生产量的影响.试验包含4个处理:不接种处理(CK)、仅接种蚯蚓(E)、仅接种食细菌线虫(N)、联合接种蚯蚓和食细菌线虫(EN).结果表明:①蚯蚓和食细菌线虫均提高了土壤微生物生物量碳氮的含量,线虫对微生物生物量碳的贡献大于蚯蚓.②除花生成熟期的接种蚯蚓处理外,接种蚯蚓和食细菌线虫后土壤基础呼吸均有所增加,且食细菌线虫的影响也大于蚯蚓.③除花生结荚期无显著性差异外,蚯蚓和食细菌线虫均极显著提高了土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性(P＜0.05).④蚯蚓和食细菌线虫均能增加土壤速效磷和碱解氮含量.⑤接种蚯蚓和食细菌线虫后花生产量的增幅为17％～ 20％.总之,在4个花生生长时期,相对于不接种的对照处理,接种蚯蚓和食细菌线虫能明显改善红壤性状并最终提高花生产量.     

接种蚯蚓与添加有机物料对茶园土壤结构的影响

蚯蚓通过取食、排泄、分泌黏液、挖掘洞穴等活动,可显著改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力。为探究蚯蚓与有机物料不同配施方式对茶园土壤肥力的调控效果与机理,设计5个处理组:不施肥(CK),不施肥+蚯蚓(BE),菜籽饼+蚯蚓(CE),茶树修剪物+蚯蚓(JE),生物质炭+蚯蚓(TE),分别进行室内模拟实验。结果显示,与不施肥(CK)相比,接种蚯蚓(BE)处理使土壤的总碳含量呈升高趋势;添加有机物料(CE、JE、TE)三个处理的土壤的全碳、全氮含量、有机质含量均高于BE组,其中TE处理最高。单独接种蚯蚓处理可提高土壤总有机质含量,接种蚯蚓配施有机物料对提高土壤肥力有明显作用,其中茶生物质炭与蚯蚓共同作用效果最好。经过3个月的培养,5个处理中土壤pH均呈降低趋势,其中BE组pH降低最大(6.81到5.82)。在采用同步辐射红外显微成像技术(SR-FTIR)对土壤微团聚体中矿物-有机复合体进行表征后,结果显示土壤团聚体中多糖、蛋白质、脂肪和黏土矿物均呈高度异质性分布,CE和JE组中黏土矿物与大分子有机物具有较高的分散性;黏土矿物与多糖的分布模式较为相似,而黏土矿物与蛋白质类物质、脂肪的分布模式有较大差异,且这种分布模式不受蚯蚓与有机物料互作的影响。各处理土壤团聚体的黏土矿物和有机官能团的相关性决定系数R2由小到大均依次为:黏土矿物-蛋白质、黏土矿物-多糖、黏土矿物-脂肪,表明黏土矿物与大分子有机物的亲和性有差异,且不受蚯蚓与有机物料互作的影响。     

微藻生物肥料的农业应用研究进展

土壤是农业生产的基础,土壤质量的好坏直接影响作物的品质和产量。微藻是土壤微生物的重要组成部分,资源丰富,并具有固氮、固碳和分泌植物生长激素等特性,在促进作物生长、提高土壤肥力和改善土壤结构方面具有良好的效果。综述了微藻作为生物肥料的优异特性,微藻生物肥料在农业生产和农业生态保护方面的应用,以及近年来新技术的发展、商业化的现状和未来的发展方向,为微藻生物肥料的应用提供一定的科学理论基础。     

有机种植与常规种植体系的比较——基于土壤与肥料的视角

有机种植体系因其安全、绿色、可持续的特点在国内外得到了普遍关注,自其发展以来,关于有机与常规种植体系的比较屡见不鲜,但基于土壤与肥料视角的系统比较在国内还鲜见报道。土壤为植物提供了直接生活环境,从土壤与肥料的角度能全面地理解有机与常规种植体系的本质不同及影响。本文综合分析了前人的研究结果,从土壤与肥料的视角对有机和常规种植体系进行系统比较,初步阐述了两种种植体系下作物产量、品质、土壤肥力效应、环境效应的差异及产生差异的可能原因。分析发现在作物种植初期有机体系的产量大多低于常规体系,但增产潜力较大;相比常规种植体系,有机种植体系可改善土壤性质、提高土壤肥力,且一般有助于提高农产品品质;此外,有机种植体系对大气环境和水环境的污染风险低于常规种植体系。产生差异的原因可能是有机种植体系下,前期土壤氮素及速效养分释放较缓慢,且随着种植年限的增加,土壤固碳能力逐渐增强,土壤微生物多样性增加,土壤养分利用率提高。     

蚯蚓原位堆肥提升番茄连作土壤质量研究

[目的]连作障碍引起的土壤质量劣变是制约种植业可持续发展的瓶颈问题之一.已有研究表明蚯蚓腐熟粪肥能有效提升连作障碍土壤质量.本研究比较了蚯蚓原位腐熟粪肥和使用异地腐熟粪肥对提高土壤理化和生物学性状的效果,以提出高效可行的蚯蚓堆肥施用模式.[方法]田间试验在宁夏连续种植5年番茄的温室内进行,供试番茄品种为'粉宴1号'.试...     

蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜生长和品质的影响

基于等养分条件下,本试验研究了蚯蚓堆肥与解淀粉芽孢杆菌X和荧光假单胞菌Y两株不同功能益生菌配施对西瓜生长和品质的影响。结果表明,不论添加益生菌与否,与单施化肥或施用常规堆肥相比,蚯蚓堆肥均促进了西瓜生长,降低了植株枯萎病发病率,增加了西瓜产量,并显著提高了西瓜可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc含量等果实品质指标,其中施用蚯蚓堆肥的Vc含量较常规堆肥提高了15.9%;添加益生菌可不同程度促进西瓜生长和品质的改善,且以蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌的促进作用更为明显。蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌相比于单施蚯蚓堆肥,西瓜产量和可溶性糖含量分别提高了17.3%和15.2%。方差分析结果表明,有机堆肥与益生菌在西瓜蔓长、纵茎、产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量上存在显著的交互作用。综上所述,蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜促生作用显著,在西瓜的绿色生产中可减少部分化肥的使用。     

Effects of Vermicompost Tea (Aqueous Extract) on Pak Choi Yield,Quality, and on Soil Biological Properties

This study investigated the effects of vermicompost tea (aqueous extract) on yield and chemical quality of pak choi (Brassica rapa cv Bonsai, Chinensis group) grown in three media (two soils and a peat-perlite medium) under two fertilizer regimes (compost and synthetic fertilizer). The impacts of tea application on the chemical and biological properties of the growth media were also investigated. Vermicompost teas were prepared using various extraction methods (non-aerated, aerated, aerated with additives) with 1:10 (v:v) chicken manure-based vermicompost to water dilution and applied weekly at the rate of 200 mL plant^?1 for 4 weeks. Application of vermicompost tea increased plant production, total carotenoids and total glucosinolates in plant tissue. This effect was most prominent under compost fertilization. Total phenolic was lower in vermicompost tea treated plants compared to those treated with only mineral nutrient solution and the water control. Vermicompost tea improved mineral nutrient status of plants and media, and enhanced the biological activity of the media. Variability in yield and chemical quality of plants across treatments was explained largely by variability in tissue N uptake and dry matter accumulation. Dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration of vermicompost tea-treated growth media were approximately 50% higher than untreated media. This study confirmed that vermicompost tea can positively influence plant yield and quality and increase soil biological activity in multiple soil types.     

蚓粪施用方式对不同品种番茄生长和土壤肥力的影响

肥料的施用方式会影响有机肥料的分解和养分释放过程,且不同作物品种在养分需求方面也各有差异。蚓粪是一种能够改善土壤和促进植物生长的新型替代肥料。采用盆栽试验研究了蚓粪施用方式对不同番茄品种生长和土壤肥力的影响,盆栽试验设置为:两个番茄品种:金棚三号和艾瑞尔;4种施肥方式:单施化肥(CF);蚓粪表施(VS),即蚓粪与盆钵上部8 cm厚土壤混施;蚓粪中施(VL),即蚓粪均匀平铺紧邻8 cm处下方;蚓粪全土混施(VM),即蚓粪与所有土壤混合。结果表明:相比全土混施,蚓粪表施和中施更能增加番茄的茎叶生物量并且促进其对氮、钾的吸收;与单施化肥相比,蚓粪的效果更依赖于施用方式,蚓粪表施和全土混施比中施更能提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。在盛花期,无论番茄品种,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量都在蚓粪表施时最高;而在收获期,蚓粪表施和全土混施的有效磷含量高于中施处理。相比蚓粪中施和全土混施,表施降低了艾瑞尔的土壤矿质氮含量。总之,蚓粪的集中施用如表施和中施,能促进番茄生长及养分吸收,并且在不同品种之间效应一致。     

蚓粪有机无机复混肥对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

为资源化利用蚓粪,研究了大棚栽培条件下施用蚓粪有机无机复混肥对黄瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,同鸡粪有机肥和无机复混肥相比,蚓粪和蚓粪有机无机复混肥料对黄瓜产量无显著影响;但与比无机复混肥相比,黄瓜中糖酸比,可溶性固型物、Vc、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量和POD与CAT活性有所增加。同时,蚓粪能有效降低黄瓜中硝酸盐含量,但对黄瓜的SOD活性影响不大。说明施用蚓粪和蚓粪有机无机复混肥可在保证产量的基础上明显改善黄瓜的综合品质。     

Interaction matters: Synergy between vermicompost and PGPR agents improves soil quality,crop quality and crop yield in the field

Organic amendments not only promote soil quality and plant performance directly but also facilitate the establishment of introduced microbial agents. A field experiment with a fully factorial design was conducted using three levels of vermicompost (without vermicompost, low dose of 15 Mg ha⁻¹ and high dose of 30 Mg ha⁻¹), with and without plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to investigate their effects in a tomato – by spinach rotation system. Our results demonstrated that applying PGPR alone had no effect on soil properties and crop performance. Vermicompost enhanced the beneficial effects of PGPR on both soil and crop, with the extent of promotion depending on the dose of vermicompost and crop types. In the presence of vermicompost, PGPR significantly (P < 0.05) reduced soil carbon and nitrogen but increased soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. PGPR also significantly increased the yield of tomato and spinach under the low dose of vermicompost, but only significantly increased tomato yield under the high dose of vermicompost. There were strongly synergistic effects between vermicompost and PGPR on crop quality, with crop nitrate concentration being significantly decreased, while the vitamin C in tomato and soluble protein in spinach was significantly increased. Our results revealed the high potential of integrating vermicompost and microbial agents to substitute for regular chemical fertilization practices.     

Effects of vermicompost amendment as a basal fertilizer on soil properties and cucumber yield and quality under continuous cropping conditions in a greenhouse

Purpose

We examined the effects of vermicompost application as a basal fertilizer on the properties of a sandy loam soil used for growing cucumbers under continuous cropping conditions when compared to inorganic or organic fertilizers.

Materials and methods

A commercial cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) variety was grown on sandy loam soil under four soil amendment conditions: inorganic compound fertilizer (750 kg/ha,), replacement of 150 kg/ha of inorganic compound fertilizer with 3000 kg/ha of organic fertilizer or vermicompost, and untreated control. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse for 4 years, and continuous planting resulted in seven cucumber crops. The yield and quality of cucumber fruits, basic physical and chemical properties of soil, soil nutrient characteristics, and the soil fungal community structure were measured and evaluated.

Results and discussion

Continuous cucumber cropping decreased soil pH and increased electrical conductivity. However, application of vermicompost significantly improved several soil characteristics and induced a significant change in the rhizosphere soil fungal community compared to the other treatments. Notably, the vermicompost amendments resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Chytridiomycota, Sordariomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Saccharomycetes, and a decrease in Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, Dothideomycetes, Agaricomycetes, and Incertae sedis. Compared to the organic fertilizer treatment, vermicompost amendment increased the relative abundance of beneficial fungi and decreased those of pathogenic fungi. Cucumber fruit yield decreased yearly under continuous cropping conditions, but both inorganic and organic fertilizer amendments increased yields. Vermicompost amendment maintained higher fruit yield and quality under continuous cropping conditions.

Conclusions

Continuous cropping decreased cucumber yield in a greenhouse, but basic fertilizer amendment reduced this decline. Moreover, basal fertilizer amendment decreased beneficial and pathogenic fungi, and the use of vermicompost amendment in the basic fertilizer had a positive effect on the health of the soil fungal community.

     

施用蚯蚓粪对杨树苗根际土壤生物学特征的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)和VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)处理对一年生欧美I-107杨根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性、根系建造水平及理化性状的影响。结果表明,VC+CF处理有利于协调土壤C/N比,并且化肥的施入补充了土壤中氮的消耗,从而明显提高了根际土壤中微生物数量及脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中细菌数量分别比CK,CF和VC处理提高165.99%,67.34%和31.73%,蔗糖酶活性分别提高90.37%,45.31%和32.34%。施用蚯蚓粪有利于杨树苗细根的生长,但对地上部的增长速度显著快于地下部。此外,VC+CF处理使根际土壤pH值明显降低,显著增加了根际土壤中养分离子的有效性。与VC+CF处理相比,VC处理对根际土壤生物学特征的影响较小。因此,蚯蚓粪与化肥配施更好地改善了杨树苗根际区域的微生态环境。     

Housefly Larvae (Musca domestica) Vermicompost on Soil Biochemical Features for a Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Farm

ABSTRACT

The housefly larvae (Musca domestica) vermireactor is capable of highly efficient waste reduction for swine manure management; however, effectiveness of larvae-vermicompost land utilization and the associated impact on soil environment are poorly understood. This study, which integrated incubation pot experiments and field plot tests on a chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) farm, was designed to investigate soil biochemical and microbial functions in response to inorganic fertilizer (NPK), vermicompost (VC) application, and/or combination of inorganic fertilizer and vermicompost (I + V). Pot experiments indicated that available soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were significantly higher (21%-43%, 206%-306%, and 35%-36%, respectively) with VC treatment compared to NPK treatment; meanwhile, soil organic carbon (C), N and P mineralization was increased by 46%-57%, 53%-70%, and 30%-113%, respectively. Vermicompost application increased soil highly labile organic C by 19% to 42%. Vermicompost also enhanced soil enzymatic activities: 37%-68% for dehydrogenase, 22%-107% for urease, and 3.4%-56% for phosphatases, but activities of soil β-1,4-glucosidase and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase were reduced by 17%-53% and 24%-42%, respectively. Compared to pot experiment, continuous land application of vermicompost overwhelmingly caused soil nutrient accumulation, increased soil C stock and microbial biomass, enhanced soil mineralization, and improved C-, N-, and P-related enzymatic activities. Co-inertia analysis indicated that soil fertility indices positively correlated with most microbiological indices. This work reveals VC as a new biofertilizer for crop production and highlights its merit on soil health improvement.     

Short‐term effects of in‐row subsoiling and simultaneous admixing of organic material on growth of spring barley (H. vulgare)

Previous studies have shown that deep tillage, so‐called subsoiling, is beneficial for yield development, and that tillage of deeper soil layers can promote water and nutrient availability during dry periods. The application of composts to the topsoil has been widely studied and evaluated, and it has been shown to improve soil stability and plant N uptake. These effects can differ over time depending on the compost type. Since dry periods have become more frequent, sustainable soil tillage and fertilizer practices must be developed. A combination of deep soil tillage and compost application might be a way to ensure proper plant supply during dry periods. Therefore, a field experiment on spring barley growth was carried out to evaluate the short‐term effects of in‐row subsoiling with simultaneous admixing of compost. Two types of composts and one organic fertilizer (Bio: decomposed organic waste, Green: decomposed green cuttings and CM: cattle manure) were admixed into the subsoil, and a control treatment received single deep loosening (DL) to a depth of 0.6 m. Yield development, yield parameters and grain quality were analysed and showed that the DL and Bio treatments resulted in the highest yields, and a significantly increased ear density and number of kernels. The TKW (100‐kernel weight) of the CM treatment was significantly lower than the other treatments. In all treatments, a clear trend of decreasing yields with increasing distance from the subsoil tillage was observed. Thus a subsoil tillage every meter can increase overall yield development and offers a new perspective for sustainable crop production.     

蚓粪替代部分化肥对温室黄瓜钾素吸收与产量的影响

【目的】设施蔬菜生产中施用蚓粪能够促进蔬菜生长发育和提高产量与品质,但施用蚓粪替代化肥的最佳比例尚需明确。【方法】以黄瓜为供试材料,以100%化肥（100%CF）处理和不施肥处理（CK）为对照,研究不同比例蚓粪（VM）部分化肥对温室黄瓜植株钾素吸收、果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】与100%化肥处理相比,减施25%化肥处理黄瓜植株钾素含量、生物量和产量并未显著降低;蚓粪替代25%化肥处理植株钾素吸收量、果实产量和品质均得到显著提升,其中产量提高14.51%,植株钾吸收量提高42.27%;蚓粪替代50%化肥处理黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量显著降低,植株钾素吸收量、生物量和产量无显著差异;100%蚓粪处理植株钾素吸收量、生物量、产量、品质均显著降低,其中产量降低了24.25%,果实可溶性固形物含量降低15.59%。【结论】在等养分条件下,蚓粪替代25%化肥,能促进植株钾素吸收,提高产量和改善品质。