猪圆环病毒1型天津株全基因组的克隆与序列分析

摘要：【目的】从天津地区分离和克隆出1株PCV1,并进行基因组序列分析。【方法】参照GenBank上猪圆环病毒1型（PCV1）全基因组序列设计1对引物,用PCR技术从天津一猪场的临床发病猪病变组织中扩增和克隆获得1株PCV1全基因组序列,并进行序列测定和分析。【结果】全基因组序列结果显示,该株PCV1基因组全长1759 bp,与国内外其他各株PCV1的核苷酸同源性达98.2%以上。主要开放阅读框（ORF）序列结果显示,该分离株与国内外其他PCV1毒株间的ORF1与ORF2的核苷酸同源性分别为97.5%~99.8%和92.7%~99.9%。【结论】虽然各个PCV1分离株之间的全基因组与主要ORF的核苷酸同源性均很高,但还是呈现出一定的地域相关性。     

猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型ZZ株ORF1基因的扩增测序与序列分析

合成一对猪Ⅱ型圆环病毒（PCV-2）ORF1基因特异性引物,对分离到的郑州分离株（ZZ株）猪圆环病毒PCV-2型的ORF1 基因进行了扩增,经测序后,将所测序列与已公布的35株PCV-2 ORF1序列进行同源性比较,并绘制系统发育进化树。结果显示,所测毒株间的ORF1基因核苷酸同源性为97.3～100％;进化树分析表明各分离毒株ORF1基因在进化上比较保守。同时对PCV-2 OFR1部分功能进行分析,发现该基因蛋白具有良好的抗原性     

福建地区草莓斑驳病毒全基因组测序和分子变异分析

为了深入解析草莓斑驳病毒(strawberry mottle virus,SMoV)的分子变异以及遗传多样性,采用小RNA高通量测序结合RACE和RT-PCR技术获得了福建地区SMoV基因组全长序列。SMoV基因组RNA1和RNA2分别为7034 nt和6354 nt,均含有1个ORF,分别编码多聚蛋白P1和P2;SMoV福建分离物同其他15个SMoV分离物的同源性分析表明,RNA1核苷酸和多聚蛋白P1氨基酸同源性分别为79.2%~96.8%和89.0%~99.5%;RNA2核苷酸和多聚蛋白P2氨基酸同源性分别为77.9%~97.8%和89.9%~98.9%。SMoV福建分离物各编码蛋白同其他15个SMoV分离物的同源性分析表明,仅病毒基因组连接蛋白最为保守,其他各蛋白核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列变异均较大。福建分离物和中国部分分离物聚在一个大分支上,和中国分离物DGHY3亲缘关系最近。SMoV中国福建分离物的基因组结构与其他分离物相一致,其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列分子变异较大,并且和中国其他分离物具有较丰富的遗传多样性,在进化上有一定的地理相关性。     

江苏大豆上分离的豇豆轻斑驳病毒基因组序列克隆及特征分析

为明确豇豆轻斑驳病毒江苏分离物的基因组结构特征,阐明其分类地位及进化特点,选择采自江苏的CpMMV大豆分离物作为研究对象,针对病毒基因组序列设计了4对特异性引物,以病样总RNA反转录后获得的cDNA为模板,通过分段法对其基因组序列片段进行了PCR扩增,扩增产物克隆至T载体经验证后进行序列测定,获得的序列片段经拼接组装得到病毒全基因组序列。序列分析结果显示,CpMMV江苏分离物基因组核苷酸序列全长8 194 bp,编码6个蛋白,5′端和3′端各含有一个非编码区(UTR),长度分别为72,117 nt;在编码的6个蛋白中,CP与其他分离物之间的同源性较高(96.5%～100.0%),相对保守;而RdRp(81.1%～98.2%)、TGB1(81.0%～97.0%)、TGB3(80.9%～95.6%)同源性相对较低,在不同分离物中表现较好的多样性;基于全基因组序列的系统进化分析结果显示,江苏分离物与已公开的其他CpMMV分离物同源性较高,共同聚类到一个大分支上,其中与中国安徽分离物同源性最高(98.2%),与海南分离物次之(96.0%),而与美国、巴西、印度、墨西哥、肯尼亚等国外分离物同源性...     

水稻草状矮化病毒基因组RNA1-3的分子生物学

水稻草状矮化病毒(以下简称水稻草矮病毒,Rice grassy stunt virus,RGSV),是纤细病毒属(Tenuivirus)的一个成员,病毒粒体丝状,由核衣壳蛋白和基因组RNA组成。该病于20世纪70年代曾在南亚、东南亚大面积发生,给当地的水稻生产造成严重损失,在我国的福建、台湾、广东、广西和海南等地也有分布。与同属病毒其它成员相比,RGSV分子生物学研究进展较为缓慢,直至1998年才报道病毒基因组全序列,其基因组包含6个ssRNA片段,其中RNA1,2,5和6分别对应于纤细病毒属其它病毒的RNA1-4。6个片段均采用双义编码策略。这不仅在纤细病毒属中,在植物病毒中也是独特的。有鉴于此,本文对水稻草矮病毒沙县分离物(RGSV-SX)RNA1-3的分子生物学及部分基因功能进行了研究(RGSV-SX RNA1-3全长序列已递交GenBank登录,登录号分别为：AF509470、AF511072、AF397468)。根据RGSV菲律宾北方分离物(RGSV-IR)序列设计合成引物,通过RT-PCR获得了覆盖RGSV-SX基因组RNA1-3的cDNA克隆。序列分析结果表明,RGSV-SX分离物RNA1长9764个核苷酸,与已发表的RGSV菲律宾IR、SC分离物相比,核苷酸序列同源性均为99．6％,其中,NS1蛋白三个分离物间的氨基酸序列同源性为100．0％、RdRP氨基酸序列同源性分别为95．0％、95．0％、99．0%;RNA2全长4071个核苷酸,RNA2与IR、SC分离物的核苷酸序列同源性分别为97．6％、99．3％,NS2氨基酸序列同源性分别为99．5％、99．0%,NSvc2氨基酸序列同源性分别为96．3％、96．9％;RNA3的全长为3120个核苷酸,整个片段与IR、SC分离物的核苷酸序列同源性分别为98．7％、91．0%,NS3氨基酸序列同源性分别为98．4％、96．4%;NSvc3氨基酸序列同源性分别为99．2％、81．9％。对RGSV各分离物(SX、IR、SC)间RNA1-6核苷酸序列同源性进行多重比较结果表明,RGSV存在明显的重排现象,不同分离物的相应RNA片段存在积累突变的差异。以RNA2、RNA3变异程度较大,SX的RNA2与IR变异较大,变异率达2．36％,更接近于SC分离物,而SX的RNA3-6则与IR分离物更接近,SX的RNA1与IR、SC有变异,但变异不大,且三个分离物间的变异主要发生在基因间隔区。这些结果表明,SX与IR同源性更高,二者具有较近的亲缘关系,而与SC的差异较大,这在分子水平上也进一步确定了SX与IR分离物相近,而与SC分离物相差较远,由此可以推测,我国沙县分离物SX可能来源于菲律宾北方分离物(IR),并在流行过程中经介体昆虫传播发生了较少的基因内重排或变异。对RGSV-SX的vRNA3 ORF片段进行克隆、原核表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达,并制备了抗血清,为进一步开展NS3基因及它所编码蛋白的功能研究打下基础。通过建立水稻原生质体培养体系,经聚鸟氨酸(PLO)介导将提纯的水稻草矮病毒(RGSV)接种到水稻原生质体内,按不同时间取样,提取其总蛋白,以RGSV抗血清、制备的NS3融合蛋白抗血清及提纯的病害特异性蛋白SP(NS6)抗血清为探针,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和蛋白免疫印迹法(Western-blot),研究RGSV在水稻原生质体内的表达周期。构建了含NS3基因的植物表达载体pCBTNSv3,转化农杆菌,用以转化水稻的研究。在实验过程中详细比较了根癌农杆菌转化水稻的各种条件,建立了农杆菌介导的水稻转化的优化系统,克服了再生植株难的问题,获得了转RGSV NS3的水稻转基因再生植株,经鉴定,初步证实NS3基因已整合到水稻的基因组中。     

蒙古冰草Lea3抗旱基因片段的分离与鉴定

研究旨在利用同源序列法分离蒙古冰革抗旱基因同源片段。根据已知禾本科植物抗旱基因Lea第3组的保守区段设计一对简并引物,采用PCR方法对蒙古冰草幼苗的基因组DNA进行扩增。获得了1个蒙古冰草的抗旱基因Lea3基因片段,长度为497bp,包含124bp的非翻译区,共编码124个氨基酸。核苷酸序列分析表明,该序列与小麦抗旱基因LEA第3组的Wrad19同源性为93％,与小麦受ABA诱导的WRAB1基因同源性为93％;与一个来源于玉米mRNA的逆境胁迫基因克隆9124同源性为96％;与大麦受ABA诱导的pHVA1基因同源性为94％;与大麦HVA1基因同源性为91％。Southern杂交表明该基因在蒙古冰草基因组中以基因家族形式存在。     

猪细环病毒k2型福建株ORF2基因克隆

为丰富福建省猪细环病毒的分子流行病学数据,本研究根据猪细环病毒1a型、1b型和k2型特异性检测引物对临床顽固性腹泻仔猪病料组织进行PCR检测,结果从1例病料中检测到猪细环病毒k2型阳性。并通过设计猪细环病毒k2型ORF2基因特异性引物对阳性病料扩增后进行克隆测序,获得猪细环病毒k2型ORF2基因完整编码区序列。分析发现所克隆的猪细环病毒k2型福建株ORF2基因全长为203 bp,编码有67个氨基酸。本实验株ORF2基因和猪细环病毒k2型代表株德国家猪分离株2p株(Gen Bank登录号AY823991)核苷酸同源性高达97.5%;和猪细环病毒1a型(Sd_TTV31株)和1b型(1p株)代表株核苷酸同源性均低于50.0%,分别为43.9%和47.3%。从遗传进化关系上看,本实验株ORF2基因和Gen Bank中猪细环病毒k2型处于同一遗传进化分支,而猪细环病毒1a型和猪细环病毒1b型均处于其他遗传分支。本研究首次在福建猪群中检测到猪细环病毒k2型感染。     

类猪圆环病毒因子P1核酸链型和极性的研究

研究报道类猪圆环病毒因子P1的核酸链型和极性的研究结果。采用氯化铯平衡密度梯度离心获得较为纯净的病毒粒子后,提取病毒DNA,经S1核酸酶消化、特异性单引物第一轮PCR扩增结合常规第二轮PCR扩增等研究,结果表明,类猪圆环病毒因子P1为单股、负链基因组。     

3株鸭肝炎病毒1型全基因序列分析

为分析3株1型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)的遗传变异和进化关系;采用RT-PCR和5'-/3'-RACE.方法测定3株1型鸭肝炎病毒全基因序列;研究结果表明,不含poly(A)尾巴的3株病毒的基因组全长为7691~7700nt,基因组均仅含一个长度为6750nt的ORF,625~627nt5'端非翻译区和325~328nt3'端非翻译区(UTR)。将3株病毒株与GeneBank公布的其他DHV-1全基因序列及小RNA病毒科的其他属代表病毒株进行序列分析表明,聚蛋白均被分割成为12个蛋白,其中VP1的变异性最大,180~187位为高变区。3株病毒与DHV-1参考毒株核苷酸序列同源性在93.7%~98.8%,氨基酸序列同源性在96.9%~98.8%,DHV-1各株在小RNA科病毒多聚蛋白氨基酸序列进化树上形成一个独立的进化分支;DHVs-1病毒间核苷酸和氨基酸仍较保守,它们在进化中可将其归为小RNA病毒科的一个新属。     

猪博卡病毒NP1基因的克隆与原核表达

猪博卡病毒是近年来新发现的一种细小病毒.本研究根据其部分基因组序列(GenBank登录号GU902967-GU902971)设计了一对引物,采用PCR方法扩增出了猪博卡病毒的NP1基因,将其克隆到表达载体pET32a(+)中,构建了重组质粒pET32a-NP1,经测序鉴定正确后,将其转化感受态细胞BL21(DE3)中,...     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.