樱桃番茄果形主基因-多基因混合遗传分析

以樱桃番茄圆形自交系W403（P1）和梨形自交系W405（P2）为双亲,构建P1,F1,P2,B1,B2和R6个家系世代群体,应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型和经典遗传学方法对该6个世代群体果形指数进行多世代联合分析,结果显示：W403×W405果形遗传符合2对完全显性主基因＋加性-显性多基因模型。B2,B2和F2群体主基因遗传率分别为14．99％,79．05％和79．70％,多基因遗传率分别为5．34％,7．31％和4．89％,说明F2果形表现出较高的主基因遗传率。对W403×W405组合果形性状的改良要以主基因为主,同时注意环境的影响。     

粒用高粱F2群体农艺性状数量遗传分析

通过对高粱F_2群体农艺性状进行数量遗传分析,确定各性状的最适遗传模型并掌握其遗传规律,为田间选育遗传稳定的农艺性状提供参考。以粒用高粱品种忻粱52和美引-20的杂交F_2分离群体为试验材料,根据单个分离世代群体的遗传模型方法 -主-多基因遗传分析模型对F_2世代6个数量性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,6个农艺性状中株高、穗柄长、主茎茎节数、平均茎节长符合遗传模型,受主效基因控制;而穗长和旗叶鞘长不存在主基因,受微效多基因遗传。株高符合Model B_1,受2对主基因控制,为加性-显性-上位性混合遗传模型,主基因遗传率为88. 65%;穗柄长和主茎茎节数符合Model A_1,为受1对主基因控制的加性-显性混合遗传模型,遗传率分别为61. 58%和68. 94%;平均茎节长符合Model A_4,受1对主基因控制,符合负向完全显性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为49. 24%。株高、穗柄长和主茎茎节数的主基因遗传率较高,说明这3个性状在后代遗传中受环境影响较小,遗传较稳定,可以在育种早代直接进行选择;而平均茎节长的遗传率较低,说明该性状在后代中遗传不稳定,受环境影响较大,需在育种高代进行选择。     

冬瓜果实形状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

果实形状是评价冬瓜外观品质的一个重要指标。开展冬瓜果实形状遗传研究、分析其遗传机制,为冬瓜优质育种提供依据。本研究以圆球形冬瓜YO-16和圆柱形冬瓜KX-8为亲本,构建4个世代(P1, P2, F1,F2)遗传群体,并结合主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对冬瓜果实的纵径、横径和果形指数进行遗传及相关分析。结果表明,果形指数与果实纵径、果实横径间呈极显著相关性,其中果形指数与果实纵径的相关性最大。果实纵径的最适合遗传模型是MX2-AD-AD,符合2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,其主基因和多基因遗传率分别为87.008 5%和4.796 8%;果实横径和果形指数的最适合遗传模型都是MX2-ADI-AD,符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,其主基因遗传率分别为82.623 7%和89.403 5%,多基因遗传率分别为1.765 9%和1.020 3%。上述性状的主基因遗传率均远大于多基因遗传率,以主基因遗传为主。因此,在冬瓜优质育种过程中要重视利用主基因,应在早期世代对果形性状进行选择。     

烟草主要农艺性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

本研究以烤烟品种‘云烟97’和‘变异云烟97’为亲本,分别构建P1、P2、F1和F24个世代遗传群体,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型方法对烟草的株高、节距、叶数和茎围进行遗传及相关分析。结果表明,株高分别与节距、叶数间呈极显著正相关,与茎围间呈显著正相关;而节距与叶数间则呈现极显著负相关。株高、节距和叶数3个性状具有相同的最优遗传模型,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型(MX2-ADI-AD),其主基因遗传率分别为95.225 8%、94.285 4%和99.177 1%,多基因遗传率分别为4.774 2%、5.568 4%和0.822 9%;茎围性状符合2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合最优遗传模型(MX2-AD-AD),其主基因和多基因遗传率分别为90.314 6%和9.685 4%。上述性状均受主基因+多基因混合遗传模型控制,主基因遗传率均高达90%以上且远大于多基因遗传率,受环境影响可以忽略。因此,在烟草高产育种过程中针对上述农艺性状的定向选择宜在早期世代进行。     

甜玉米品质性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

对甜玉米品质性状进行主基因+多基因遗传分析,为甜玉米品质改良提供理论依据。用果糖含量、膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量差异显著的甜玉米自交系配制杂交组合T77（高值亲本）×T15（低值亲本）。以该组合F2代群体为试验材料,对其果糖含量、膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量等3个品质性状进行测定,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析3个性状的最适遗传模型及相关遗传参数。试验表明,果糖含量的最适模型为A-1,是受1对主基因控制的加性-显性遗传模型,主基因遗传率为76.4%;膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量的最适模型同为B-1,表明这2个性状符合2对主基因控制的加性-显性-上位性混合遗传模型,主基因遗传率分别为63.6%和64.7%。在育种实践中,对甜玉米果糖含量、膳食纤维含量和维生素C含量的遗传改良和选择,可在早期世代进行,同时要注意一定的环境因素,采用聚合回交或轮回选择的方法来积累微效基因以提高育种效率。     

中植棉2号抗黄萎病的主基因+多基因遗传特性分析

以感病品种861为父本、抗病品种中植棉2号为母本配制杂交组合,构建6个世代群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),并在田间病圃进行抗病性鉴定,利用主基因￣多基因混合遗传模型的多世代联合分析法研究陆地棉抗黄萎病遗传特性。结果表明,中植棉2号抗性遗传符合E-1遗传模型,即2对加性￣显性￣上位性主基因+加性￣显性多基因遗传模型。2对主基因遗传以显性效应为主,且第2对主基因的显性效应比第1对主基因的显性效应大,多基因遗传以加性效应为主。B_1、B_2和F_2的主基因遗传率分别为68.24%、30.71%和82.09%,多基因遗传率分别为0、24.96%和0,环境方差占总表型方差的17.01%~44.33%。     

玉米粒长性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

玉米粒长是培育优良玉米品种的重要选择性状。选取粒长性状表现差异显著的玉米自交系铁7922和E28,及其组建的6个世代群体P₁、F₁、P₂、B₁、B₂和F₂为材料,运用主-多基因混合模型遗传分析方法进行分析,研究玉米粒长的遗传规律。结果表明：粒长性状在F₁表现为超亲优势,符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传的E-1-0模型,主基因遗传率为41.22%~80.58%,多基因遗传率为17.68%~24.95%,环境因素决定粒长表型变异的19.42%~41.10%,控制玉米粒长性状的主基因效应高于多基因效应,并且主基因的加性累积效应明显,该性状在育种中可以通过世代累积进行选择。     

粳稻丽江新团黑谷近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性指标性状的遗传分析

在阿子营低温冷害条件下,以十和田×(十和田和丽江新团黑谷BC3 F9)配制的BC4F1、BC4F2及亲本为材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对粳稻丽江新团黑谷作耐冷基因供体培育的近等基因系孕穗期耐冷性8个指标性状进行遗传研究.结果表明,结实率和穗颈长均属于2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率分别为80.11％和75.06％;株高为2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为44.39％;穗下节长属于2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传,主基因遗传率为57.36％;穗长为2对主基因加性-显性-上位性遗传;每穗实粒数为2对主基因加性-显性遗传;每穗秕粒数为2对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因遗传;总粒数为1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传.     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)抗倒伏性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜浙平1号×04Pb11(I)和宁1243×04Pb11(II)的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2 6个世代初花期单株抗压力的遗传。结果表明：抗倒伏性状的遗传在组合I受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,在组合II受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;2个组合中的2对主基因都以加性效应为主,都表现抗倒对易倒部分显性或完全显性,2对主基因间存在明显的基因互作效应;2个组合中,F2群体主基因遗传率平均为54.71%,而多基因遗传率只在B1群体中检测到,平均为10.56%,表明2个组合的抗倒伏性状是以主基因遗传为主,应在早期世代进行选择;2个组合各群体中,遗传变异平均占表型变异的53.43%,而环境变异平均占表型变异的46.57%,表明环境对油菜抗倒伏性状的影响比较大。     

数量性状主-多基因混合遗传的P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2和F_(2∶3)联合分析方法

本文提出利用亲本P_1和P_2、杂种F_1,F_2和F_(2∶3)五世代联合分析数量性状主基因和多基因遗传的统计方法,共建立可供选择的单基因遗传、多基因遗传以及一个主基因 多基因混合遗传三类11个遗传模型;AIC信息准则用于选择最适遗传模型,通过适合性检验对所选择的遗传模型做进一步检验;以D类模型为例,给出参数估计EM过程的一般步骤。以邳县天鹅蛋(P_1)和1138—2(P_2)杂交组合为例,分析了大豆抗豆秆黑潜蝇性状的遗传,发现该性状符合主基因 多基因混合遗传模式,主基因的加显性效应分别为-1.86和-1.64,F_2世代主基因的遗传率为43.84％,F_(2∶3)家系世代主基因的遗传率为88.59％,F_2群体的抗感分界线为11≤x≤12,F_(2∶3)群体的抗感分界线为10.6≤x≤11.0。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.